Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation pp 1001–1042Cite as

Thermal Conversion of Biomass

  • Reference work entry

Abstract

Bioenergy is presently the largest global contributor of renewable energy. Biomass thermal conversion has significant potential to expand in the production of heat, electricity, and fuels for transport. In addition, energy from biomass can contribute significantly toward the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and alleviating problems related to climate change. There are three main thermal processes – combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis – to convert the biomass into various energy products.

Combustion is well established and widely practiced with many examples of dedicated plant and co-firing applications. At present, biomass co-firing in modern coal power plants is the most cost-effective biomass use for power generation. Due to feedstock availability issues, dedicated biomass plants for combined heat and power (CHP) are typically of smaller size.

Gasification provides a competitive way to convert diverse, highly distributed and low-value lignocellulosic biomass to syngas for combined heat and power generation, synthesis of liquid fuels, and production of hydrogen (H2). A number of gasifier configurations have been developed. Biomass integrated gasification combined cycles (BIGCC) using black-liquor are already in use. Gasification can also co-produce liquid fuels, and such advanced technologies are currently being investigated in research and pilot plants.

Pyrolysis is thermal destruction of biomass in the absence of air/oxygen to produce liquid bio-oil, syngas, and charcoal. Fast pyrolysis for liquid fuel production is currently of particular interest because liquid fuel can be stored and transported more easily and at lower cost than solid biomass. Pyrolysis technology is currently at the demonstration stage, and technologies for upgrading the bio-oil to transport fuels are applied at the R&D and pilot stage.

This chapter provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on biomass thermal conversion: the recent breakthrough in the technology, the current research and development activities, and challenges associated with its increased deployment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chen G, Andries J, Spliethoff H (2003) Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for hydrogen rich fuel gas production. Energy Convers Manage 44:2289–2296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Khan AA, de Jong W, Jansens PJ et al (2009) Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potential problems and remedies. Fuel Process Technol 90:21–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. van Loo S (2004) Biomass combustion and cofiring [R]. Task 32, IEA Bioenergy

    Google Scholar 

  4. Demirbas A (2004) Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci 30:219–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Werther J, Saenger M, Hartge EU et al (2000) Combustion of agricultural residues. Prog Energy Combust Sci 26:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jenkins BM, Baxter LL, Miles TR Jr et al (1998) Combustion properties of biomass. Fuel Process Technol 54:17–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. van den Broek R, Faaij A, van Wijk A (1995) Biomass combustion power generation technologies [R]. Energy from biomass: an assessment of two promising systems for energy production. http://www.projects.science.uu.nl/nws/publica/95029.htm

  8. Yin CG, Lasse AR, Søren KK (2008) Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34:725–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jana S (2004) Biomass technologies & experiences with biomass utilization. Final[R]

    Google Scholar 

  10. Yu CJ, Qin JG, Xu J et al (2010) Straw combustion in circulating fluidized bed at low temperature: transformation and distribution of potassium. Can J Chem Eng 88:875–880

