Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nonneoplastic Lesions of the Ovary

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract

  • 368 Accesses

Abstract

Nonneoplastic lesions of the ovary frequently form a pelvic mass and are often associated with abnormal hormonal manifestations, thus potentially mimicking an ovarian neoplasm on clinical examination, at operation, or on pathologic examination. Many occur in the reproductive years and may be associated with infertility. Their proper recognition is, therefore, important to allow appropriate, usually conservative therapy, thereby avoiding unnecessary oophorectomy. This chapter begins with a very brief overview of the embryology and gross anatomy of the normal ovary, and key aspects of normal ovarian histology are featured in the discussion of relevant nonneoplastic lesions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrao MS, Dias JA Jr, Podgaec S et al (2006) Bowel endometriosis and schistosomiasis: a rare but possible association. Fertil Steril 85:1060

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler E, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Gayther SA et al (2015) PAX8 expression in ovarian surface epithelial cells. Hum Pathol 46:948–956

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akhan SE, Dogan Y, Akhan S et al (2008) Pelvic actinomycosis mimicking ovarian malignancy: three cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 29:294–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ahmadie HA, Stanek J, Liu J et al (2001) Ovarian “tumor” of the adrenogenital syndrome. The first reported case. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1443–1450

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hussaini M, Lioe TF, McCluggage WG (2002) Placental site nodule of the ovary. Lett Histopathol 41:471–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Timimi A, Buckley CH, Fox H (1985) An immunohistochemical study of the incidence and significance of sex steroid hormone binding sites in normal and neoplastic human ovarian tissue. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4:24–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almenoff IA (1966) Splenic-gonadal fusion. N Y State J Med 66:1679–1691

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alujevic A, Andelinovic S, Forempoher G (1995) Splenic-gonadal fusion of the continuous type in an adult female. Pathol Int 45:871–874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Athanasias P, Doumouchtsis K, Malick R et al (2013) Isolated fallopian tube torsion: a rare variant of a common entity with successful laparoscopic detorsion. J Obstet Gynaecol 33:318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auersperg N (2013) The stem-cell profile of ovarian surface epithelium is reproduced in the oviductal fimbriae, with increased stem-cell marker density in distal parts of the fimbriae. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32:444–453

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balen AH, Laven JS, Tan SL et al (2003) Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions. Hum Reprod Update 9:505–514

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banet N, Kurman RJ (2015) Two types of ovarian cortical inclusion cysts: proposed origin and possible role in ovarian serous carcinogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:3–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bannatyne P, Russell P, Shearman RP (1990) Autoimmune oophoritis: a clinicopathologic assessment of 12 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 9:191–207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ (1983) Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:90–101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri RL, Smith S, Ryan KJ (1988) The role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism. Fertil Steril 50:197–212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bats AS, Barbarino PM, Bene MC et al (2008) Local lymphocytic and epithelial activation in a case of autoimmune oophoritis. Fertil Steril 90:849.e5–849.e8

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell DA, Mondschein M, Scully RE (1986) Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract. A report of three cases. Am J Surg Pathol 10:696–701

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Rafael Z, Bider D, Menashe Y et al (1990) Follicular and luteal cysts after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 53:1091–1094

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger NG, Repke JT, Woodruff JD (1984) Markedly elevated serum testosterone in pregnancy without fetal virilization. Obstet Gynecol 63:260–262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaustein A (1981) Surface cells and inclusion cysts in fetal ovaries. Gynecol Oncol 12:222–233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaustein A, Kaganowicz A, Wells J (1982a) Tumor markers in inclusion cysts of the ovary. Cancer (Phila) 49:722–726

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaustein A, Kantius M, Kaganowicz A et al (1982b) Inclusions in ovaries of females aged day 1–30 years. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:145–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonar BE, Rabson AS (1957) Gynecologic aspects of leprosy. Obstet Gynecol 9:33–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boss JH, Scully RE, Wegner KH et al (1965) Structural variations in the adult ovary: clinical significance. Obstet Gynecol 25:747–764

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen NJ, Walker LD, Matyunina LV et al (2009) Gene expression profiling supports the hypothesis that human ovarian surface epithelial are multipotent and capable of serving as ovarian cancer initiating cells. BMC Med Genom 2:71

