Abstract
Worldwide, ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women and the eighth most common cause of cancer death. There are about 239,000 new cases and 152,000 deaths annually (American Cancer Society 2015). In the Western hemisphere, ovarian cancer accounts for 4% of cancer in women and is the most frequent cause of death due to gynecological cancer. In American women, ovarian cancer represents 3% of all new cancers (SEER 2017). It ranks 11th in incidence and 5th in mortality and accounts for 5% of cancer deaths. It is estimated that in the USA in 2017, there are 22,440 new ovarian cancer cases and 14,080 deaths, making it the most lethal gynecologic malignancy (Siegel et al. 2017). Approximately 1.3% of American women will develop ovarian cancer in their lifetime, or 12 new cases per 100,000. In general, the disease is more common in industrialized countries where parity is lower, but there are notable exceptions such as Japan which has a low parity and low rate of ovarian cancer. The lifetime risk varies widely from 0.45% in Japan to 1.7% in Sweden. Annual incidence rates of ovarian cancer are lower in developing countries as compared to developed countries, averaging 5.0 and 9.1 per 100,000, respectively. Similarly, mortality rates average 3.1 and 5.0 per 100,000, respectively (American Cancer Society 2015). Denmark and other Scandinavian countries have among the highest annual incidence rates at greater than 16 per 100,000 women. Interestingly, as compared to all other common cancers, ovarian cancer varies the least in age-standardized incidence rates across registry populations worldwide (Bray et al. 2015). In the USA, incidence and mortality rates have been declining by 1.9% and 2.2% per year, respectively, from 2004 to 2013 (SEER 2017). Over longer periods, the incidence has been relatively stable worldwide from the 1970s to the 2000s. There have been, however, small but significant increases in Eastern and Southern Europe and Asia and decreases in Northern Europe and North America (Coburn et al. 2017). In addition, the incidence of ovarian carcinoma appears to have decreased as peritoneal and tubal carcinomas have increased, reflecting a recent change in classification. Migration studies have shown that ovarian cancer rates approach those of the place of immigration rather than the place of emigration, suggesting a significant environmental component to ovarian cancer risk.
References
Agoff SN, Mendelin JE, Grieco VS et al (2002) Unexpected gynecologic neoplasms in patients with proven or suspected BRCA-1 or -2 mutations: implications for gross examination, cytology and clinical follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 26:171–178
Ali RH, Seidman JD, Luk M, Kalloger S, Gilks CB (2012) Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary is related to high-grade serous carcinoma and is distinct from malignant Brenner tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 31:499–506
Ali RH, Kalloger SE, Santos JL, Swenerton KD, Gilks CB (2013) Stage II to IV low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary is associated with a poor prognosis: a clinicopathologic study of 32 patients from a population-based tumor registry. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:529–535
Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H et al (2015) Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995–2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2). Lancet 385:977–1010
Allen VA, Takashima Y, Nayak S, Manahan KJ, Geisler JP (2017) Assessment of false-negative ascites cytology in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a study of 313 patients. Am J Clin Oncol 40:175–177
American Cancer Society (2015) Global cancer: facts and figures, 3rd edn. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Anglesio MS, Carey MS, Kobel M et al (2011) Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a report from the first ovarian clear cell symposium, June 24th 2010. Gynecol Oncol 121:407–415
Anglesio MS, Bashashati A, Wang YK et al (2015) Multifocal endometriotic lesions associated with cancer are clonal and carry a high mutation burden. J Pathol 236:201–209
Anglesio MS, Wang YK, Maassen M et al (2016) Synchronous endometrial and ovarian carcinomas: evidence of clonality. J Natl Cancer Inst 108:djv428
Anglesio MS, O’Neill CJ, Senz J, Gilks CB, McCluggage WG (2017) Identical TP53 mutations provide evidence that late recurring tubo-ovarian high grade serous carcinomas do not represent new peritoneal primaries. Histopathology 71:1014–1017
Ardighieri L, Lonardi S, Moratto D, Faccetti F, Shih I-M, Vermi W, Kurman RJ (2014a) Characterization of the immune cell repertoire in the normal fallopian tube. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:581–591
Ardighieri L, Zeppernick F, Hannibal CG et al (2014b) Mutational analysis of BRAF and KRAS in ovarian serous borderline (atypical proliferative) tumours and associated peritoneal implants. J Pathol 232:16–22
Ardighieri L, Mori L, Conzadori S et al (2016) Identical TP53 mutations in pelvic carcinosarcomas and associated serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas provide evidence of their clonal relationship. Virchows Arch 469:61–69
Ataseven B, Chiva LM, Harter P, Gonzalez-Martin A, du Bois A (2016a) FIGO stage IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal cancer revisited. Gynecol Oncol 142:597–607
Ataseven B, duBois A, Harter P et al (2016b) Impact of abdominal wall metastases on prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 26:1594–1600
Auersperg N (2013) Ovarian surface epithelium as a source of ovarian cancers: unwarranted speculation or evidence-based hypothesis? Gynecol Oncol 130:246–251
Auersperg N, Woo MMM, Gilks CB (2008) The origin of ovarian carcinomas: a developmental view. Gynecol Oncol 110:452–454
Aune D, Rosenblatt DAN, Chan DSM et al (2015) Anthropometric factors and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 136:1888–1898
Ayhan A, Kurman RJ, Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Logani S, Seidman JD, Shih IM (2009) Defining the cut point between low-grade and high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1220–1224
Ayres C, Ratnayake G, McNally O, Quinn M (2017) Challenging salpingectomy as a risk-reducing measure for ovarian cancer: histopathological analysis of the tubo-ovarian interface in women undergoing risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:703–707
Azami S, Aoki Y, Iino M et al (2018) Useful aspects of diagnosis of imprint cytology in intraoperative consultation of ovarian tumors: comparison between imprint cytology and frozen sections. Diagn Cytopathol 46:28–34
Bachmayr-Heyda A, Aust S, Heinze G et al (2013) Prognostic impact of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells in association with cell proliferation in ovarian cancer patients- a study of the OVCAD consortium. BMC Cancer 13:422
Bahar-Shany K, Brand H, Sapoznik S et al (2014) Exposure of fallopian tube epithelium to follicular fluid mimics carcinogenic changes in precursor lesions of serous papillary carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 132:322–327
Bakkum-Gamez J, Dowdy S (2014) Retooling the pap smear for ovarian and endometrial cancer detection. Clin Chem 60:22–24
Baldwin LA, Chen Q, Tucker TC, White CG, Ore RN, Huang B (2017) Ovarian cancer incidence corrected for oophorectomy. Diagnostics 7:19
Bamias A, Psaltopoulou T, Sotiropoulou M et al (2010) Mucinous but not clear cell histology is associated with inferior survival in patients with advanced stage ovarian carcinoma treated with platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy. Cancer 116:1462–1468
Bamias A, Karadimou A, Soupos N et al (2011) Prognostic factors for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer, treated with adjuvant carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy: a single institution experience. Gynecol Oncol 123:37–42
Bamias A, Sotiropoulou M, Zagouri F et al (2012) Prognostic evaluation of tumor types and other histopathological characteristics in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer, treated with surgery and paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy: cell type is the most important prognostic factor. Eur J Cancer 48:1476–1483
Banet N, Kurman RJ (2015) Two types of ovarian cortical inclusion cysts: proposed origin and possible role in ovarian serous carcinogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:3–8
Baque S, Rodriguez IM, Prat J (2002) Sarcoma-like mural nodules in mucinous cystic tumors of the ovary revisited: a clinicopathologic analysis of 10 additional cases. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1467–1476
Barber EL, Dusetzina SB, Stitzenberg KB et al (2017) Variation in neoadjuvant chemotherapy utilization for epithelial ovarian cancer at high volume hospitals in the United States and associated survival. Gynecol Oncol 145:500–507
Bennett JA, Dong F, Young RH, Oliva E (2015) Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: evaluation of prognostic parameters based on a clinicopathological analysis of 100 cases. Histopathology 66:808–815
Berek JS, Crum C, Friedlander M (2015) Cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube and peritoneum. Int J Gynecol Obstet 131:S111–S122
Berge W, Mundt K, Luu H, Boffetta P (2018) Genital use of talc and risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 27:248–57 https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000340
Blanco LZ, Kuhn E, Morrison JC, Bahadirli-Talbott A, Smith-Sehdev A, Kurman RJ (2017) Steroid hormone synthesis by the ovarian stroma surrounding epithelial ovarian tumors: a potential mechanism in ovarian tumorigenesis. Mod Pathol 30:563–576
Bodelon C, Wentzensen N, Schonfeld SJ et al (2013) Hormonal risk factors and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk by parity. Br J Cancer 109:769–776
Bodelon C, Pfeiffer RM, Buys SS, Black A, Sherman ME (2014) Analysis of serial ovarian volume measurements and incidence of ovarian cancer: implications for pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 106:dju262
Bodurka DC, Deavers MT, Tian C et al (2012) Reclassification of serous ovarian carcinoma by a 2-tier system: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 118:3087–3094
Bohm S, Faruqi A, Said I et al (2015) Chemotherapy response score development and validation of a system to quantify histopathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 33:2457–2463
Bolton KL, Chenevix-Trench G, Goh C et al (2012) Association between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and survival in women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. JAMA 307:382–390
Bouchard-Fortier G, Panzarella T, Rosen B, Chapman W, Gien LT (2017) Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary: outcomes compared to serous carcinoma after 10 years of follow-up. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 39:34–41
Boyd C, McCluggage WG (2012) Low-grade ovarian serous neoplasms (low-grade serous carcinoma and serous borderline tumor) associated with high-grade serous carcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma: report of a series of cases of an unusual phenomenon. Am J Surg Pathol 36:368–375
Bray F, Ferlay J, Laversanne M et al (2015) Cancer incidence in five continents: inclusion criteria, highlights from volume X and the global status of cancer registration. Int J Cancer 137:2060–2071
Brinton LA, Gridley G, Persson I, Baron J, Bergqvist A (1997) Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:572–579
Bristow RE, Chang J, Ziogas A, Randall LM, Anton-Culver H (2014) High-volume ovarian cancer care: survival impact and disparities in access for advanced-stage disease. Gynecol Oncol 132:403–410
Bromley AB, Altman AD, Chu P et al (2012) Architectural patterns of ovarian/pelvic high grade serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 31:397–404
Bruls J, Simons M, Overbeek LI, Bulten J, Massuger LF, Nagtegaal ID (2015) A national population-based study provides insight into the origin of malignancies metastatic to the ovary. Virchows Arch 467:79–86
Burks RT, Sherman ME, Kurman RJ (1996) Micropapillary serous carcinoma of the ovary: a distinctive low-grade carcinoma related to serous borderline tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1319–1330
Buttarelli M, Mascilini F, Zannoni GF et al (2017) Hormone receptor expression profile of low-grade serous ovarian cancers. Gynecol Oncol 145:352–360
Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A et al (2011) Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening randomized controlled trial. JAMA 305:2295–2303
Cancer Research UK (2017) Original data source: the National Cancer Registration Service, Eastern Office. Cancerresearchuk.org. Accessed 27 Aug 2017.
