Definitions
Cadmium (Cd): Is an important industrial agent and environment pollutant that is a major cause of kidney disease in many regions of the world.
Nephrotoxicity/proximal tubule: The proximal tubule is the primary target of Cd toxicity in the kidney. Injury of proximal tubule epithelial results in increases in urine volume and excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins, amino acids, glucose, and electrolytes. These effects of Cd may result from even low levels of exposure and are often irreversible.
Biomarkers: The United States National Institutes of Health have broadly defined the term “biomarker” as a “characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.” In this entry, the topic of Cd biomarkers will be considered from a more narrow perspective, as “any substance or molecule that can serve as an indicator of the...
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Prozialeck, W.C. (2013). Biomarkers for Cadmium. In: Kretsinger, R.H., Uversky, V.N., Permyakov, E.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_33
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_33
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