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle DP, McCluggage WG (2009) Combined actinomycotic and pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules in the female genital tract: description of a series of cases. J Clin Pathol 62:1123–1126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw KD, Santos-Ramos R, Rawlins SC et al (1986) Endocrine studies in a pregnancy complicated by ovarian theca lutein cysts and hyperreactio luteinalis. Obstet Gynecol 67:66S–69S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burandt E, Young RH (2014) Pregnancy luteoma: a study of 20 cases on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of its description by Dr. William H. Sternberg, with an emphasis on the common presence of follicle-like spaces and their diagnostic implications. Am J Surg Pathol 38:239–244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burkman R, Schlesselman S, McCaffrey L et al (1982) The relationship of genital tract actinomycetes and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143:585–589

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bylund DJ, Nanfro JJ, Marsh WL Jr (1986) Coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:232–235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caillouette JC, Koehler AL (1987) Phasic contraceptive pills and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1538–1542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çakır ED, Özdemir Ö, Eren E et al (2011) Resolution of autoimmune oophoritis after thymectomy in a myasthenia gravis patient. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 3:212–215

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carmina E, Gonzalez F, Chang L et al (1995) Reassessment of adrenal androgen secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 85:971–976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavoretto P, Giorgione V, Sigismondi C et al (2014) Hyperreactio luteinalis: timely diagnosis minimizes the risk of oophorectomy and alerts clinicians to the associated risk of placental insufficiency. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 176:10–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZJ, Zhao H, He L (2011) Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for polycystic ovary syndrome on chromosome 2p16.3, 2p21 and 9q33.3. Nat Genet 43:55–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou SC, Wang JS, Tseng HH (2002) Malacoplakia of the ovary, fallopian tube and uterus: a case associated with diabetes mellitus. Pathol Int 52:789–793

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB (2007) Ovary. In: Mills SE (ed) Histology for pathologists. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1663–1694

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Cooney TP (1992) Idiopathic multifocal calcification of the ovarian stroma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116:204–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Scully RE (1980) Large solitary luteinized follicle cyst of pregnancy and puerperium: a clinicopathological analysis of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 4:431–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE (1988) Ovarian granulosa cell proliferations of pregnancy. A report of nine cases. Hum Pathol 19:657–662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE (1989) Nontrophoblastic pathology of the female genital tract and peritoneum associated with pregnancy. Semin Diagn Pathol 6:372–406

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LE (2008) Cancer treatment and the ovary: the effects of chemotherapy and radiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1135:123–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen I, Figer A, Tepper R et al (1999) Ovarian overstimulation and cystic formation in premenopausal tamoxifen exposure: comparison between tamoxifen-treated and nontreated breast cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 72:202–207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland W Jr, Hawley PC, Teteris NJ (1985) Gynecologic amyloidosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:555–556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coulam CB (1983) The prevalence of autoimmune disorders among patients with primary ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 4:63–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coulam CB, Annegers JF, Kranz JS (1983) Chronic anovulation syndrome and associated neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 61:403–407

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowchock FS, McCabe JL, Montgomery BB (1988) Pregnancy after corticosteroid administration in premature ovarian failure (polyglandular endocrinopathy syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:118–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer DW, Welch WR, Cassells S et al (1983) Mumps, menarche, menopause, and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damewood MD, Zacur HA, Hoffman GJ et al (1986) Circulating antiovarian antibodies in premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 68:850–854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damodaran S, Mahmood T, Nawroz I et al (2011) Ovarian stromal hyperplasia and hyperthecosis: an unusual case of post-menopausal hirsutism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 158:114–115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DastranjTabrizi A, MostafaGharabaghi P, SheikhzadehHesari F et al (2016) Impact and mechanistic role of oral contraceptive pills on the number and epithelial type of ovarian cortical inclusion cysts; a clinicopathology and immunohistochemical study. Diagn Pathol 22(11):30

    Google Scholar 

  • Deligdisch L, Einstein AJ, Guera D et al (1995) Ovarian dysplasia in epithelial inclusion cysts. A morphometric approach using neural networks. Cancer (Phila) 76:1027–1034

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennefors BL, Janson PO, Knutson F et al (1980) Steroid production and responsiveness to gonadotropin in isolated stromal tissue of human postmenopausal ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136:997–1002

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dessole S, Capobianco G, Arru A et al (2003) Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis: an unpredictable event: two case reports and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 267:242–246