Carlson JW, Miron A, Jarboe EA et al (2008) Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma: its potential role in primary peritoneal serous carcinoma and serous cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 26:4160–4165
Carr NJ, Cecil TD, Mohamed F et al (2016) A consensus for classification and pathologic reporting of pseudomyxoma peritonei and associated appendiceal neoplasia: the results of the Peritoneal surface oncology group international (PSOGI) modified delphi process. Am J Surg Pathol 40:14–26
Casey L, Kobel M, Ganesan R et al (2017) A comparison of p53 and WT1 immuno-histochemical expression patterns in tubo-ovarian high grade serous carcinoma before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathology 71:736–742
Cass I, Walts AE, Barbuto D, Lester J, Karlan B (2014) A cautious view of putative precursors of serous carcinomas in the fallopian tubes of BRCA mutation carriers. Gynecol Oncol 134:492–497
Chay WY, McCluggage WG, Lee CH et al (2016) Outcomes of incidental fallopian tube high-grade serous carcinoma and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in women at low risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 26:431–436
Chen S, Leitao MM, Tornos C et al (2005) Invasion patterns in stage I endometrioid and mucinous ovarian carcinomas: a clinicopathologic analysis emphasizing favorable outcomes in carcinomas without destructive stromal invasion and the occasional malignant course of carcinomas with limited destructive stromal invasion. Mod Pathol 18:903–911
Chen F, Gaitskell K, Garcia MJ, Albukhari A, Tsaltas J, Ahmed AA (2017) Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas associated with high grade serous ovarian carcinomas: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 124:872–878
Chiesa AG, Deavers MT, Veras E, Silva EG, Gershenson D, Malpica A (2010) Ovarian intestinal type mucinous borderline tumors: are we ready for a nomenclature change? Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:108–112
Cho K, Shih I-M (2009) Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 4:287–313
Chui MH, Gilks CB, Cooper K, Clarke BA (2013) Identifying Lynch syndrome in patients with ovarian carcinoma: the significance of tumor subtype. Adv Anat Pathol 20:378–386
Chui MH, Ryan P, Radigan J et al (2014) The histomorphology of Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian carcinomas: toward a subtype-specific screening strategy. Am J Surg Pathol 38:1173–1181
Chung HH, Hwang SY, Jung KW et al (2007) Ovarian cancer incidence and survival in Korea. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17:595–600
Cibula D, Widschwendter M, Majek O, Dusek L (2011a) Tubal ligation and the risk of ovarian cancer: review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 17:55–67
Cibula D, Zikan M, Dusek L, Majek O (2011b) Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian and breast cancers in BRCA mutation carriers: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 11:1197–1207
Coburn SB, Bray F, Sherman ME, Trabert B (2017) International patterns and trends in ovarian cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype. Int J Cancer 140:2451–2460
Coghlan E, Meniawy TM, Munro A et al (2017) Prognostic role of histological tumor regression in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:708–713
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer (2008) Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet 371:303–314
Colon E, Carlson JW (2014) Evaluation of the fallopian tubes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: persistence of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:463–469
Conner JR, Meserve E, Pizer E et al (2014) Outcome of unexpected adnexal neoplasia discovered during risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy in women with germ-line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Gynecol Oncol 132:280–286
Cormio G, Loizzi V, Falagario M et al (2011) Central nervous system metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer: prognostic factors and outcomes. Int J Gynecol Cancer 21:816–821
Crane TE, Khulpateea BR, Alberts DS, Basen-Engquist K, Thomson CA (2014) Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23:255–273
Crane EK, Sun CC, Ramirez PT, Schmeler KM, Malpica A, Gershenson DM (2015) The role of secondary cytoreduction in low-grade serous ovarian cancer or peritoneal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 136:25–29
Crum CP, Herfs M, Ning G et al (2013) Through the glass darkly: intraepithelial neoplasia, top-down differentiation, and the road to ovarian cancer. J Pathol 231:402–412
Dahm-Kahler P, Borgfeldt C, Holmberg E et al (2017) Population-based study of survival for women with serous cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, peritoneum or undesignated origin- on behalf of the Swedish gynecological cancer group (SweGCG). Gynecol Oncol 144:167–173
Damiani D, Suciu V, Genestie C, Vielh P (2016) Cytomorphology of ovarian clear cell carcinomas in peritoneal effusions. Cytopathology 27:427–432
Dao F, Schlappe BA, Tseng J et al (2016) Characteristics of 10-year survivors of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 141:260–263
Dehari R, Kurman RJ, Logani S, Shih I-M (2007) The development of high-grade serous carcinoma from atypical proliferative (borderline) serous tumors and low-grade micropapillary serous carcinoma. A morphologic and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 31:1007–1012
DeLair D, Han G, Irving JA et al (2013) HNF-1β in ovarian carcinomas with serous and clear cell change. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:541–546
Dent J, Hall GD, Wilkinson N et al (2003) Cytogenetic alterations in ovarian clear cell carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Br J Cancer 88:1578–1583
Dixon SC, Nagle CM, Thrift AP et al (2016) Adult body mass index and risk of ovarian cancer by subtype: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 45:884–895
Dizon DS, Birrer MJ (2016) Making a difference: distinguishing two primaries from metastasis in synchronous tumors of the ovary and uterus. J Natl Cancer Inst 108:djv442
Dobrinski K, Esposito NN, Kruk PA et al (2014) Procurement and cytological features of human fallopian tube fimbrial cells by ex vivo imprinting and washing. J Am Soc Cytopathol 3:309–318
Doo DW, Erickson B, Arend RC, Conner MG, Huh WK, Leath CA (2014) Radical surgical cytoreduction in the treatment of ovarian carcinosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 133:234–237
Du Bois A, Ewald-Riegler N, de Gregorio N et al (2013) Borderline tumors of the ovary: a cohort study of the Arbeitsgmeinschaft Gynakologische Onkologie (AGO) study group. Eur J Cancer 49:1905–1914
Dubeau L (1999) The cell of origin of ovarian epithelial tumors and the ovarian surface epithelium dogma: does the emperor have no clothes? Gynecol Oncol 72:437–442
Ducie J, Dao F, Considine M, Olvera N, Shaw PA, Kurman RJ, Shih IM, Soslow RA, Cope L, Levine DA (2017) Molecular analysis of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma with and without associated serous tubal intra-epithelial carcinoma. Nat Commun 8:990
Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ (2016) A systematic review of symptoms for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Am J Prev Med 50:384–394
Eckert MA, Pan S, Hernandez KM et al (2016) Genomics of ovarian cancer progression reveals diverse metastatic trajectories including intraepithelial metastasis to the fallopian tube. Cancer Discov 6:1342–1351
Eichorn JH, Young RH, Clement PB et al (2002) Mesodermal (Mullerian) adenosarcoma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 40 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1243–1258
Elishaev E, Gilks CB, Miller D et al (2005) Synchronous and metachronous endocervical and ovarian neoplasms: evidence supporting interpretation of the ovarian neoplasms as metastatic endocervical adenocarcinomas simulating primary ovarian surface epithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 29:281–291
Erickson BK, Kinde I, Dobbin ZC et al (2014) Detection of somatic TP53 mutations in tampons of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 124:881–885
Escobar J, Klimowicz AC, Dean M et al (2013) Quantification of ER/PR expression in ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 128:371–376
Esselen KM, Ng SK, Hua Y et al (2014) Endosalpingiosis as it relates to tubal, ovarian and serous neoplastic tissues: an immunohistochemical study of tubal and Mullerian antigens. Gynecol Oncol 132:316–321
Fader AN, Java J, Ueda S et al (2013) Survival in women with grade 1 serous ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 122:225–232
Fader AN, Bergstrom J, Jernigan A et al (2017) Primary cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant hormonal monotherapy in women with advanced low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma: reducing overtreatment without compromising survival? Gynecol Oncol 147:85–91
Falconer H, Yin L, Grönberg H, Altman DJ (2015) Ovarian cancer risk after salpingectomy: a nationwide population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 107:dju410
Flesken-Nikitin A, Hwang CI, Cheng CY, Michurina TV, Enikolopov G, Nikitin AY (2013) Ovarian surface epithelium at the junction area contains a cancer-prone stem cell niche. Nature 495:241–245
Food and Drug Administration (2016) https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm519540.htm. Accessed 20 Aug 2017.