    Google Scholar 

  11. Demirbas A (2005) Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues. Prog Energy Combust Sci 31:171–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bartels M, Lin WG, Nijenhuis J et al (2008) Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures-Mechanisms, detection and prevention. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34(5):633–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chirone R, Miccio F, Scala F (2006) Mechanism and prediction of bed agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion of a biomass fuel: effect of the reactor scale. J Chem Eng 123(3):71–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Elisabet B, Marcus Ö, Anders N (2005) Mechanisms of bed agglomeration during fluidized-bed combustion of biomass fuels. Energy Fuel 19(3):825–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Baxter LL (1993) Ash deposition during biomass and coal combustion-a mechanistic approach. Biomass Bioenergy 4(2):85–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nielsen HP, Frandsen FJ, Dam-Johansen K et al (2000) The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers. Prog Energy Combust Sci 26:283–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Baxter L (2005) Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy. Fuel 84:1295–1302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Tillman DA (2000) Biomass cofiring: the technology, the experience, the combustion consequences. Biomass Bioenergy 19:365–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sami M, Annamalai K, Wooldridge M (2001) Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends. Prog Energy Combust Sci 27:171–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen WY, Gathitu BB (2006) Design of mixed fuel for heterogeneous reburning. Fuel 85:1781–1793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Demirbas A (2003) Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal. Energy Convers Manage 44:1465–1479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. van Loo S, Koppejan J (2008) Handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing [M]. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gabra M, Pettersson E, Backman R et al (2001) Evaluation of cyclone gasifier performance for gasification of sugar cane residue—Part 1: gasification of bagasse. Biomass Bioenergy 21:351–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zainal ZA, Rifau A, Quadir GA et al (2002) Experimental investigation of a downdraft biomass gasifier. Biomass Bioenergy 23:283–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rapagna S, Jand N, Kiennemann A et al (2000) Steamgasification of biomass in a fluidised-bed of olivine particles. Biomass Bioenergy 19:187–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gil J, Corella J, Aznar MP et al (1999) Biomass gasification in atmospheric and bubbling fluidized bed: effect of the type of gasifying agent on the product distribution. Biomass Bioenergy 17:389–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Knoef HAM (2000) Inventory of biomass gasifier manufacturers and installations. Final Report to European Commission, Contract DIS/1734/98-NL. Biomass Technology Group B.V., University of Twente, Enschede. http://www.gasifiers.org/

  28. Wang LJ, Weller CL, Jones DD et al (2008) Contemporary issues in thermal gasification of biomass and its application to electricity and fuel production. Biomass Bioenergy 32:573–581

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Kurkela E (2000) PROGAS – gasification and pyrolysis R&D programme 1997–1999. In: Proceedings conference on power production from biomass III, gasification & pyrolysis R&D&D. VTT, Espoo, Finland

    Google Scholar 

  30. Knoef H Technology brief: fixed-bed gasification. Task 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass (2001–2003). IEA Bioenergy Agreement. http://media.godashboard.com/gti/IEA/FixedBedGasificationr.pdf

  31. Waldheim L, Morris M, Leal M et al (2001) Biomass power generation: sugar cane bagasse and trash. In: Bridgwater AV (ed) Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion. Blackwell Science, London, pp 509–523

    Google Scholar 

  32. Stahl K, Neergaard M, Nieminen J (2001) Final report: Varnamo demonstration programme. In: Bridgwater AV (ed) Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion. Blackwell Science, London, pp 549–563

    Google Scholar 

  33. Drift A van der, Boerrigter H, Coda B et al (2004) Entrained flow gasification of biomass: ash behaviour, feeding issues, and system analyses. ECN-C-04-039. ECN, Petten, the Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  34. Venderbosch RH, Prins W (1998) Entrained flow gasification of bio-oil for synthesis gas. BTG Biomass Technology Group b.v. University of Twente, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zhao H (2007) PHD thesis in experimental and theoretical research on entrained flow gasification of biomass for syn-gas, Zhejiang University, China

    Google Scholar 

  36. Van RR, Oudhuis ABJ, Faaij A (1995) Modelling of a biomass-integrated-gasifier/combined-cycle (BIG-CC) system with the flowsheet simulation program Aspen-plus. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN, Petten, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ma L, Verelst H, Baron GV (2005) Integrated high temperature gas cleaning: tar removal in biomass gasification with a catalytic filter. Catal Today 105:729–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dayton D (2002) A review of the literature on catalytic biomass tar destruction. Report No. NREL/TP-510-32815. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden. http://www.osti.gov/bridge

  39. Hasler P, Nussbaumer T (1999) Gas cleaning for IC engine applications from fixed bed biomass gasification. Biomass Bioenergy 16:385–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Boerrigter H (2005) “OLGA” tar removal technology. The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN-C-05-009

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hasler XX (1997) Evaluation of gas cleaning technologies for small scale biomass gasifiers. Swiss Federal Office of Energy and Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, Zurich

    Google Scholar 

  42. Paasen SVB, Rabou L (2004) Tar removal with wet ESP: parametric study. In: The second world conference and technology exhibition on biomass for energy, industry and climate Protection, Rome, pp 205–210