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dincsoy HP, Rolfes DB, McGraw CA et al (1984) Cholesterol ester storage disease and mesenteric lipodystrophy. Am J Clin Pathol 81:263–269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draper R, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ et al (2003) Mutations in the genes encoding 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase interact to cause cortisone reductase deficiency. Nat Genet 34:434–439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drapkin R, Crum CP, Hecht JL (2004) Expression of candidate tumor markers in ovarian carcinoma and benign ovary: evidence for a link between epithelial phenotype and neoplasia. Hum Pathol 35:1014–1021

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E et al (2015) Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 36:487–525

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dunaif A, Hoffman AR, Scully RE et al (1985) Clinical, biochemical, and ovarian morphologic features in women with acanthosis nigricans and masculinization. Obstet Gynecol 66:545–552

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards-Silva RN, Han CS, Hoang Y et al (2008) Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation in a naturally conceived pregnancy with uncontrolled hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 111:498–501

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrmann DA (2005) Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1223–1236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elahi AA, Nigam A, Pujani M et al (2015) Xanthogranulomatous oophoritis mimicking malignancy: a diagnostic dilemma. BMJ Case Rep 25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-210642

  • Elmore RG, Li AJ (2007) Peritoneal tuberculosis mimicking advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 110:1417–1419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar ME, Cigorraga SB, Chiauzzi VA et al (1982) Development of gonadotropin resistant ovary syndrome in myasthenia gravis: suggestion of similar autoimmune mechanisms. Acta Endocrinol 99:431–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Euthymiopoulou K, Aletras AJ, Ravazoula P et al (2007) Antiovarian antibodies in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Rheumatol Int 27:1149–1155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filho RB, Domingues L, Naves L (2007) Polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia are distinct entities. Gynecol Endocrinol 23:267–272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francke M, Mihaescu A, Chaubert P (1998) Isolated necrotizing arteritis of the female genital tract: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17:193–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman CI, Neff J, Kim MH (1984) Immunologic parameters in premature follicular depletion: T and B lymphocytes, T-cell subpopulations, cutaneous reactivity, and serum immunoglobulin concentrations. Diagn Immunol 2:48–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan R, Ferryman SR, Meier L, Rollason TP (2000) Vasculitis of the female genital tract and its clinicopathologic correlation: a study of 46 cases with follow-up. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19:258–265

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao HW, Lin CK, Yu CP et al (2002) Oxidized cellulose (Surgicel™) granuloma mimicking a primary ovarian tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 21:422–423

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilks CB, Clement PB (1987) Colo-ovarian fistula: a report of two cases. Obstet Gynecol 69:533–537

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg KA, Valdes C, Schnider G (1987) Spontaneous utero-ovarian vessel rupture during pregnancy: three case reports and a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 69:474–476

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gloor E, Hurlimann J (1984) Autoimmune oophoritis. Am J Clin Pathol 81:105–109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granks S, Gilling-Smith C, Watson H, Willis D (1999) Insulin action in the normal and polycystic ovary. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 28:361–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarino A, Di Benedetto L, Giovanale V et al (2017) Hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman: a rare case of ectopic adrenal cortical gland. Gynecol Endocrinol 33:185–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R, Verma S, Bansal K et al (2016) Mature teratomas in a supernumerary ovary in a child: report of a first case. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 29:e5–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.07.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn-Pedersen J, Munkholm Larsen P (1984) Supernumerary ovary. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:365–366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallatt JG (1982) Primary ovarian pregnancy: a report of twenty-five cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143:55–60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallatt JG, Steele CH Jr, Snyder M (1984) Ruptured corpus luteum with hemoperitoneum: a study of 173 surgical cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 149:5–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haning RV Jr, Strawn EY, Nolten WE (1985) Pathophysiology of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 66:220–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison BT, Berg RE, Mittal K (2014) Massive ovarian edema associated with a broad ligament leiomyoma: a case report and review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33:418–412

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes MC, Lu BY, Winkel AF (2014) Ovarian vein thrombophlebitis related to large uterine myoma. Obstet Gynecol 123:450–453

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He H, Luthringer DJ, Hui P et al (2008) Expression of CD56 and WT1 in ovarian stroma and ovarian stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 32:884–890

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heatley MK (2000) Adenomatous hyperplasia of the rete ovarii. Letter Histopathol 36:383–384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbard LT (1985) Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:456–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JA, Welch WR, Faris HM et al (1990) Induction of class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in human granulosa cells by interferon gamma: a potential mechanism contributing to autoimmune ovarian failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:534–540

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himelstein-Braw R, Peters H, Faber M (1977) Influence of irradiation and chemotherapy on the ovaries of children with abdominal tumours. Br J Cancer 36:269–275