Fotopolou C, Hall M, Cruickshank D et al (2017a) British Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS) epithelial ovarian/fallopian tube/primary peritoneal cancer guidelines: recommendations for practice. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Repr Biol 213:123–139
Fotopolou C, Sehouli J, Aletti G et al (2017b) Value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer: a European perspective. J Clin Oncol 35:587–590
Fuh KC, Shin JY, Kapp DS et al (2015) Survival differences of Asian and Caucasian epithelial ovarian cancer patients in the United States. Gynecol Oncol 136:491–497
Fujiwara M, McGuire VA, Felberg A, Sieh W, Whittemore AS, Longacre TA (2012) Prediction of BRCA1 germline mutation status in women with ovarian cancer using morphology-based criteria: identification of a BRCA1 ovarian cancer phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 36:1170–1177
Gan C, Chenoy R, Chandrasekaran D et al (2017) Persistence of fimbrial tissue on the ovarian surface after salpingectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217:425.e1–425.e16
Garg K, Zahurak ML, Trimble EL et al (2005) Abdominal carcinomatosis in women with a history of breast cancer. Gynecol Oncol 99:65–70
Garg K, Levine DA, Olvera N et al (2013) BRCA1 immunohistochemistry in a molecularly characterized cohort of ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 37:138–146
Gilks CB, Irving J, Kobel M et al (2015) Incidental nonuterine high-grade serous carcinomas arise in the fallopian tube in most cases: further evidence for the tubal origin of high-grade serous carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 39:357–364
Gilks CB, Movahedi-Lankarani S, Baker PM et al (2016) Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary tumors of the ovary or fallopian tube. College of American Pathologists. Protocol web posting date: January 2016. Available at www.cap.org
Gockley A, Melamed A, Bregar AJ et al (2017) Outcomes of women with high-grade and low-grade advanced-stage serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 129:439–447
Godoy H, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Beck A, Miller A, Lele S, Odunsi K (2011) Expression of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase and p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer and their role in prognosis and disease outcome. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:139–144
Gokcu M, Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O et al (2016) Borderline ovarian tumors: clinical characteristics, management and outcomes- a multicenter study. J Ovar Res 9:66
Goldberg A, Hand L, DeCotiis D, Rosenblum N, Chan J (2018) Microcystic, elongated, and fragmented pattern invasion in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma: immunohistochemical profile and prognostic implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol 37:44–51
Guseh SH, Rauh-Hain A, Tambouret RH et al (2014) Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary: a case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 132:649–653
Hakim SA, Youssef NS (2017) Diagnostic utility of thyroid transcription factor-1 in ovarian carcinoma and its relationship with clinicopathologic prognostic parameters. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 25:237–243
Hannibal CG, Vang R, Junge J, Kjaerbye-Thygesen A, Kurman RJ, Kjaer SK (2012) A binary histologic grading system for ovarian serous carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor: a population-based study of 4317 women diagnosed in Denmark 1978–2006. Gynecol Oncol 125:655–660
Hannibal CG, Vang R, Junge J et al (2014) A nationwide study of serous “borderline” ovarian tumors in Denmark 1978–2002: centralized pathology review and overall survival compared with the general population. Gynecol Oncol 134:267–273
Harmsen MG, Piek JMJ, Bulten J et al (2018) Peritoneal carcinomatosis after risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Cancer. 124:952–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31211
Harter P, Reuss A, Sehouli J, Chiva L, duBois A (2017) Brief report about the role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a prospective randomized phase 3 study in recurrent ovarian cancer from Spiliotis et al. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:246–247
Heintz APM, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P et al (2006) Carcinoma of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Obstet 95(Suppl 1):S161–S192
Henderson JT, Webber EM, Sawaya GF (2018) Screening for ovarian cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 319:595–606
Higashi M, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Mizuno M, Mizuno K, Hosono S (2011) Survival impact of capsule rupture in stage I clear cell carcinoma of the ovary in comparison with other histological types. Gynecol Oncol 123:474–478
Hjortkjaer M, Waldstrom M, Jakobsen A, Kanstrup H, Sogaard-Andersen E, Steffensen KD (2017) The prognostic value of BRCA1 and PARP expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: immunohistochemical detection. Int J Gynecol Pathol 36:180–189
Hoang LN, Zachara S, Soma A et al (2015) Diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma histotype based on limited sampling: a prospective study comparing cytology, frozen section, and core biopsies to full pathologic examination. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:517–527
Hoerl HD, Hart WR (1998) Primary ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1449–1462
Horn LC, Kafkova S, Leonhardt K, Kellner C, Einenkel J (2013) Serous tubal in situ carcinoma (STIC) in primary peritoneal serous carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:339–344
Horn LC, Hohn AK, Einenkel J, Siebolts U (2014) Monoclonal origin of peritoneal implants and lymph node deposits in serous borderline ovarian tumors (s-BOT) with high intratumoral heterogeneity. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:592–597
Hoskins PJ, Le N, Gilks B et al (2012) Low-stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma: population-based outcomes in British Columbia, Canada, with evidence for a survival benefit as a result of irradiation. J Clin Oncol 30:1656–1662
Howitt BE, Hanamornroongruang S, Lin DI et al (2015) Evidence for a dualistic model of high-grade serous carcinoma: BRCA mutation status, histology, and tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 39:287–293
Hu A, Li H, Zhang L et al (2015) Differentiating primary and extragenital metastatic mucinous ovarian tumours: an algorithm combining PAX8 with tumour size and laterality. J Clin Pathol 68:522–528
Hunter SM, Anglesio MS, Sharma R et al (2011) Copy number aberrations in benign serous ovarian tumors: a case for reclassification? Clin Cancer Res 17:7273–7282
Hussein YR, Ducie JA, Arnold AG et al (2016) Invasion patterns of metastatic extrauterine high-grade serous carcinoma with BRCA germline mutation and correlation with clinical outcomes. Am J Surg Pathol 40:404–409
Irving JA, Clement PB (2011) Diseases of the peritoneum. In: Kurman RJ et al (eds) Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract, 6th edn. Springer, New York, pp 625–678
Irving JA, Clement PB (2014) Recurrent intestinal mucinous borderline tumors of the ovary: a report of 5 cases causing problems in diagnosis, including distinction from mucinous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:156–165
Jacobs IJ, Menon U, Ryan A et al (2016) Ovarian cancer screening and mortality in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 387:945–956
Jain V, Sekhon R, Pasricha S et al (2017) Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers- a single institute review of 43 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:938–946
Jensen KC, Mariappan MR, Pitcha GV et al (2008) Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein defects in ovarian epithelial neoplasms in patients 50 years of age and younger. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1029–1037
Jia L, Yuan Z, Wang Y et al (2015) Primary sources of pelvic serous cancer in patients with endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 28:118–127
Jones S, Wang TL, Shih IM et al (2010) Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Science 330:228–231
Jones S, Wang TL, Kurman RJ et al (2012) Low-grade serous carcinomas of the ovary contain very few point mutations. J Pathol 226:413–420
Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC et al (2007) Risk factors for benign, borderline and invasive mucinous ovarian tumors: epidemiologic evidence of a neoplastic continuum? Gynecol Oncol 107:223–230
Jordan SJ, Nagle CM, Coory MD (2013) Has the association between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer changed over time? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 49:3638–3647
Judson K, McCormick C, Vang R et al (2008) Women with undiagnosed colorectal adenocarcinomas presenting with ovarian metastases: clinicopathologic features and comparison with women having known colorectal adenocarcinomas and ovarian involvement. Int J Gynecol Pathol 27:182–190
Kalapotharakos G, Hogberg T, Bergfeldt K, Borgfeldt C (2016) Long-term survival in women with borderline ovarian tumors: a population-based survey of borderline ovarian tumors in Sweden 1960–2007. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 95:473–479
Kanska J, Zakhour M, Taylor-Harding B, Karlan BY, Wiedemeyer WR (2016) Cyclin E as a potential therapeutic target in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 143:152–158
Kao YC, Lin MC, Lin WC et al (2012) Utility of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β as a diagnostic marker in ovarian carcinomas with clear cells. Histopathology 61:760–768
Karam AK, Stempel M, Barakat R et al (2009) Patients with a history of epithelial ovarian cancer presenting with a breast and/or axillary mass. Gynecol Oncol 112:490–495
Karamurzin Y, Leitao MM, Soslow RA (2013) Clinicopathologic analysis of low-stage sporadic ovarian carcinomas: a reappraisal. Am J Surg Pathol 37:356–367
Karnezis AN, Aysal A, Zaloudek CJ, Rabban JT (2013) Transitional cell-like morphology in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma: morphologic, immunohistochemical, and behavioral features distinguishing it from high-grade serous carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 37:24–37
Ketabi Z, Bartuma K, Bernstein I et al (2011) Ovarian cancer linked to lynch syndrome typically presents as early-onset, non-serous epithelial tumors. Gynecol Oncol 121:462–465
Khedmati F, Chirolas C, Seidman JD (2009) Ovarian and para-ovarian squamous-lined cysts (epidermoid cysts): a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases with comparison to mature cystic teratomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28:193–196