    Google Scholar 

  43. Zhang XD (2003) The mechanism of tar cracking by catalyst and the gasification of biomass. The dissertation of Zhejiang University, China

    Google Scholar 

  44. Karlsson G, Ekström C (1994) The development of a biomass IGCC process for power and heat production. In: Proceedings of the eighth European conference on biomass for energy, environment, agriculture and industry, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  45. Brown RC, Liu Q, Norton G (2000) Catalytic effects observed during the co-gasification of coal and switchgrass. Biomass Bioenergy 18:499–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kumar VA, Anil KV, Pant KK (1997) Potassium-containing calcium aluminate catalysts for pyrolysis of n-heptane. Appl Catal A Gen 162:193–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Elliott DC, Baker EG (1986) The effect of catalysis on wood gasification tar composition. Biomass 9:195–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Tomishige K, Asadullah M, Kunimori K (2005) Novel catalyst with high resistance to sulfur for hot gas cleaning at low temperature by partial oxidation of tar derived from biomass. Catal Commun 6:37–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Li J, Xiao B, Liang DT et al (2008) Development of Nano-NiO/Al2O3 catalyst to be used for tar removal in biomass gasification. Environ Sci Technol 42:6224–6229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Heesch BEJM, Paasen SV (2000) Pulsed corona tar cracker. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28:1571–1575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Arvelakis S, Gehrmann H, Beckman M et al (2002) Effect of leaching on the ash behaviour of olive residue during fluidized bed gasification. Biomass Bioenergy 22:55–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Arvelakis S, Koukios EG (2002) Physicochemical upgrading of agroresidues as feedstocks for energy production via thermochemical conversion methods. Biomass Bioenergy 22:331–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Arvelakis S, Gehrmann H, Beckmann M et al (2005) Preliminary results on the ash behavior of peach stones during fluidized bed gasification: evaluation of fractionation and leaching as pre-treatments. Biomass Bioenergy 28:331–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Bridgwater AV, Beenackers AACM, Spila K et al (1999) An assessment of the possibilities for transfer of European biomass gasification technology to China. European Community, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  55. Miccio F (1999) Gasification of two biomass fuels in bubbling fluidized bed. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on fluidized bed combustion, Savannah, pp 16–19

    Google Scholar 

  56. Reinhard R (2002) Biomass gasification to produce synthesis gas for fuel cells, liquid fuels and chemicals. Task 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass (2001–2003). IEA Bioenergy Agreement. http://media.godashboard.com/gti/IEA/TechnologybriefSynthesisGas.pdf