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofland M, Cosyns S, De Sutter P et al (2013) Leydig cell hyperplasia and Leydig cell tumour in postmenopausal women: report of two cases. Gynecol Endocrinol 29:213–215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honoré LH, O’Hara KE (1979) Ovarian hilus cell heterotopia. Obstet Gynecol 53:461–464

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honoré LH, O’Hara KE (1980) Subcapsular adipocytic infiltration of the human ovary: a clinicopathological study of eight cases. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 10:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosfield EM, Rabban JT, Chen L et al (2008) Squamous metaplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium and subsurface fibrosis: distinctive pathologic findings in the ovaries and fallopian tubes of patients of peritoneal dialysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 27:465–474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughesdon PE (1976) The endometrial identity of benign stromatosis of the ovary and its relation to other forms of endometriosis. J Pathol 119:201–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughesdon PE (1982) Morphology and morphogenesis of the Stein-Leventhal ovary and of so-called “hyperthecosis”. Obstet Gynecol Surv 37:59–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyttel TE, Bak GS, Larsen SB et al (2015) Re-torsion of the ovaries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 94:236–244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isojärvi JIT, Laatikainen TJ, Pakarinen AJ et al (1993) Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Engl J Med 329:1383–1388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito H, Ishihara A, Koita H et al (2003) Ovarian pregnancy: report of four cases and review of the literature. Pathol Int 53:806–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob S, Koc M (2015) Autoimmune oophoritis: a rarely encountered ovarian lesion. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 58:249–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janson PO, Jansson I, Skryten A et al (1981) Ovarian endocrine function in young women undergoing radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 11:218–223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph RJ, Irvine LM (2012) Ovarian ectopic pregnancy: aetiology, diagnosis, and challenges in surgical management. J Obstet Gynaecol 32:472–474

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Scully RE, Atkins L et al (1970) Pure gonadal dysgenesis with progressive hirsutism. Demonstration of testosterone production by gonadal streaks. N Engl J Med 282:881–885

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd HL, Scully RE, Herbst AL et al (1973) Familial hyperthecosis: comparison of endocrinologic and histologic findings with polycystic ovarian disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117:976–982

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn CR, Flier JS, Bar RS et al (1976) The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans: insulin-receptor disorders in man. N Engl J Med 294:739–745

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser UB (2003) The pathogenesis of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. N Engl J Med 349:729–732

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalu E, Panay N (2008) Spontaneous premature ovarian failure: management challenges. Gynecol Endocrinol 24:273–279

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski PF, Sorosky JI, Mandell MJ et al (1990) Clomiphene citrate stimulation as an adjunct in locating ovarian tissue in ovarian remnant syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 76:924–926

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman DW, Shapiro S, Rosenberg L et al (1980) Intrauterine contraceptive device use and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136:159–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman FR, Kogut MD, Donnell GN et al (1981) Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in female patients with galactosemia. N Engl J Med 304:994–998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JJ, Kim D, Yim JY et al (2017) Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism as a risk factor for non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 45:1403–1412

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klempner LB, Giglio PG, Niebles A (1987) Malacoplakia of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 69:537–540

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M et al (1998) Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women in the Southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3078–3082

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostelnik FV, Fremount HN (1976) Mycotic tubo-ovarian abscess associated with the intrauterine device. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:272–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krasević M, Haller H, Rupcić S et al (2004) Massive edema of the ovary: a report of two cases due to lymphatic permeation by metastatic carcinoma from the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 93:564–567

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss CM, Turksoy N, Atkins L et al (1987) Familial premature ovarian failure due to an interstitial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. N Engl J Med 317:125–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaBarbera AR, Miller MM, Ober C et al (1988) Autoimmune etiology in premature ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 16:115–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladefoged C, Lorentzen M (1988) Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the female genital tract. Histopathology (Oxf) 13:541–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty HW, Angioli R, Rudolph J et al (1996) Ovarian remnant syndrome: experience at Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, 1985 through 1993. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:641–645

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai C, Hsueh S, Lin C et al (1992) Human papillomavirus in benign and malignant ovarian and endometrial tissues. Int J Gynecol Pathol 11:210–215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landers DV, Sweet RL (1985) Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of tuboovarian abscess. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:1098–1110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latza U, Niedobitek G, Schwarting R et al (1990) Ber-EP4: new monoclonal antibody which distinguishes epithelia from mesothelia. J Clin Pathol 43:213–219

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AT, Zane LT (2007) Dermatologic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Dermatol 8:201–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau JM, Ebbel EE, Katz PP et al (2012) Acute ovarian failure underestimates age-specific reproductive impairment for young women undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Cancer 118:1933–1939

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liapi C, Evain-Brion D (1987) Diagnosis of ovarian follicular cysts from birth to puberty: a report of twenty cases. Acta Pediatr Scand 76:91–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay AN, Voorhess ML, MacGillivray MH (1983) Multicystic ovaries in primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 61:433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lomme M, Kostadinov S, Zhang C (2011) Large solitary luteinized follicle cyst of pregnancy and puerperium: report of two cases. Diagn Pathol 6:3

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale RN, Roberts PF, Trowell JE (1991) Autoimmune oophoritis associated with polycystic ovaries. Histopathology (Oxf) 19:77–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunde O, Hoel PS, Sandvik L (1988) Ovarian morphology in patients with polycystic ovaries and in an age-matched reference material. Gynecol Obstet Investig 25:192–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzatto R, Brucker N (1981) Benign inclusion cysts of the ovary associated with psammoma bodies in vaginal smears. Acta Cytol 25:282–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madeido G, Tieu TM, Aiman J (1985) Atypical ovarian hyperthecosis in a virilized postmenopausal woman. Am J Clin Pathol 83:101–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Magtibay PM, Nyholm JL, Hernandez JL et al (2005) Ovarian remnant syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:2062–2066

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood K (1975) Granulomatous oophoritis due to Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:919–920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manolitsas TP, Lanham SA, Hitchcock A et al (1998) Synchronous ovarian and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: an analysis of HPV status. Gynecol Oncol 70:428–431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ et al (2010) The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod 25:544–551

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marrogi AJ, Gersell DJ, Kraus FT (1991) Localized asymptomatic giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract. Int J Gynecol Pathol 10:51–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massachusetts General Hospital Case Records (1982) Case 25–1982. Ovarian stromal hyperthecosis. Acanthosis nigricans. N Engl J Med 306:1537–1544

    Google Scholar 

  • Massachusetts General Hospital Case Records (1986) Case 46–1986. Resistant-ovary syndrome, with hyalinization of preantral follicles. N Engl J Med 315:1336–1344

    Google Scholar 

  • Massachusetts General Hospital Case Records (1988) Case 22–1988. Ovarian stromal hyperthecosis, with virilization, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans. N Engl J Med 318:1449–1457

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur S, Melchers JT III, Ades EW et al (1980) Anti-ovarian and anti-lymphocyte antibodies in patients with chronic vaginal candidiasis. J Reprod Immunol 2:247–262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara Y, Fujioka T, Ikeda T et al (2009) Periodic size changes in a supernumerary ovary with associated corpus luteal cyst. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 35:180–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattison DR, Evans MI, Schwimmer WB et al (1984) Familial premature ovarian failure. Am J Hum Genet 36:1341–1348

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, Allen DC (1997) Ovarian granulomas: a report of 32 cases. J Clin Pathol 50:324–327

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, Maxwell P (2001) Immunohistochemical staining for calretinin is useful in the diagnosis of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours. Histopathology 38:403–408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, Young RH (2004) Non-neoplastic granulosa cells within ovarian vascular channels: a rare potential diagnostic pitfall. J Clin Pathol 57:151–154

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, McKenna M, McBride HA (2007) CD56 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 26:322–327

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure N, Healy DL, Rogers PA (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor as capillary permeability agent in ovarian hyperstimulation. Lancet 344:235–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meneses MF, Ostrowski ML (1989) Female splenic-gonadal fusion of the discontinuous type. Hum Pathol 20:486–488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mignot MH, Schoemaker J, Kleingeld M et al (1989) Premature ovarian failure. I: the association with autoimmunity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 30:59–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal KR, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Cooper JL et al (1993) Contralateral ovary in unilateral ovarian carcinoma: a search for preneoplastic lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 12:59–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montz FJ, Schlaerth JB, Morrow CP (1988) The natural history of theca lutein cysts. Obstet Gynecol 72:247–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mount SL, Eltabbakh GH, Hardin NJ (2002) Beta-2 microglobulin amyloidosis presenting as bilateral ovarian masses. A case report and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 26:130–133

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Holzner E, Ruth NR, Abfalter E et al (1995) IUD-associated pelvic actinomycosis: a report of five cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 14:70–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JJ, Clark CA, Lands RH et al (1985) Reactivation blastomycosis presenting as a tuboovarian abscess. Obstet Gynecol 64:828–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Na K, Park SY, Kim HS (2017) Clinicopathological characteristics of primary ovarian adenomyoma: a single-institutional experience. Anticancer Res 37:2565–2574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani M, Gomez LG, Garza J (1982) In vivo steroid studies in luteoma of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 59:105S–111S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani M, Van Dinh T, Kelver ME (1986) Hyperinsulinemia in hyperthecosis of the ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:384–389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani M, Hannigan EV, Van Dinh T et al (1988) Hyperinsulinemia and stromal luteinization of the ovaries in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:144–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani H, Kaspar HG, Van Dinh T et al (1990) Hyperthecosis of the ovaries in a woman with a placental site trophoblastic tumor. Obstet Gynecol 76:931–935

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani M, Stuart CA, Doherty MG (1992) Increased steroid production by the ovarian stromal tissue of postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:172–176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagelberg SB, Rosen SW (1985) Clinical and laboratory investigation of a virilized woman with placental-site trophoblastic tumor. Obstet Gynecol 65:527–534

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakano R, Shima K, Yamoto M et al (1989) Binding sites for gonadotropins in human postmenopausal ovaries. Obstet Gynecol 73:196–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestler JE, Clore JN, Blackard WG (1989) The central role of obesity (hyperinsulinemia) in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1095–1097

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nogales FF, Silverberg SG (1976) Epidermoid cysts of the ovary: a report of five cases with histogenetic considerations and ultrastructural findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:523–528

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nogales FF, Martin-Sances L, Mendoza-Garcia E et al (1996) Massive ovarian edema. Histopathology (Oxf) 28:229–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogales-Ortiz F, Taracon I, Nogales FF (1979) The pathology of female genital tract tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 53:422–428

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomelini RS, Oliveira LJ, Jammal MP et al (2013) Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma in supernumerary ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol 33:324

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS et al (2007) Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet 370:685–697

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1967) Nodular theca-lutein hyperplasia of pregnancy (so-called “pregnancy luteoma”). A clinical and pathologic study of 15 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 47:557–566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ober WB, Grady HG, Schoenbucher AK (1957) Ectopic ovarian decidua without pregnancy. Am J Pathol 33:199–217

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Osathanondh R, Berkowitz RS, de Cholnoky C et al (1986) Hormonal measurements in patients with theca lutein cysts and gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med 31:179–183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pache TD, Chadha S, Goorens LJG et al (1991) Ovarian morphology in long-term androgen-treated female to male transsexuals A human model for the study of polycystic ovary syndrome? Histopathology (Oxf) 19:445–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parveen AS, Elliott H, Howells R (2004) Sarcoidosis of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol 24:465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peer E, Peretz BA, Makler A et al (1981) Bilateral adnexal agenesis with an ectopic ovary: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 12:37–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pekonen F, Seigberg R, Makinen T et al (1986) Immunological disturbances in patients with premature ovarian failure. Clin Endocrinol 25:1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelkey TJ, Frierson HF Jr, Mills SE et al (1998) The diagnostic utility of inhibin staining in ovarian neoplasms. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17:97–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira RM, de Carvalho JF, de Medeiros AC et al (2009) Ovarian necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with lupus. Lupus 18:1313–1315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit PD, Lee RA (1988) Ovarian remnant syndrome: diagnostic dilemma and surgical challenge. Obstet Gynecol 71:580–583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Planner RS, Abell DA, Barbaro CA et al (1982) Massive enlargement of the ovaries after evacuation of hydatidiform moles. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 22:96–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plentl AA, Friedman EA (1971) Lymphatic system of the female genitalia. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Podgajski M, Kukura V, Duic Z et al (2007) Ascites, high CA-125 and chronic pelvic pain in an unusual clinical manifestation of Enterobius vermicularis ovarian and sigmoid colon granuloma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 28:513–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polson DW, Wadsworth J, Adams J et al (1988) Polycystic ovaries – a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1:870–872

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility preservation in patients undergoing gonadotoxic therapy or gonadectomy (2013) Fertil Steril 100:1214–1223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritt B, Mount SL, Cooper K et al (2006) Pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules of the gynaecological tract: review of a diagnostic pitfall. J Clin Pathol 59:17–20

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pryse-Davies J (1974) The development, structure and function of the female pelvic organs in childhood. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1:483–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putschar WGJ, Manion WC (1956) Splenic-gonadal fusion. Am J Pathol 32:15–33

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reato G, Morlin L, Chen S et al (2011) Premature ovarian failure in patients with autoimmune Addison’s disease: clinical, genetic, and immunological evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E1255–E1261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebar RW, Erickson GF, Yen SSC (1982) Idiopathic premature ovarian failure: clinical and endocrine characteristics. Fertil Steril 37:35–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves G (1971) Specific stroma in the cortex and medulla of the ovary. Cell types and vascular supply in relation to follicular apparatus and ovulation. Obstet Gynecol 37:832–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resta L, Scordari MD, Colucci GA et al (1989) Morphological changes of the ovarian surface epithelium in ovarian polycystic disease or endometrial carcinoma and a control group. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 10:39–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodin A, Thakkar H, Taylor N et al (1994) Hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Evidence of dysregulation of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. N Engl J Med 330:460–465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti R, Ferrari I, Bonomi M et al (2017) Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency. Clin Genet 91:183–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth LM, Sternberg WH (1973) Ovarian stromal tumors containing Leydig cells. II. Pure Leydig cell tumor, non-hilar type. Cancer (Phila) 32:952–960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth LM, Deaton RL, Sternberg WH (1979) Massive ovarian edema. A clinicopathologic study of five cases including ultrastructural observations and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 3:11–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell P, Farnsworth A (1997) Massive edema and fibromatosis. In: Russell P, Farnsworth A (eds) Surgical pathology of the ovaries. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell P, Bannatyne P, Shearman RP et al (1982) Premature hypergonadotropic ovarian failure: clinicopathological study of 19 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:185–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgers JL, Scully RE (1986) Functioning ovarian tumors with peripheral steroid cell proliferation: a report of twenty-four cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5:319–337

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgers JL, Scully RE (1988) Cysts (cystadenomas) and tumors of the rete ovarii. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:330–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasano H, Fukunaga M, Rojas M et al (1989) Hyperthecosis of the ovary. Clinicopathologic study of 19 cases with immunohistochemical analysis of steroidogenic enzymes. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:311–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut J, Schwingl PJ, Bastos E et al (1996) Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 88:554–559

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindlbeck C, Dziura D, Mylonas I (2014) Diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): intra-operative findings and comparison of vaginal and intra-abdominal cultures. Arch Gynecol Obstet 289:1263–1269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt WA (1982) IUDs, inflammation, and infection: assessment after two decades of IUD use. Hum Pathol 13:878–881

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scully RE (1964) Stromal luteoma of the ovary. Cancer (Phila) 17:769–778

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scully RE (1981) Smooth-muscle differentiation in genital tract disorders [Editorial]. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:505–507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scully RE (1986) Ovary. In: Henson DE, Albores-Saavedra J (eds) The pathology of incipient neoplasia. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 279–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Scully RE, Cohen RB (1964) Oxidative-enzyme activity in normal and pathologic human ovaries. Obstet Gynecol 24:667–681

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedin G, Bergquist C, Lindgren PG (1985) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 19:548–551

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedmak DD, Hart WR, Tubbs RR (1987) Autoimmune oophoritis: a histopathologic study of involved ovaries with immunologic characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:73–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman JD, Krishnan J (2016) Non-neoplastic conditions of the ovaries in grossly normal adnexa: a clinicopathologic study of 403 completely embedded cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35:544–548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shawker TH, Hubbard VS, Reichert CM et al (1983) Cystic ovaries in cystic fibrosis: an ultrasound and autopsy study. J Ultrasound Med 2:439–444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman SL (2000) Permature ovarian failure in the fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 97:189–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Toki T, Takagi Y et al (2000) Immunohistochemical detection of the Wilm’s tumor gene (WT-1) in epithelial ovarian tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19:158–163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shipton EA, Meares SD (1965) Heterotopic bone formation in the ovary. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 5:100–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simstein NL (1981) Colo-tubo-ovarian fistula as complication of pelvic inflammatory disease. South J Med 74:512–513

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CET, Toplis PJ, Nogales FF (1999) Ovarian prostatic tissue originating from hilar mesonephric rests. Am J Surg Pathol 23:232–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smits G, Olatunbosun O, Delbaere A (2003) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome due to a mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. N Engl J Med 349:760–766

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snowden JA, Harkin PJR, Thornton JG et al (1989) Morphometric assessment of ovarian stromal proliferation: a clinicopathological study. Histopathology (Oxf) 14:369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg WH, Roth LM (1973) Ovarian stromal tumors containing Leydig cells. I. Stromal-Leydig cell tumor and non-neoplastic transformation of ovarian stroma to Leydig cells. Cancer (Phila) 32:940–951

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stillman RJ, Schinfeld JS, Schiff I et al (1981) Ovarian failure in long-term survivors of childhood malignancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139:62–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strickler RC, Kelly RW, Askin FB (1984) Postmenopausal ovarian follicle cyst: an unusual cause of estrogen excess. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:318–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symonds DA, Driscoll SG (1973) An adrenal cortical rest within the fetal ovary: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 60:562–564

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe K, Gagliano P, Channing CP et al (1983) Levels of inhibin-F activity and steroids in human follicular fluid from normal women and women with polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:24–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatum ET, Beattie JF Jr, Bryson L (1996) Postoperative carbon pigment granuloma. A report of eight cases involving the ovary. Hum Pathol 27:1008–1011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AE (1998) Polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 27:877–902

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HC, Pillay I, Setrakian S (2000) Diffuse stromal Leydig cell hyperplasia: a unique cause of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism and virilization. Mayo Clin Proc 75:288–292

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 19:41–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Tressera F, Grases PJ, Labastida R et al (1998) Histological features of the contralateral ovary in patients with unilateral ovarian cancer: a case control study. Gynecol Oncol 71:437–441

    Google Scholar 

  • van Karseren YM, Schoemaker J (1999) Premature ovarian failure: a systematic review on therapeutic interventions to restore ovarian function and achieve pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 5:483–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva AL, Rebar RW (1983) Triple-X syndrome and premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 62:70S–73S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollaard ES, van Beek AP, Verburg FA et al (2011) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism of ovarian origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1197–1201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walfish PG, Gottesman IS, Shewchuk AB et al (1983) Association of premature ovarian failure with HLA antigens. Tissue Antigens 21:168–169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein D, Rabinowitz R, Malach D et al (1983) Ovarian hemorrhage in women with Von Willebrand’s disease. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 28:500–502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wierman ME, Beardsworth DE, Mansfield MJ et al (1985) Puberty without gonadotropins. A unique mechanism of sexual development. N Engl J Med 312:65–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DJ, Connor P, Ironside JW (1990) Pre-menopausal cytomegalovirus oophoritis. Histopathology (Oxf) 16:405–407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witlin AG, Sibai BM (1995) Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis after vaginal delivery: a report of 11 cases. Obstet Gynecol 85:775–780

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wojcik EM, Naylor B (1992) “Collagen balls” in peritoneal washings. Acta Cytol 36:466–470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood JR, Nelson VL, Ho C (2003) The molecular phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) theca cells and new candidate PCOS genes defined by microarray analysis. J Biol Chem 278:26380–26390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz BO, Azziz R (2007) The adrenal and polycystic ovary syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 8:331–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Scully RE (1984) Fibromatosis and massive edema of the ovary, possibly related entities: a report of 14 cases of fibromatosis and 11 cases of massive edema. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3:153–178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Prat J, Scully RE (1980) Epidermoid cyst of the ovary. A report of three cases with comments on histogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 73:272–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zergeroğlu S, Küçükah T, Koç Ö (2004) Primary ovarian echinococcosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 270:285–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Young RH, Arseneau J (1982) Ovarian stromal tumors containing lutein or Leydig cells (luteinized thecomas and stromal Leydig cell tumors): a clinicopathological analysis of fifty cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1:270–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Sung CJ, Quddus MR et al (2017) Association of ovarian hyperthecosis with endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women: a clinicopathological study of 238 cases. Hum Pathol 59:120–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, and Medical Genetics, Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Julie A. Irving

  2. Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Philip B. Clement

Authors
  1. Julie A. Irving
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Philip B. Clement
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julie A. Irving .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Johns Hopkins University Dept. Gynecology, Obstetrics & Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Robert J. Kurman

  2. Dept. Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Lora Hedrick Ellenson

  3. Johns Hopkins University Dept. Gynecology, Obstetrics & Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Brigitte M. Ronnett

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Irving, J.A., Clement, P.B. (2018). Nonneoplastic Lesions of the Ovary. In: Kurman, R.J., Hedrick Ellenson, L., Ronnett, B.M. (eds) Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_12-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3165-7_12-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3165-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3165-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation