Article Outline
Glossary
Definition
Introduction
Periodic Solutions
Poincaré Map and Floquet Operator
Hamiltonian Systems with Symmetries
The Variational Principles and Periodic Orbits
Further Directions
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
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Abbreviations
- Hamiltonian:
-
are called all those dynamical systems whose equations of motion form a vector field X H defined on a symplectic manifold (\({\mathcal{P},\omega}\)), and X H is given by \({i_{X_H}\omega=\text{d} H}\), where \({H\colon\mathcal{P}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}}\) is the Hamiltonian function.
- Poisson systems:
-
These are dynamical systems whose vector field X H can be described through a Poisson structure (Poisson brackets ) defined on the ring of differentiable functions on a given manifold that is not necessarily symplectic (see “Hamiltonian Equations”). Note that on any symplectic manifold there is a natural Poisson structure such that any Hamiltonian system admits a Poisson formulation, but the contrary is false. The Poisson formulation of the dynamics is a generalization of the Hamiltonian one.
- A periodic orbit:
-
\({\phi(.)}\) is a solution of the equations of motion that repeats itself after a certain time \({T > 0}\) called a period, that is, \({\phi(t+T)=\phi(t)}\) for every t.
- Poincaré section/map:
-
Given a periodic orbit \({\phi(.)}\) a Poincaré section is a hyperplane S intersecting the curve \({\{\phi(t)\colon t\in [0,T)\}}\) transversely. The associated Poincaré map Π maps neighborhoods of S into itself by following the orbit \({\phi(.)}\) (see Definition 10).
- A Hamiltonian system with symmetry:
-
is a Hamiltonian system in which there is a group G acting on \({\mathcal{P}}\), i. e., there is a map \({\Phi\colon G\times\mathcal{P}\mapsto \mathcal{P}}\), with Φ preserving the Hamiltonian and the symplectic form.
- Relative periodic orbit:
-
Let G be a symmetry group for the dynamics. A path \({\phi(.)}\) is a relative periodic orbit if solves the equations of motion and repeats itself up to a group action after a certain time \({T > 0}\), that is, \({\phi(t+T)=\Phi_g(\phi(t))}\) for every t and for some \({g\in G}\).
- Continuation:
-
Continuation is a procedure based on the implicit function theorem (IFT) that allows one to extend the solution of an equation for different values of the parameters. Let \({f(x,\epsilon)=0}\) be an equation in \({x\in\mathbb{R}^n}\) where f is differentiable and \({\epsilon\geq 0}\) a parameter. Assume that \({f(x_0,0)=0}\); a curve \({x(\epsilon)}\) is called a continued solution if \({x(0)=x_0}\) and \({f(x(\epsilon),\epsilon)=0}\) for some \({\epsilon\geq 0}\). In general \({x(\epsilon)}\) exists whenever the IFT can be applied, that is, if \({D_x f(x,\epsilon)}\) is invertible at (\({x_0,0}\)).
- Liapunov–Schmidt reduction:
-
Let f be a function on a Banach space. Liapunov–Schmidt reduction is a procedure that allows one to study \({f(x,\epsilon)=0}\) under the condition that the kernel of Df is not empty but it is finite‐dimensional.
- Variational principles:
-
The principles which aim to translate the problem of solving the equations of motion of a dynamical system (e. g., Hamiltonian systems) into the problem of finding the critical points of certain functionals defined on spaces of all possible trajectories of the given system.
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Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Heinz Hanßmann for his critical and thorough reading of the manuscript and Ferdinand Verhulst for his useful suggestions.
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Sbano, L. (2012). Periodic Orbits of Hamiltonian Systems. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1806-1_74
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