  57. Graham R, Bergougnou M, Overend R (1984) Fast pyrolysis of biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrol 6(2):95–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang T et al (2007) Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research. Energy Convers Manage 48(1):87–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Garcia-Perez M, Chaala A, Pakdel H et al (2007) Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biomass Bioenergy 31(4):222–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Xu J, Jiang J, Sun Y et al (2008) Bio-oil upgrading by means of ethyl ester production in reactive distillation to remove water and to improve storage and fuel characteristics. Biomass Bioenergy 32(11):1056–1061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Balat M, Balat H (2009) Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. Appl Energy 86(11):2273–2282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Peláez-Samaniego M, Garcia-Perez M, Cortez L et al (2008) Improvements of Brazilian carbonization industry as part of the creation of a global biomass economy. Renew Sust Energy Rev 12(4):1063–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Bridgwater A, Meier D, Radlein D (1999) An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org Geochem 30:1479–1493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Huber GW, Iborra S, Corma A (2006) Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem Rev 106(9):4044–4098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Mohan D, Pittman C, Steele P (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels 20(3):848–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Luo Z, Wang S, Liao Y et al (2004) Research on biomass fast pyrolysis for liquid fuel. Biomass Bioenergy 26(5):455–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Park H, Park Y, Kim J (2008) Influence of reaction conditions and the char separation system on the production of bio-oil from radiate pine sawdust by fast pyrolysis. Fuel Process Technol 89:797–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Zheng J (2007) Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Yields and related properties and improvement of the pyrolysis system. J Anal Appl Pyrol 80(1):30–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Zheng J, Yi W, Wang N (2008) Bio-oil production from cotton stalk. Energy Convers Manage 49(6):1724–1730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Miao X, Wu Q, Yang C (2004) Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J Anal Appl Pyrol 71(2):855–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Bridgwater A (2003) Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem Eng J 91:87–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Bridgwater A (1999) Principles and practice of biomass fast pyrolysis processes for liquids. J Anal Appl Pyrol 51:3–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Nowakowski D, Jones J, Brydson R et al (2007) Potassium catalysis in the pyrolysis behaviour of short rotation willow coppice. Fuel 86:2389–2402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang J, Zhang M, Chen M et al (2006) Catalytic effects of six inorganic compounds on pyrolysis of three kinds of biomass. Thermochim Acta 444:110–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Bridgwater A, Peacocke G (2000) Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Renew Sust Energy Rev 4:1–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Lédé J (2003) Comparison of contact and radiant ablative pyrolysis of biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrol 70(2):601–618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Garcìa-Pérez M, Chaala A, Pakdel H et al (2007) Vacuum pyrolysis of softwood and hardwood biomass: comparison between product yields and bio-oil properties. J Anal Appl Pyrol 78(1):104–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Brown JN (2009) Development of a lab-scale auger reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis and process optimization using response surface methodology. MS thesis, Iowa State University, Ames

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wagenaar BM, Prins W, van Swaaij WPM (1994) Pyrolysis of biomass in the rotating cone reactor: modeling and experimental justification. Chem Eng Sci 49(24):5109–5126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Lu Q, Li W, Zhu X (2009) Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Convers Manage 50(5):1376–1383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Czernik S, Bridgwater A (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis Oil. Energy Fuels 18(2):590–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Bridgwater A (2004) Biomass fast pyrolysis. Therm Sci 8:21–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Hristov JY, Stamatov V, Honnery DR et al (2004) Radiant heating of a bio-oil droplet: a quest for a suitable most and scaling of pre-explosion conditions. In: 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  84. Branca C, DiBlasi C, Elefante R (2006) Devolatilization of conventional pyrolysis oils generated from biomass and cellulose. Energy Fuels 20(5):2253–2261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Uzun B, Pütün A, Pütün E (2007) Composition of products obtained via fast pyrolysis of olive-oil residue: Effect of pyrolysis temperature. J Anal Appl Pyrol 79:147–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Branca C, Blasi C, Elefante R (2005) Devolatilization and heterogeneous combustion of wood fast pyrolysis oils. Ind Eng Chem Res 44(4):799–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Branca C, Giudicianni P, Blasi C (2003) GC/MS characterization of liquids generated from low-temperature pyrolysis of wood. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:3190–3202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Brammer J, Lauer M, Bridgwater A (2006) Opportunities for biomass-derived “bio-oil” in European heat and power markets. Energy Policy 34(17):2871–2880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Chiaramonti D, Bonini M, Fratini E et al (2003) Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines–Part 1: emulsion production. Biomass Bioenergy 25(1):85–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Chiaramonti D, Bonini M, Fratini E et al (2003) Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines–Part 2: tests in diesel engines. Biomass Bioenergy 25(1):101–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Ikura M, Stanciulescu M, Hogan E (2003) Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel. Biomass Bioenergy 24(3):221–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wang M, Leitch M, Xu C (2009) Synthesis of phenolic resol resins using cornstalk-derived bio-oil produced by direct liquefaction in hot-compressed phenol-water. J Ind Eng Chem 15(6):870–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Wang M, Leitch M, Xu C (2009) Synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins using organosolv pine lignins. Eur Polym J 45(12):3380–3388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Peterson A, Vogel F, Lachance R et al (2008) Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies. Energy Environ Sci 1:32–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Furimsky E (2000) Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Appl Catal A 199(2):147–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Elliott DC (2007) Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energy Fuels 21(3):1792–1815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Davis H, Figueroa C, Schaleger L (1982) Hydrogen or carbon monoxide in the liquefaction of biomass. In: World Hydrogen Energy Conference IV, Pasadena