Khunamornpong S, Settakorn J, Sukpan K et al (2011) Mucinous tumor of low malignant potential (“borderline” or “atypical proliferative” tumor) of the ovary: a study of 171 cases with the assessment of intraepithelial carcinoma and microinvasion. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:218–230
Khunamornpong S, Settakorn J, Sukpan K, Suprasert P, Siriaunkgul S (2014) Primary ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma of intestinal type: a clinicopathologic study of 46 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:176–185
Kim J, Coffey DM, Creighton CJ et al (2012) High-grade serous ovarian cancer arises from fallopian tube in a mouse model. PNAS 109:3921–3926
Kim HS, Kim TH, Chung HH, Song YS (2014) Risk and prognosis of ovarian cancer in women with endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 110:1878–1890
Kinde I, Wu J, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2011) Detection and quantification of rare mutations with massively parallel sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:9530–9535
Kleppe M, Wang T, Van Gorp T, Slangen BFM, Kruse AJ, Kruitwagen RFPM (2011) Lymph node metastasis in stages I and II ovarian cancer: a review. Gynecol Oncol 123:610–614
Kobayashi H, Simimoto K, Moniwa N et al (2007) Risk of developing ovarian cancer among women with ovarian endometrioma: a cohort study in Shizuoka, Japan. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17:37–43
Kobel M, Kalloger SE, Huntsman DG et al (2010a) Differences in tumor type in low-stage versus high-stage ovarian carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:203–211
Kobel M, Kalloger SE, Santos JL, Huntsman DG, Gilks CB, Swenerton KD (2010b) Tumor type and substage predict survival in stage I and II ovarian carcinoma: insights and implications. Gynecol Oncol 116:50–56
Kobel M, Bak J, Bertelsen BI et al (2014) Ovarian carcinoma histotype determination is highly reproducible, and is improved through the use of immunohistochemistry. Histopathology 64:1004–1013
Kommoss S, Gilks CB, du Bois A, Kommoss F (2016) Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis: the clinical impact of 15 years of change. Br J Cancer 115:993–999
Kondi-Pafiti A, Kairi-Vassilatou E, Iavazzo C et al (2012) Clinicopathologic features and immunoprofile of 30 cases of Brenner ovarian tumors. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285:1699–1702
Koskas M, Uzan C, Gouy S et al (2011) Prognostic factors of a large retrospective series of mucinous borderline tumors of the ovary (excluding peritoneal pseudomyxoma). Ann Surg Oncol 18:40–48
Kotsopoulos J, Rosen B, Fan I et al (2016) Ten-year survival after epithelial ovarian cancer is not associated with BRCA mutation status. Gynecol Oncol 140:42–47
Kraus J, Seidman JD (2010) The relationship between papillary infarction and microinvasion in ovarian atypical proliferative (“borderline”) serous and seromucinous tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:303–309
Kroeger PT, Drapkin R (2017) Pathogenesis and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 29:26–34
Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR et al (2017) Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA 317:2402–2416
Kuhn E, Kurman RJ, Shih I-M (2012a) Ovarian cancer is an imported disease: fact or fiction. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 1:1–9
Kuhn E, Kurman RJ, Vang R et al (2012b) TP53 mutations in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and concurrent pelvic high grade serous carcinoma- evidence supporting the clonal relationship of the two lesions. J Pathol 226:421–426
Kuhn E, Ayhan A, Shih IM, Seidman JD, Kurman RJ (2013) Ovarian Brenner tumour: a morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis suggesting an origin from fallopian tube epithelium. Eur J Cancer 49:3839–3849
Kumar A, Le N, Tinker AV, Santos JL, Parsons C, Hoskins PJ (2014) Early-stage endometrioid ovarian carcinoma: population-based outcomes in British Columbia. Int J Gynecol Cancer 24:1401–1405
Kuo KT, Guan B, Feng Y et al (2009) Analysis of DNA copy number alterations in ovarian serous tumors identifies new molecular genetic changes in low-grade and high-grade carcinomas. Cancer Res 69:4036–4042
Kurman RJ, Shih IM (2016a) The dualistic model of ovarian carcinogenesis: revisited, revised and expanded. Am J Pathol 186:733–747
Kurman RJ, Shih IM (2016b) Seromucinous tumors of the ovary: what’s in a name? Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:78–81
Kurman RJ, Vang R, Junge J et al (2011) Papillary tubal hyperplasia: the putative precursor of ovarian atypical proliferative (borderline) serous tumors, noninvasive implants, and endosalpingiosis. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1605–1614
Kurman RJ, Carcangiu ML, Herrington CS, Young RH (eds) (2014) WHO classification of tumours of female reproductive organs. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon
Labidi-Galy SI, Papp E, Hallberg D, Niknafs N, Adleff V, Noe M (2017) High grade serous ovarian carcinomas originate in the fallopian tube. Nat Commun 8:1093
Lawrie TA, Winter-Roach BA, Heus P, Kitchener HC (2015) Adjuvant (post-surgery) chemotherapy for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(12):CD004706. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004706.pub5
Ledermann JA, Luvero D, Shafer A et al (2014) Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup (GCIG) consensus review for mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 24(9 Suppl 3):S14–S19
Ledermann JA, Harter P, Gourley C et al (2016) Overall survival in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent serous ovarian cancer receiving olaparib maintenance monotherapy: an updated analysis from a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:1579–1589
Lee KR, Scully RE (2000) Mucinous tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of 196 borderline tumors (of intestinal type) and carcinomas, including an evaluation of 11 cases with ‘pseudomyxoma peritonei. Am J Surg Pathol 24:1447–1464
Lee Y, Miron A, Drapkin R et al (2007) A candidate precursor to serous carcinoma that originates in the distal fallopian tube. J Pathol 211:26–35
Lee Y-Y, Kim T-J, Kim M-J et al (2011) Prognosis of ovarian clear cell carcinoma compared to other histological subtypes: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 122:541–547
Lee JY, Jeon I, Kim JW et al (2013a) Diabetes mellitus and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Gynecol Cancer 23:402–412
Lee S, Nelson G, Duan Q, Magliocco AM, Duggan MA (2013b) Precursor lesions and prognostic factors in primary peritoneal serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:547–555
Lee JY, Chung YS, Na K et al (2017) External validation of chemotherapy response score system for histopathological assessment of tumor regression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. J Gynecol Oncol 28:e73
Leonhardt K, Einenkel J, Sohr S et al (2011) P53 signature and serous tubal in-situ carcinoma in cases of primary tubal and peritoneal carcinomas and serous borderline tumors of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:417–424
Licaj I, Jacobsen BK, Selmer RM, Maskarinec G, Weiderpass E, Gram IT (2017) Smoking and risk of ovarian cancer by histological subtypes: an analysis among 300,000 Norwegian women. Br J Cancer 116:270–276
Lim D, Ip PPC, Cheung ANY, Kiyokawa T, Oliva E (2015) Immunohistochemical comparison of ovarian and uterine endometrioid carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma with clear cell change, and clear cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 39:1061–1069
Lim D, Murali R, Murray MP, Veras E, Park KJ, Soslow RA (2016) Morphological and immunohistochemical reevaluation of tumors initially diagnosed as ovarian endometrioid carcinoma with emphasis on high-grade tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 40:302–312
Lin SF, Gerry E, Shih IM (2017) Tubal origin of ovarian cancer- the double-edged sword of haemoglobin. J Pathol 242:3–6
Lu CH, Chen IH, Chen YJ et al (2014) Primary treatment and prognostic factors of carcinosarcoma of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum: a Taiwanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 24:506–512
Mackay HJ, Brady MF, Oza AM et al (2010) Prognostic relevance of uncommon ovarian histology in women with stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 20:945–952
Mackenzie R, Kommoss S, Winterhoff BJ et al (2015a) Targeted deep sequencing of mucinous ovarian tumors reveals multiple overlapping RAS-pathway activating mutations in borderline and cancerous neoplasms. BMC Cancer 15:415
Mackenzie R, Talhouk A, Eshragh S et al (2015b) Morphologic and molecular characteristics of mixed epithelial ovarian cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 39:1548–1557
Magazzino F, Katsaros D, Ottaiano A et al (2011) Surgical and medical treatment of clear cell ovarian cancer: results from the multicenter Italian trials in ovarian cancer (MITO) 9 retrospective study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 21:1063–1070
Mahdi H, Moslemi-Kebria M, Levinson KL et al (2013) Prevalence and prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis in clinically early-stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 23:1226–1230
Majd HS, Ferrari F, Manek S et al (2016) Diaphragmatic peritonectomy vs. full thickness resection with pleurectomy during visceral peritoneal debulking (VPD) in 100 consecutive patients with stage IIIC–IV ovarian cancer: a surgical-histological analysis. Gynecol Oncol 140:430–435
Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K et al (2004) Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system. Am J Surg Pathol 28:496–504
Maniar KP, Wang Y, Visvanathan K, Shih I-M, Kurman RJ (2014) Evaluation of microinvasion and lymph node involvement in ovarian serous borderline/atypical proliferative serous tumors: a morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 37 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 38:743–755
Mao TL, Shih IM (2013) The roles of ARID1A in gynecologic cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 24:376–381
Marchetti C, Ferrandina G, Cormio G et al (2016) Brain metastases in patients with EOC: clinico-pathological and prognostic factors. A multicentric retrospective analysis from the MITO group (MITO 19). Gynecol Oncol 143:532–538
Maritschnegg E, Wang Y, Pecha N et al (2015) Lavage of the uterine cavity for molecular detection of müllerian duct carcinomas: a proof-of-concept study. J Clin Oncol 33:4293–4300
Marquez RT, Baggerly KA, Patterson AP et al (2005) Patterns of gene expression in different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer correlate with those in normal fallopian tube, endometrium, and colon. Clin Cancer Res 11:6116–6126
Matsuno RK, Sherman ME, Visvanathan K et al (2013) Agreement for tumor grade of ovarian carcinoma: analysis of archival tissues from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results residual tissue repository. Cancer Causes Control 24:749–757
Matsuura Y, Robertson G, Marsden DE et al (2007) Thromboembolic complications in patients with clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 104:406–410
McCluggage WG, Judge MJ, Clarke BA et al (2015) Data set for reporting of ovary, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinoma: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR). Mod Pathol 28:1101–1122
McDaniel AS, Stall JN, Hovelson DH et al (2015) Next-generation sequencing of tubal intraepithelial carcinomas. JAMA Oncol 1:1128–1132
McGuire V, Hartge P, Liao LM et al (2016) Parity and oral contraceptive use in relation to ovarian cancer risk in older women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 25:1059–1063
McKenney JK, Balzer BL, Longacre TA (2006a) Lymph node involvement in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors): pathology, prognosis and proposed classification. Am J Surg Pathol 30:614–624
McKenney JK, Balzer BL, Longacre TA (2006b) Patterns of ovarian stromal invasion in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors): a re-evaluation of the concept of stromal microinvasion. Am J Surg Pathol 30:1209–1221
McKenney JK, Soslow RA, Longacre TA (2008) Ovarian mature teratomas with mucinous epithelial neoplasms: morphologic heterogeneity and association with pseudomyxoma peritonei. Am J Surg Pathol 32:645–655
McKenney JK, Gilks CB, Kalloger S, Longacre TA (2016) Classification of extraovarian implants in patients with ovarian serous borderline tumors (tumors of low malignant potential) based on clinical outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 40:1155–1164
Meriden Z, Yemelyanova AV, Vang R, Ronnett BM (2011) Ovarian metastases of pancreaticobiliary tract adenocarcinomas: analysis of 35 cases, with emphasis on the ability of metastases to simulate primary ovarian mucinous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 35:276–288
Merritt MA, Green AC, Nagle CM, Webb PM (2008) Australian Cancer Study (Ovarian Cancer); Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Talcum powder, chronic pelvic inflammation and NSAIDs in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 122:170–176
Mesbah Ardakani N, Giardina T, Amanuel B, Stewart CJ (2017) Molecular profiling reveals a clonal relationship between ovarian mucinous tumors and corresponding mural carcinomatous nodules. Am J Surg Pathol 41:1261–1266
Mink PJ, Sherman ME, Devesa SS (2002) Incidence patterns of invasive and borderline ovarian tumors among white women and black women in the United States: results from the SEER program 1978–1998. Cancer 95:2380–2389
Mirza MR, Monk BJ, Herrstedt J et al (2016) Niraparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 375:2154–2164
Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM et al (2013) Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 31:4188–4198
Morency E, Leitao MM, Soslow RA (2016) Low-stage high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas: support for an extraovarian origin. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:222–229
Morrison JC, Blanco LZ, Vang R, Ronnett BM (2015) Incidental serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and early invasive serous carcinoma in the nonprophylactic setting: analysis of a case series. Am J Surg Pathol 39:442–453
Mueller JJ, Holzapfel M, Han CH et al (2016) Staging lymphadenectomy in patients with clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer 26:120–124
Murakami R, Matsamura N, Brown JB et al (2017) Exome sequencing landscape analysis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma shed light on key chromosomal regions and mutation gene networks. Am J Pathol 187:2246–2258
Nagle CM, Francis JE, Nelson AE et al (2011) Reducing time to diagnosis does not improve outcomes for women with symptomatic ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 29:2253–2258
Narod S (2016) Can advanced stage ovarian cancer be cured? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 13:255–261
Nasioudis D, Sisti G, Kanninen TT et al (2016a) Epidemiology and outcomes of squamous ovarian carcinoma; a population-based study. Gynecol Oncol 141:128–133
Nasioudis D, Sisti G, Kanninen TT, Fambrini M, DiTommaso M (2016b) Prognostic significance of transitional cell carcinoma-like morphology of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma: a comparative study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 26:1624–1629
Nasioudis D, Chapman-Davis E, Frey MK, Caputo TA, Witkin SS, Holcomb K (2017a) Should epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the inguinal lymph nodes be assigned stage IVB? Gynecol Oncol 147:81–84
Nasioudis D, Chapman-Davis E, Witkin SS, Holcomb K (2017b) Prognostic significance of lymphadenectomy and prevalence of lymph node metastasis in clinically-apparent stage I endometrioid and mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 144:414–419
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2016) Ovarian cancers: evolving paradigms in research and care. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/21841. 2017
NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council) (n.d.) Australian Government. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/cp98_2.pdf. Accessed 6 Oct 2008
Okoye E, Euscher ED, Malpica A (2016) Ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases with primary surgery performed at a single institution. Am J Surg Pathol 40:627–635
Oliver KE, Brady WE, Birrer M et al (2017) An evaluation of progression-free survival and overall survival of ovarian cancer patients with clear cell carcinoma versus serous carcinoma treated with platinum therapy: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. Gynecol Oncol 147:243–249
Oseledchyk A, Leitao MM, Konner J et al (2017) Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage I endometrioid or clear cell ovarian cancer in the platinum era: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results cohort study, 2000–2013. Ann Oncol 28:2985–2993
Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium, Breast Cancer Association Consortium, and Consortium of Modifiers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (2016) No clinical utility of KRAS variant rs61764370 for ovarian or breast cancer. Gynecol Oncol 141:386–401
Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) Consortium (2017) Dose-response association of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and survival time in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. JAMA Oncol 3:e173290
Paik ES, Shim M, Choi HJ et al (2016) Impact of lymphadenectomy on survival after recurrence in patients with advanced ovarian cancer without suspected lymph node metastasis. Gynecol Oncol 143:252–257
Paleari L, Gandini S, Provinciali N, Puntoni M, Colombo N, DeCensi A (2017) Clinical benefit and risk of death with endocrine therapy in ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 146:504–513
Park HK, Ruterbusch JJ, Cote ML (2017) Recent trends in ovarian cancer incidence and relative survival in the Unites States by race/ethnicity and histologic subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 26:1511–1518
Parker WH, Feskanich D, Broder MS et al (2013) Long-term mortality associated with oophorectomy compared with ovarian conservation in the nurses’ health study. Obstet Gynecol 121:709–716
Patch AM, Christie EL, Etemadmoghadam D et al (2015) Whole-genome characterization of chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Nature 521:489–494
Pearce CL, Templeman C, Rossing MA et al (2012) Association between endometriosis and risk of histological subtypes of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Lancet Oncol 13:385–394
Pennington KP, Walsh T, Harrell MI et al (2014) Germline and somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes predict platinum response and survival in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 20:764–775
Perets R, Wyant GA, Muto KW et al (2013) Transformation of the fallopian tube secretory epithelium leads to high-grade serous ovarian cancer in Brca;Tp53;Pten models. Cancer Cell 24:751–765
Petit T, Velten M, d’Hombres A et al (2007) Long-term survival of 106 stage III ovarian cancer patients with minimal residual disease after second-look laparotomy and consolidation radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 104:104–108
Pinsky PF, Yu K, Kramer BS et al (2016) Extended mortality results for ovarian cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median 15 years follow-up. Gynecol Oncol 143:270–275
Powell CB (2014) Risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for BRCA mutation carriers: twenty years later. Gynecol Oncol 132:261–263
Powell CB, Swisher EM, Cass I et al (2013) Long term follow up of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with unsuspected neoplasia identified at risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Gynecol Oncol 129:364–371
Powless CA, Aletti GD, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Cliby WA (2011) Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in apparent early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer: implications for surgical staging. Gynecol Oncol 122:536–540
Prat J, FIGO committee on gynecologic oncology (2015) Abridged republication of FIGO’s staging classification for cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum. Cancer 121:3452–3454
Provenza C, Young RH, Prat J (2008) Anaplastic carcinoma in mucinous ovarian tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases emphasizing the crucial impact of stage on prognosis, their histologic spectrum, and overlap with sarcomalike mural nodules. Am J Surg Pathol 32:383–389
Qian XQ, Hua XP, Wu JH et al (2018) Clinical predictors of recurrence and prognostic value of lymph node involvement in the serous borderline ovarian tumor. Int J Gynecol Cancer 28:279–284
Rabban JT, Garg K, Crawford B, Chen LM, Zaloudek CJ (2014) Early detection of high-grade tubal serous carcinoma in women at low risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome by systematic examination of fallopian tubes incidentally removed during benign surgery. Am J Surg Pathol 38:729–742
Rabban JT, Vohra P, Zaloudek CJ (2015) Nongynecologic metastases to fallopian tube mucosa: a potential mimic of tubal high-grade serous carcinoma and benign tubal mucinous metaplasia or nonmucinous hyperplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 39:35–51
Rambau PF, Duggan MA, Ghatage P et al (2016) Significant frequency of MSH2/MSH6 abnormality in ovarian endometrioid carcinoma supports histotype-specific Lynch syndrome screening in ovarian carcinomas. Histopathology 69:288–297
Rambau PF, McIntyre JB, Taylor J et al (2017) Morphologic reproducibility, genotyping, and immunohistochemical profiling do not support a category of seromucinous carcinoma of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 41:685–695
Rasmussen CB, Jensen A, Albieri V, Andersen KK, Kjaer SK (2017a) Is pelvic inflammatory disease a risk factor for ovarian cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 26:104–109
Rasmussen CB, Kjaer SK, Albieri V et al (2017b) Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumors: a pooled analysis of 13 case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 185:8–20
Rasmussen ELK, Hannibal CG, Dehlendorff C et al (2017c) Parity, infertility, oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy and the risk of ovarian serous borderline tumors: a nationwide case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 144:571–576
Rauh-Hain JA, Diver EJ, Clemmer JT et al (2013) Carcinosarcoma of the ovary compared to papillary serous ovarian carcinoma: a SEER analysis. Gynecol Oncol 131:46–51
Rauh-Hain JA, Gonzales R, Bregar AJ et al (2016) Patterns of care, predictors and outcomes of chemotherapy for ovarian carcinosarcoma: a National Cancer Database analysis. Gynecol Oncol 142:38–43
Reigstad MM, Storeng R, Myklebust TA et al (2017) Cancer risk in women treated with fertility drugs according to parity status: a registry-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 26:1–10
Reyes MC, Arnold AG, Kauff ND, Levine DA, Soslow RA (2014) Invasion patterns of metastatic high grade serous carcinoma of ovary or fallopian tube associated with BRCA deficiency. Mod Pathol 27:1405–1411
Riopel MA, Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ (1999) Evaluation of diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian intestinal-type mucinous tumors: atypical proliferative (borderline) tumors, and intraepithelial, microinvasive, invasive and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 23:617–635
Ritterhouse LL, Nowak JA, Strickland KC et al (2016) Morphologic correlates of molecular alterations in extrauterine Mullerian carcinomas. Mod Pathol 29:893–903
Rodriguez IM, Prat J (2002) Mucinous tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 75 borderline tumors (of intestinal type) and carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 26:139–152
Rodriguez IM, Irving JA, Prat J (2004) Endocervical-like mucinous borderline tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 31 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 28:1311–1318
Roelofsen T, van Kempen LCLT, van der Laak JAWM, van Ham MA, Bulten J, Massuger LFAG (2012) Concurrent endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) and serous ovarian cancer: can EIC be seen as the precursor lesion? Int J Gynecol Cancer 22:457–464
Roma AA, Masand RP (2014) Ovarian Brenner tumors and Walthard nests: a histologic and immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 45:2417–2422
Roma AA, Masand PR (2015) Different staining patterns of ovarian Brenner tumor and the associated mucinous tumor. Ann Diagn Pathol 19:29–32
Ronnett BM, Seidman JD (2003) Mucinous tumors arising in ovarian mature cystic teratomas: relationship to the clinical syndrome of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Am J Surg Pathol 27:650–657
Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ, Zahn CM (1995a) Pseudomyxoma peritonei in women: a clinicopathologic analysis of 30 cases with emphasis on site of origin, prognosis, and relationship to ovarian mucinous tumors of low malignant potential. Hum Pathol 26:509–524
Ronnett BM, Zahn CM, Kurman RJ (1995b) Disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis and peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis: a clinicopathologic analysis of 109 cases with emphasis on distinguishing pathologic features, site of origin, prognosis, and relationship to “pseudomyxoma peritonei”. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1390–1408
Ronnett BM, Shmookler BM, Diener-West M, Sugarbaker PH, Kurman RJ (1997) Immunohistochemical evidence supporting the appendiceal origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in women. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16:1–9
Ronnett BM, Yan H, Kurman RJ et al (2001) Patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis have a significantly more favorable prognosis than patients with peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis. Cancer 92:85–91
Ronnett BM, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Gilks CB et al (2004) Mucinous borderline ovarian tumors: points of general agreement and persistent controversies regarding nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, and behavior. Hum Pathol 35:949–960
Roth LM, Emerson RE, Ulbright TM (2003) Ovarian endometrioid tumors of low malignant potential: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases with comparison to well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 27:1253–1259
Rudaitis V, Zvirblis T, Kanopiene D et al (2014) BRCA1/2 mutation status is an independent factor of improved survival for advanced (stage III–IV) ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 24:1395–1400
Rungruang BJ, Miller A, Krivak TC et al (2017) What is the role of retroperitoneal exploration in optimally debulked stage IIIC epithelial ovarian cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group ancillary data study. Cancer 123:985–993
Rustin GJS, van der Burg MEL, Griffin CL et al (2010) Early versus delayed treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer (MRC OVO5/EORTC55955): a randomized trial. Lancet 376:1155–1163
Ryan NAJ, Evans DG, Green K, Crosbie EJ (2017) Pathological features and clinical behavior of Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 144:491–495
Ryland GL, Hunter SM, Doyle MA et al (2015) Mutational landscape of mucinous ovarian carcinoma and its neoplastic precursors. Genome Med 7:87
Said I, Bohm S, Beasley J et al (2017) The chemotherapy response score (CRS): interobserver reproducibility in a simple and prognostically relevant system for reporting the histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in tuboovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 36:172–179
Salvador S, Gilks B, Kobel M, Huntsman D, Rosen B, Miller D (2009) The fallopian tube: primary site of most pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer 19:58–64
Sangoi AR, McKenney JK, Dadras SS et al (2008) Lymphatic vascular invasion in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential with stromal microinvasion: a case-control study. Am J Surg Pathol 32:261–268
Sato N, Tsunoda H, Nishida M (2000) Loss of heterozygosity on 10q23.3 and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN in benign endometrial cyst of the ovary: possible sequence progression from benign endometrial cyst to endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Res 60:7052–7056
Schmoeckel E, Odai-Afotey AA, Schleiβheimer M et al (2017) LEF1 is preferentially expressed in the tubal-peritoneal junctions and is a reliable marker of tubal intraepithelial lesions. Mod Pathol 30:1241–1250
Schultheis AM, Ng CKY, De Filippo MR et al (2016) Massively parallel sequencing-based clonality analysis of synchronous endometrioid endometrial and ovarian carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 108:djv427
Seidman JD (1996) Prognostic importance of atypia and hyperplasia in endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15:1–9
Seidman JD (2013) The presence of mucosal iron in the fallopian tube supports the “incessant menstruation hypothesis” for ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:454–458
Seidman JD (2015) Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma localizes to the tubal-peritoneal junction: a pivotal clue to the site of origin of extrauterine high grade serous carcinoma (ovarian cancer). Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:112–120
Seidman JD, Khedmati F (2008) Exploring the histogenesis of ovarian mucinous and transitional cell (Brenner) neoplasms and their relationship with Walthard cell nests: a study of 120 tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:1753–1760
Seidman JD, Krishnan J (2016) Non-neoplastic conditions of the ovaries in grossly normal adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 403 completely embedded cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:544–548
Seidman JD, Kurman RJ (2000) Ovarian serous borderline tumors: a critical review of the literature with emphasis on prognostic indicators. Hum Pathol 31:539–557
Seidman JD, Wang BG (2007) Evaluation of normal sized ovaries associated with primary peritoneal serous carcinoma for possible precursors of ovarian serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 106:201–206
Seidman JD, Sherman ME, Bell KA et al (2002) Salpingitis, salpingoliths and serous tumors of the ovary: is there a connection? Int J Gynecol Pathol 21:101–107
Seidman JD, Kurman RJ, Ronnett BM (2003) Primary and metastatic mucinous adenocarcinomas in the ovaries: incidence in routine practice with a new approach to improve intraoperative diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 27:985–993
Seidman JD, Soslow RA, Vang R et al (2004) Borderline ovarian tumors: diverse contemporary viewpoints on terminology and diagnostic criteria with illustrative images. Hum Pathol 35:918–933
Seidman JD, Cosin JA, Wang BG et al (2010a) Upstaging pathologic stage I ovarian carcinoma based on dense adhesions is not warranted: a clinicopathologic study of 84 patients originally classified as FIGO stage II. Gynecol Oncol 119:250–254
Seidman JD, Yemelyanova AV, Khedmati F et al (2010b) Prognostic factors for stage I ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:1–7
Seidman JD, Yemelyanova A, Zaino RJ et al (2011a) The tubal-peritoneal junction: a potential site of carcinogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:4–11
Seidman JD, Zhao P, Yemelyanova A (2011b) “Primary peritoneal” high grade serous carcinoma is very likely metastatic from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma: assessing the new paradigm of ovarian and pelvic serous carcinogenesis and its implications for screening for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 120:470–473
Seidman JD, Yemelyanova A, Cosin JA et al (2012) Survival rates for FIGO stage III ovarian carcinoma by cell type: a study of 262 unselected patients with uniform pathologic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 22:367–371
Seidman JD, Vang R, Ronnett BM, Yemelyanova A, Cosin JA (2015) Distribution and case-fatality ratios by cell type for ovarian carcinomas: a 22-year series of 562 patients with uniform current histological classification. Gynecol Oncol 136:336–340
Seidman JD, Krishnan J, Yemelyanova A, Vang R (2016) Incidental serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and non-neoplastic conditions of the fallopian tubes in grossly normal adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 388 completely embedded cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:423–429
Seidman JD, Savage J, Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Kurman RJ (Submitted) Intratumoral heterogeneity accounts for apparent progression of noninvasive serous tumors to low-grade serous carcinoma: a study of 30 low-grade serous tumors of the ovary associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Shappell HW, Riopel MA, Smith-Sehdev A et al (2002) Diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian seromucinous (endocervical-type mucinous and mixed cell type) tumors: atypical proliferative (borderline) tumors, intraepithelial, microinvasive and invasive carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1529–1541
Shazly SAM, Laughlin-Tommaso SK, Dowdy SC, Famuyide AO (2016) Staging for low malignant potential ovarian tumors: a global perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215:153–168
Sherman ME, Guido R, Wentzensen N, Yang HP, Mai PI, Greene MH (2012) New views on the pathogenesis of high-grade pelvic serous carcinoma with suggestions for advancing future research. Gynecol Oncol 127:645–650
Sherman ME, Piedmonte M, Mai PL et al (2014) Pathologic findings at risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy: primary results from Gynecologic Oncology Group Trial GOG-0199. J Clin Oncol 32:3275–3283
Shim SH, Kim SN, Jung PS, Dong M, Kim JE, Lee SJ (2016) Impact of surgical staging on prognosis in patients with borderline ovarian tumours: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 54:84–95
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2017) Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 67:7–30
Sieh W, Salvador S, McGuire V et al (2013) Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer subtypes: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol 42:579–589
Simons M, Ezendam N, Bulten J, Naqteqaal I, Massuger L (2015) Survival of patients with mucinous ovarian carcinoma and ovarian metastases: a population-based cancer registry study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 25:1208–1215
Simons M, Massuger L, Bruls J, Bulten J, Teerenstra S, Naqteqaal I (2017) Relatively poor survival of mucinous ovarian carcinoma in advanced stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:651–658
Singer G, Stohr R, Cope L et al (2005) Patterns of p53 mutations separate ovarian serous borderline tumors and low and high-grade carcinomas and provide support for a new model of ovarian carcinogenesis: a mutational analysis with immunohistochemical correlation. Am J Surg Pathol 29:218–224
Singh R, Cho KR (2017) Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma or not? metastases to fallopian tube mucosa can masquerade as in situ lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 141:1313–1315
Singh N, Gilks CB (2017) The changing landscape of gynaecological cancer diagnosis: implications for histopathological practice in the 21st century. Histopathology 70:56–69
Singh N, Gilks CB, Wilkinson N, McCluggage WG (2014) Assignment of primary site in high-grade serous tubal, ovarian and peritoneal carcinoma: a proposal. Histopathology 65:149–154
Singh N, Gilks CB, Wilkinson N, McCluggage WG (2015) The secondary Mullerian system, field effect, BRCA, and tubal fimbria: our evolving understanding of the origin of tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma and why assignment of primary site matters. Pathology 47:423–431
Singh N, Gilks CB, Hirshowitz L, Wilkinson N, McCluggage WG (2016) Adopting a uniform approach to site assignment in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma: the time has come. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:230–237
Singh P, Kaushal V, Rai B et al (2018) Chemotherapy response score is a useful histologic predictor of prognosis in high grade serous carcinoma. Histopathology 72:619–625
Singh N, Benson JL, Gan C et al (2018) Disease distribution in low-stage tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC): implications for assigning primary site and FIGO stage. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 37:324–30 https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000429
Skates SJ, Greene MH, Buys SS et al (2017) Early detection of ovarian cancer using the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm with frequent CA125 testing in women at increased familial risk-combined results from two screening trials. Clin Cancer Res 23:3628–3637
Song T, Kim MK, Kim ML et al (2017) Impact of opportunistic salpingectomy on anti-Mullerian hormone in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 124:314–320
Soslow RA, Han G, Park KJ et al (2012) Morphologic patterns associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 genotype in ovarian carcinoma. Mod Pathol 25:625–636
Stewart CJR, Leung YC, Whitehouse A (2012) Fallopian tube metastases of non-gynaecological origin: a series of 20 cases emphasizing patterns of involvement including intra-epithelial spread. Histopathology 60:E106–E114
Stewart CJR, Bowtell DDL, Doherty DA, Leung YC (2017) Long-term survival of patients with mismatch repair protein-deficient, high stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Histopathology 70:309–313
Storey DJ, Rush R, Stewart M et al (2008) Endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer: 20 years of prospectively collected data from a single center. Cancer 112:2211–2220
Suehiro Y, Sakamoto M, Umayahara K et al (2000) Genetic aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridization in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas. Oncology 59:50–56
Suh DH, Park J-Y, Lee J-Y et al (2015) The clinical value of surgeons’ efforts of preventing intraoperative tumor rupture in stage I clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a Korean multicenter study. Gynecol Oncol 137:412–417
Sung PL, Chang YH, Chao KC, Chuang CM et al (2014) Global distribution patterns of histological subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer: a database analysis and systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 133:147–154
Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) (n.d.) National Cancer Institute. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2017
Suzuki K, Takakura S, Saito M et al (2014) Impact of surgical staging in stage I clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Cancer 24:1181–1189
Swenerton KD, Santos JL, Gilks CB et al (2011) Histotype predicts the curative potential of radiotherapy: the example of ovarian cancers. Ann Oncol 22:341–347
Szych C, Staebler A, Connolly DC, Wu R, Cho KR, Ronnett BM (1999) Molecular genetic evidence supporting the clonality and appendiceal origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in women. Am J Pathol 154:1849–1855
Tabrizi AD, Kalloger SE, Kobel M et al (2010) Primary ovarian mucinous carcinoma of intestinal type: significance of pattern of invasion and immunohistochemical expression profile in a series of 31 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29:99–107
Tafe LJ, Muller KE, Ananda G et al (2016) Molecular genetic analysis of ovarian Brenner tumors and associated mucinous epithelial neoplasms: high variant concordance and identification of mutually exclusive RAS driver mutations and MYC amplification. Am J Pathol 186:671–677
Takeuchi T, Ohishi Y, Imamura H et al (2013) Ovarian transitional cell carcinoma represents a poorly differentiated form of high-grade serous or endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 37:1091–1099
Tang S, Onuma K, Deb P et al (2012) Frequency of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in various gynecologic malignancies: a study of 300 consecutive cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 31:103–110
Tang S, Yang F, Du X, Lu Y, Zhang L, Zhou X (2016) Aberrant expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in ovarian carcinoma independent of gene rearrangement. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:337–347
Taube ET, Denkert C, Sehouli J et al (2017) Cytokeratin 5/6 expression, prognosis, and association with estrogen receptor α in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Hum Pathol 67:30–36
Taylor J, McCluggage WG (2015) Ovarian seromucinous carcinoma: report of a series of a newly categorized and uncommon neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 39:983–992
Temkin SM, Miller EA, Samimi G et al (2017) Outcomes from ovarian cancer screening in the PLCO trial: histologic heterogeneity impacts detection, overdiagnosis and survival. Eur J Cancer 87:182–188
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2011) Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 474:609–615
Tolcher MC, Swisher EM, Medeiros F et al (2015) Characterization of precursor lesions in the endometrium and fallopian tube epithelium of early-stage uterine serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:57–64
Tothill RW, Tinker AV, George J et al (2008) Novel molecular subtypes of serous and endometrioid ovarian cancer linked to clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 14:5198–5208
Trabert B, Ness RB, Lo-Ciganic WH et al (2014) Aspirin, non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and acetaminophen use and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis in the ovarian cancer association consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 106:djt431
Trillsch F, Mahner S, Vettorazzi E et al (2015) Surgical staging and prognosis in serous borderline ovarian tumors (BOT): a subanalysis of the AGO ROBOT study. Br J Cancer 112:660–666
Tsuda H, Ito YM, Ohashi Y et al (2005) Identification of overexpression and amplification of ABCF2 in clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma by cDNA microarray analyses. Clin Cancer Res 11:6880–6888
Tworoger SS, Gertig DM, Gates MA et al (2008) Caffeine, alcohol, smoking, and the risk of incident epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 112:1169–1177
Urban RR, He H, Alfonso R, Hardesty MM, Gray HJ, Goff BA (2016) Ovarian cancer outcomes: predictors of early death. Gynecol Oncol 140:474–480
Uzan C, Berretta R, Rolla M et al (2012a) Management and prognosis of endometrioid borderline tumors of the ovary. Surg Oncol 21:178–184
Uzan C, Dufeu-Lefebre M, Fauvet R et al (2012b) Management and prognosis of clear cell borderline ovarian tumor. Int J Gynecol Cancer 22:993–999
Uzan C, Dufeu-Lefebre M, Fauvet R et al (2012c) Management and prognosis of borderline ovarian Brenner tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 22:1332–1336
Uzan C, Zanini-Grandon A-S, Bentivegna E et al (2015) Outcome of patients with advanced-stage borderline ovarian tumors after a first peritoneal noninvasive recurrence: impact on further management. Int J Gynecol Cancer 25:830–836
van Driel WJ, Koole SN, Sikorska K et al (2018) Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 378:230–240
Vang R, Gown AM, Barry TS et al (2006a) Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in primary and secondary mucinous tumors of the ovary: analysis of coordinate immunohistochemical expression profiles and staining distribution in 179 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 30:1130–1139
Vang R, Gown AM, Barry TS et al (2006b) Ovarian atypical proliferative (borderline) mucinous tumors: gastrointestinal and seromucinous (endocervical-like) types are immunophenotypically distinctive. Int J Gynecol Pathol 25:83–89
Vang R, Gown AM, Barry TS et al (2006c) Immunohistochemistry for estrogen and progesterone receptors in the distinction of primary and metastatic mucinous tumors in the ovary: an analysis of 124 cases. Mod Pathol 19:97–105
Vang R, Gown AM, Wu LS et al (2006d) Immunohistochemical expression of CDX-2 in primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas involving the ovary: comparison with CK20 and correlation with coordinate expression of CK7. Mod Pathol 19:1421–1428
Vang R, Gown AM, Farinola M et al (2007a) p16 expression in primary ovarian mucinous and endometrioid tumors and metastatic adenocarcinomas in the ovary: utility for identification of metastatic HPV-related endocervical adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 31:653–663
Vang R, Gown AM, Zhao C et al (2007b) Ovarian mucinous tumors associated with mature cystic teratomas: morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis identifies a subset of potential teratomatous origin that shares features of lower gastrointestinal tract mucinous tumors more commonly encountered as secondary tumors in the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 31:854–869
Vang R, Levine DA, Soslow RA, Zaloudek C, Shih IM, Kurman RJ (2016) Molecular alterations of TP53 are a defining feature of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma: a rereview of cases lacking TP53 mutations in The Cancer Genome Atlas Ovarian Study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:48–55
Vang R, Hannibal CG, Junge J, Frederiksen K, Kjaer SK, Kurman RJ (2017) Long-term behavior of serous borderline tumors subdivided into atypical proliferative tumors and noninvasive low-grade carcinomas a population-based clinicopathologic study of 942 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 41:725–737
Veras E, Mao TL, Ayhan A et al (2009) Cystic and adenofibromatous clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: distinctive tumors that differ in their pathogenesis and behavior: a clinicopathologic analysis of 122 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 33:844–853
Vercellini P, Crosignani P, Somigliana E et al (2011) The ‘incessant menstruation’ hypothesis: a mechanistic ovarian cancer model with implications for prevention. Hum Reprod 26:2262–2273
Vernooij IJ, Heintz APM, Witteveen PO et al (2008) Specialized care and survival of ovarian cancer patients in the Netherlands: nationwide cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:399–406
Vierkoetter KR, Ayabe AR, VanDrunen M, Ahn HJ, Shimizu DM, Terada KY (2014) Lynch syndrome in patients with clear cell and endometrioid cancers of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 135:81–84
Visvanathan K, Shaw P, May BJ et al (Submitted) Fallopian tube lesions in women at high risk for ovarian cancer: a multicenter study
Vitonis AF, Titus-Ernstoff L, Cramer DW (2011) Assessing ovarian cancer risk when considering elective oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 117:1042–1050
Walker JL, Powell CB, Chen LM et al (2015) Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for the prevention of ovarian cancer. Cancer 121:2108–2120
Walsh T, Casadei S, Lee MK, Pennil CC, Nord AS, Thornton AM, Roeb W, Agnew KJ, Stray SM, Wickramanayake A, Norquist B, Pennington KP, Garcia RL, King MC, Swisher EM (2011) Mutations in 12 genes for inherited ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma identified by massively parallel sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:18032–18037
Wang Y, Wu R-C, Shwartz LE et al (2015) Clonality analysis of combined Brenner and mucinous tumors of the ovary reveals their monoclonal origin. J Pathol 237:146–151
Webb JR, Milne K, Kroeger DR, Nelson BH (2016) PD-L1 expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating T cells and favorable prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 141:293–302
Wiegand KC, Shah SP, Al-Agha OM et al (2010) ARID1A mutations in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas. N Engl J Med 363:1532–1543
Willis BC, Sloan EA, Atkins KA, Stoler MH, Mills AM (2017) Mismatch repair status and PD-L1 expression in clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and endometrium. Mod Pathol 30:1622–1632
Wu R, Hendrix-Lucas N, Kuick R et al (2007) Mouse model of human ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma based on somatic defects in the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Pten signaling pathways. Cancer Cell 11:321–323
Wu R, Baker SJ, Hu TC, Norman KM, Fearon ER, Cho KR (2013) Type I to type II ovarian carcinoma progression: mutant TRP53 or PIK3ca confers a more aggressive tumor phenotype in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. Am J Pathol 182:1391–1399
Wu RC, Wang TL, Shih IM (2014) The emerging roles of ARID1A in tumor suppression. Cancer Biol Ther 15:655–664
Wu R, Zhai Y, Kuick R, Karnezis AN, Garcia P, Naseem A, Hu TC, Fearon ER, Cho KR (2016) Impact of oviductal versus ovarian epithelial cell of origin on ovarian endometrioid carcinoma phenotype in the mouse. J Pathol 240:341–351
Wu X, Wu L, Kong B et al (2017) The first nationwide multicenter prevalence study of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Chinese ovarian cancer patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27:1650–1657
Xing D, Rahmanto S, Zeppernick F et al (2017) Mutation of NRAS is a rare genetic event in ovarian low grade serous carcinoma. Hum Pathol 68:87–91
Yamamoto S, Tsuda H, Takano M et al (2008) Clear cell adenofibroma can be a clonal precursor for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary: a possible alternative clear cell carcinogenic pathway. J Pathol 216:103–110
Yamamoto S, Kasajima A, Takano M et al (2011) Validation of the histologic grading for ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma: a retrospective multi-institutional study by the Japan Clear Cell Carcinoma Study Group. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30:129–138
Yang HP, Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS et al (2013) Ovarian cancer incidence trends in relation to changing patterns of menopausal hormone therapy use in the United States. J Clin Oncol 31:2146–2151
Yang HP, Murphy KR, Pfeiffer RM et al (2016) Lifetime number of ovulatory cycles and risks of ovarian and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 183:800–814
Yemelyanova AV, Cosin JA, Bidus MA, Boice CR, Seidman JD (2008a) Pathology of stage I versus stage III ovarian carcinoma with implications for pathogenesis and screening. Int J Gynecol Cancer 18:465–469
Yemelyanova A, Mao TL, Nakayama N (2008b) Low grade serous carcinoma of the ovary displaying a macropapillary pattern. Am J Surg Pathol 32:1800–1806
Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Judson K et al (2008c) Distinction of primary and metastatic mucinous tumors involving the ovary: analysis of size and laterality data by primary site with reevaluation of an algorithm for tumor classification. Am J Surg Pathol 32:128–138
Yemelyanova A, Vang R, Kshirsagar M et al (2011) Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 24:1248–1253
Zaino RJ, Brady MF, Lele SM, Michael H, Greer B, Bookman MA (2011) Advanced stage mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary is both rare and highly lethal: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 117:554–562
Zeppernick F, Ardighieri L, Hannibal CG et al (2014) BRAF mutation is associated with a specific cell type with features suggestive of senescence in ovarian serous borderline (atypical proliferative) tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 38:1603–1611
Zhai Y, Wu R, Kuick R, Sessine MS, Schulman S, Green M, Fearon ER, Cho KR (2017) High-grade serous carcinomas arise in the mouse oviduct via defects linked to the human disease. J Pathol 243:16–25
Zhao C, Wu LS-F, Barner R (2011) Pathogenesis of ovarian clear cell adenofibroma, atypical proliferative (borderline) tumor, and carcinoma: clinicopathologic features of tumors with endometriosis or adenofibromatous components support two related pathways of tumor development. J Cancer 2:94–106
Zhou AG, Levinson KL, Rosenthal DL, VandenBussche CJ (2018) Performance of ovarian cyst fluid fine-needle aspiration cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 126:112–121
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Seidman, J.D., Ronnett, B.M., Shih, IM., Cho, K.R., Kurman, R.J. (2018). Epithelial Tumors of the Ovary. In: Kurman, R., Hedrick Ellenson, L., Ronnett, B. (eds) Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_14-3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_14-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3165-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3165-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Epithelial Tumors of the Ovary- Published:
- 11 September 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_14-3
-
Original
Epithelial Tumors of the Ovary- Published:
- 28 July 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_14-2