    Google Scholar 

  98. Milne T, Elam C, Evans R (2001) Hydrogen from biomass: State of the art and research challenges. NREL IEA/H2/TR-02/001

    Google Scholar 

  99. Tamunaidu P, Bhatia S (2007) Catalytic cracking of palm oil for the production of biofuels: Optimization studies. Bioresour Technol 98(18):3593–3601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Ong Y, Bhatia S (2010) The current status and perspectives of biofuel production via catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils. Energy 35(1):111–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Zhu XF, Lu Q (2010) In: Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba (ed) Production of chemicals from selective fast pyrolysis of biomass, biomass. Sciyo, ISBN: 978-953-307-113-8

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lu Q, Xiong W, Li W et al (2009) Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with sulfated metal oxides: A promising method for obtaining high yield of light furan compounds. Bioresour Technol 100(20):4871–4876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Dobele G, Rossinskaja G, Dizhbite T et al (2005) Application of catalysts for obtaining 1, 6-anhydrosaccharides from cellulose and wood by fast pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 74(1–2):401–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Nishimura M, Iwasaki S, Horio M (2009) The role of potassium carbonate on cellulose pyrolysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 40(6):630–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Shimada N, Kawamoto H, Saka S (2008) Different action of alkali/alkaline earth metal chlorides on cellulose pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 81(1):80–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. French R, Czernik S (2009) Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production. Fuel Process Technol 91(1):25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Fabbri D, Torri C, Baravelli V (2007) Effect of zeolites and nanopowder metal oxides on the distribution of chiral anhydrosugars evolved from pyrolysis of cellulose: An analytical study. J Anal Appl Pyrol 80(1):24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Zhao M, Florin N, Harris A (2009) The influence of supported Ni catalysts on the product gas distribution and H2 yield during cellulose pyrolysis. Appl Catal B 92:185–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Iojoiu E, Domine M, Davidian T et al (2007) Hydrogen production by sequential cracking of biomass-derived pyrolysis oil over noble metal catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia. Appl Catal A 323:147–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Bruun EW, Hauqqaard-Nielsen H, Ibrahim N et al (2010) Influence of fast pyrolysis temperature on biochar labile fraction and short-term carbon loss in a loamy soil. Biomass Bioenergy 35(3):1182–1189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Zhang WL, Li GH, Gao WD (2009) Effect of biomass charcoal on soil character and crop yield. Chin Agric Sci Bull 25(17):153–157

    Google Scholar 

  112. Karhu K et al (2011) Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study. Agric Ecosyst, Environ 140:309–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Yuan JH, Xu RK (2010) Effects of rice-hull-based biochar regulating acidity of red sail and yellow brown soil. J Ecol Rural Environ 26(5):472–476

    Google Scholar 

  114. Song YJ, Gong J (2010) Effects of biochar application on soil ecosystem functions. Ludong Univ J Nat Sci Ed 26(4):361–365

    Google Scholar 

  115. Diana N, Marco R, Kam-Rigne L et al (2010) Contrasted effect of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and resource allocation in different soils. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1017–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Luke B, Eduardo MJ, Jose LGE (2010) Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil. Environ Pollut 158:2282–2287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Luke B, Marta M (2011) The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic, cadmium and zinc by biochar. Environ Pollut 159:474–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. of China

    Dr. Zhongyang Luo & Dr. Jingsong Zhou

Authors
  1. Dr. Zhongyang Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Jingsong Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhongyang Luo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA

    Wei-Yin Chen

  2. National Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA

    John Seiner

  3. National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan

    Toshio Suzuki

  4. The Vienna University of Technology (TU Vienna), Wien, Austria

    Maximilian Lackner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Luo, Z., Zhou, J. (2012). Thermal Conversion of Biomass. In: Chen, WY., Seiner, J., Suzuki, T., Lackner, M. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7991-9_27

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation