Article Outline
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Fundamentals of X-ray Computerized Tomography
ArrivalāTime Seismic Tomography
Solution of Ill-Posed Linear Problems
Examples
Future Directions
Bibliography
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Aki K (1993) Overview. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 1ā8
Aki K, Lee W (1976) Determination of threeādimensional velocity anomalies under aĀ seismic array using first P arrival times from local earthquakes, 1. AĀ homogeneous initial model. JĀ Geophys Res 81:4381ā4399
Aki K, Richards P (1980) Quantitative seismology, volĀ 2. Freeman, San Francisco
Aki K, Christoffersson A, Husebye E (1977) Determination of the threeādimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere. JĀ Geophys Res 82:277ā296
Allen M, Isaacson E (1998) Numerical analysis for applied science. Wiley, New York
Ambrose J (1973) Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 2. Clin Appl Br J Radiol 46:1023ā1047
Bai C-Y, Greenhalgh S (2005) 3āD multi-step travel time tomography: imaging the local, deep velocity structure of Rabaul volcano, Papua New Guinea. Phys Earth Planet Inter 151:259ā275
Bai C-Y, Greenhalgh S (2006) 3D local earthquake hypocenter determination with an irregular shortestāpath method. Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2257ā2268
Bai C-Y, Greenhalgh S, Zhou B (2007) 3D ray tracing using aĀ modified shortestāpath method. Geophysics 72(4):T27āT36
Bard Y (1974) Nonlinear parameter estimation. Academic Press, New York
Barret H, Hawkins W, Joy M (1983) Historical note on computed tomography. Radiology 147:172
Bates R, Peters T (1971) Towards improvements in tomography. NZ J Sci 14:883ā896
Beck J, Arnold K (1977) Parameter estimation in engineering and science. Wiley, New York
Benz H, Smith R (1984) Simultaneous inversion for lateral velocity variations and hypocenters in the Yellowstone region using earthquake and refraction data. JĀ Geophys Res 89:1208ā1220
Benz H, Chouet B, Dawson P, Lahr J, Page R, Hole J (1996) ThreeādimensionalĀ P andĀ S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. JĀ Geophys Res 101:8111ā8128
Boschi L, Ampuero J-P, Peter D, Mai P, Soldati G, Giardini D (2007) Petascale computing and resolution in global seismic tomography. Phys Earth Planet Inter 163:245ā250
Bracewell R (1956) Strip integration in radio astronomy. Aust J Phys 9:198ā217
Bracewell R, Riddle A (1967) Inversion of fan-beam scans in radio astronomy. JĀ Astrophys 150:427ā434
Broad W (1980) Riddle of the Nobel debate. Science 207:37ā38
Brooks R, Di Chiro G (1976) Principles of computer assisted tomography (CAT) in radiographic and radioisotopic imaging. Phys Med Biol 5:689ā732
ÄervenĆ½ V (2001) Seismic ray theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
ÄervenĆ½ V, Molotkov I, PÅ”enÄik I (1977) Ray method in seismology. Charles University, Prague
Chapman C (1987) The Radon transform and seismic tomography. In: Nolet G (ed) Seismic tomography. Reidel, Dordrecht, ppĀ 25ā47
Chen H, Chiu J-M, Pujol J, Kim K, Chen K-C, Huang B-S, Yeh Y-H, Chiu S-C (2006) AĀ simple algorithm for local earthquake location using 3D V P and V S models: test examples in the central United States and in central eastern Taiwan. Bull Seis Soc Am 96:288ā305
Claerbout J (1985) Imaging the Earth's Interior. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston
Cormack A (1963) Representation of aĀ function by its line integrals, with some radiological applications. JĀ Appl Phys 34:2722ā2727
Cormack A (1964) Representation of aĀ function by its line integrals, with some radiological applications, II. JĀ Appl Phys 35:2908ā2913
Cormack A (1973) Reconstruction of densities from their projections, with applications in radiological physics. Phys Med Biol 18:195ā207
Cormack A (1980) Recollections of my work with computer assisted tomography. Mol Cell Biochem 32:57ā61
Cormack A (1982) Computed tomography: some history and recent developments. Proc Symp Appl Math 27:35ā42
Creager K (1984) Geometry, velocity structure, and penetration depths of descending slabs in the western Pacific. PhāÆD dissertation, University of California, San Diego
Creager K, Boyd T (1992) Effects of earthquake mislocation on estimates of velocity structure. Phys Earth Planet Inter 75:63ā76
Crosson R (1976) Crustal structure modeling of earthquake data. 1. Simultaneous least squares estimation of hypocenter and velocity parameters. JĀ Geophys Res 81:3036ā3046
Crowther R, DeRosier D, Klug A (1970) The reconstruction of aĀ threeādimensional structure from projections and its application to electron microscopy. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 317:319ā340
Deans S (1983) The Radon transform and some of its applications. Wiley, New York
DeRosier D, Klug A (1968) Reconstruction of three dimensional structures from electron micrographs. Nature 217:130ā134
Dietz L, Ellsworth W (1990) The October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake and its aftershocks: Geometry of the sequence from highāresolution locations. Geophys Res Lett 17:1417ā1420
Dietz L, Ellsworth W (1997) Aftershocks of the Loma Prieta earthquake and their tectonic implications. In: P Reasenberg (ed) The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989Ā ā Aftershocks and postseismic effects. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1550-D, D5-D47
Dines K, Lytle R (1979) Computerized geophysical tomography. Proc Inst Electr Electron Eng 67:1065ā1073
Durrani T, Bisset D (1984) The Radon transform and its properties. Geophysics 49:1180ā1187; Errata, 1985, 50:884ā886
Dziewonski A (2003) Global seismic tomography: What we really can say and what we make up. Geol Soc Am Penrose Conference, Plume IV: Beyond the Plume Hypothesis, Abstracts (available at: www.mantleplumes.org/Penrose/PenPDFAbstracts/Dziewonski_Adam_abs.pdf)
EberhartāPhillips D (1986) Threeādimensional velocity structure in northern California Coast Ranges from inversion of local earthquake arrival times. Bull Seism Soc Am 76:1025ā1052
EberhartāPhillips D, Stuart W (1992) Material heterogeneity simplifies the picture: Loma Prieta. Bull Seism Soc Am 82:1964ā1968
Eliseevnin V (1965) Analysis of rays propagating in an inhomogeneous medium. Sov Phys Acoust 10:242ā245
Evans J, Achauer U (1993) Teleseismic velocity tomography using the ACH method: theory and application to continentalāscale studies. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 319ā360
Forsythe G, Malcolm M, Moler C (1977) Computer methods for mathematical computations. PrenticeāHall, Englewood Cliffs
Franklin J (1970) Well-posed extensions of ill-posed linear problems. JĀ Math Anal Appl 31:682ā716
Gilbert P (1972) Iterative methods for the threeādimensional reconstruction of an object from projections. JĀ Theor Biol 36:105ā117
Gill P, Murray W, Wright M (1981) Practical optimization. Academic Press, London
Gordon R (1974) AĀ tutorial on ART. Inst Electr Electron Eng Trans Nucl Sci NS-21:78ā93
Gordon R, Bender R, Herman G (1970) Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) for threeādimensional electron microscopy and X-ray photography. JĀ Theor Biol 29:471ā481
Grand S (1987) Tomographic inversion for shear velocity beneath the North American plate. JĀ Geophys Res 92:14065ā14090
Groetsch C (1993) Inverse problems in the mathematical sciences. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Gubbins D (1981) Source location in laterally varying media. In: Husebye E, Mykkeltveit S (eds) Identification of seismic sourcesĀ ā Earthquake or underground explosion. Reidel, Dordrecht, ppĀ 543ā573
Hansen P (1992) Analysis of discrete illāposed problems by means of the L-curve. SIAM Rev 34:561ā580
Hansen P (1994) Regularization Tools: AĀ Matlab package for analysis and solution of discrete illāposed problems. Num Algorithms 6:1ā35; (Software available at: http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~pch/Regutools/)
Hanson K (1987) Bayesian and related methods in image reconstruction from incomplete data. In: Stark H (ed) Image recovery: theory and applications. Academic, Orlando, ppĀ 79ā125
Hauksson E (2000) Crustal structure and seismicity distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North America plate boundary in southern California. JĀ Geophys Res 105:13875ā13903
Hauksson E, Haase J (1997) Threeādimensional V P and \({V_P/V_S}\) velocity models of the Los Angeles basin and central Transverse Ranges, California. JĀ Geophys Res 102:5423ā5453
Hauksson E, Jones L, Hutton K (1995) The 1994 Northridge earthquake sequence in California: seismological and tectonic aspects. JĀ Geophys Res 100:12335ā12355
Hawley B, Zandt G, Smith R (1981) Simultaneous inversion for hypocenters and lateral velocity variations: an iterative solution with aĀ layered model. JĀ Geophys Res 86:7073ā7086
Herman G (1980) Image reconstruction from projections. Academic Press, New York
Herman G, Lent A (1976) Iterative reconstruction algorithms. Comput Biol Med 6:273ā294
Herman G, Hurwitz H, Lent A, Lung H-P (1979) On the Bayesian approach to image reconstruction. Inform Contr 42:60ā71
Hounsfield G (1973) Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 1. Description of system. JĀ Br Radiol 46:1016ā1022
Hounsfield G (1979) Computed medical imaging, Nobel Lecture. (available at: nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/hounsfield-lecture.pdf)
Hounsfield G (1980) Autobiography. In: Wilhelm O (ed) The Nobel Prizes 1979. The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm (available at: nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/hounsfield-autobio.html)
Hudnut K et al (1996) Coāseismic displacements of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 86(1B):S19āS36
Hudson J (1980) The excitation and propagation of elastic waves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Humphreys E, Clayton R (1988) Adaptation of back projection tomography to seismic travel times problems. JĀ Geophys Res 93:1073ā1085
Hurwitz H (1975) Entropy reduction in Bayesian analysis of measurements. Phys Rev A 12:698ā706
Inoue H, Fukao Y, Tanabe K, Ogata Y (1990) Whole mantle Pāwave travel time tomography. Phys Earth Planet Inter 59:294ā328
Ivansson S (1983) Remark on an earlier proposed iterative tomographic algorithm. JĀ Geophys R Astr Soc 75:855ā860
Jackson D (1979) The use of aĀ priori data to resolve nonāuniqueness in linear inversion. JĀ Geophys R Astr Soc 57:137ā157
Julian B, Gubbins D (1977) Threeādimensional seismic ray tracing. JĀ Geophys 43:95ā113
Kak A, Slaney M (1988) Principles of computerized tomographic imaging. Inst Electr Electron Eng Press, New York
Kim K-H (2003) Subsurface structure, seismicity patterns, and their implication to tectonic evolution in Taiwan. PhāÆD dissertation, University of Memphis, Memphis
Kim K-H, Chiu J-M, Pujol J, Chen K-C, Huang B-S, Yeh Y-H, Shen P (2005) Threeādimensional V P and V S structural models associated with the active subduction and collision tectonics in the Taiwan region. JĀ Geophys Int 162:204ā220
Koch M (1985) Nonālinear inversion of local seismic travel times for the simultaneous determination of 3Dāvelocity structure and hypocentersĀ ā application to the seismic zone Vrancea. JĀ Geophys 56:160ā173
Koch M (1993) Simultaneous inversion for 3āD crustal structure and hypocenters including direct, refracted and reflected phasesĀ ā I Development, validation and optimal regularization of the method. JĀ Geophys Int 112:385ā412
Komatitsch D, Tsuboi S, Tromp J (2005) The spectralāelement method in seismology. In: Levander A, Nolet G (eds) Seismic earth: array analysis of broadband seismograms. Geophysical Monograph Series, volĀ 157. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, ppĀ 205ā227
Langenheim V, Griscom A, Jachens R, Hildenbrand T (2000) Preliminary potentialāfield constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, southern California. US Geol Survey Open-File Report 00ā219
Lawson C, Hanson R (1974) Solving least squares problems. PrenticeāHall, Englewood Cliffs
Lee W, Pereyra V (1993) Mathematical introduction to seismic tomography. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 9ā22
Lee W, Stewart S (1981) Principles and applications of microearthquake networks. Academic Press, New York
Lees J, Crosson R (1989) Tomographic inversion for threeādimensional velocity structure at Mount St. Helens using earthquake data. JĀ Geophys Res 94:5716ā5728
Levenberg K (1944) AĀ method for the solution of certain nonālinear problems in least squares. Quart Appl Math 2:164ā168
Lewitt R (1983) Reconstruction algorithms: transform methods. Proc Inst Electr Electron Eng 71:390ā408
Liang W-T, Chiu J-M, Kim K (2007) Anomalous Pn waves observed in eastern Taiwan: implications of aĀ thin crust and elevated oceanic upper mantle beneath the active collisionāzone suture. Bull Seism Soc Am 97:1370ā1377
Ma K-F, Wang J-H, Zhao D (1996) Threeādimensional seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Taiwan. JĀ Phys Earth 44:85ā105
Magistrale H, Day S, Clayton R, Graves R (2000) The SCEC southern California reference threeādimensional seismic velocity model version 2. Bull Seism Soc Am 90(6B):S65āS76
Marquardt D (1963) An algorithm for leastāsquares estimation of nonlinear parameters. JĀ Soc Ind Appl Math 11:431ā441
Martin M, Ritter J, CALIXTO Working Group (2005) Highāresolution teleseismic bodyāwave tomography beneath SE RomaniaĀ ā I. Implications for threeādimensional versus oneādimensional crustal correction strategies with aĀ new crustal velocity model. JĀ Geophys Int 162:448ā460
MeskĆ² A (1984) Digital filtering: applications in geophysical exploration for oil. Wiley, New York
Monna S, Filippi L, Beranzoli L, Favali P (2003) Rock properties of the upper-crust in Central Apennines (Italy) derived from highāresolution 3āD tomography. Geophys Res Lett 30(61):1ā4 doi:10.1029/2002GL016780
Morelli A (1993) Teleseismic tomography: coreāmantle boundary. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 163ā189
Mori J, Wald D, Wesson R (1995) Overlapping fault planes of the (1971) San Fernando and 1994 Northridge, California earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett 22:1033ā1036
Moser T (1991) Shortest path calculation of seismic rays. Geophysics 56:59ā67
Moser T, Nolet G, Snieder R (1992) Ray bending revisited. Bull Seismol Soc Am 82:259ā288
Moser T, Van Eck T, Nolet G (1992) Hypocenter determination in strongly heterogeneous earth models using the shortest path method. JĀ Geophys Res 97:6563ā6572
Nakanishi I, Yamaguchi K (1986) AĀ numerical experiment on nonlinear image reconstruction from firstāarrival times for twoādimensional island arc structure. JĀ Phys Earth 34:195ā201
Nelson G, Vidale J (1990) Earthquake locations by 3āD finiteādifference travel times. Bull Seism Soc Am 80:395ā410
Noble B, Daniel J (1977) Applied linear algebra. PrenticeāHall, Englewood Cliffs
Nolet G (1993) Solving large linearized tomographic problems. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 227ā247
Okubo P, Benz H, Chouet B (1997) Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea Volcanoes, Hawaii. Geology 25:867ā870
Oldendorf W (1961) Isolated flying spot detection of radio density discontinuitiesĀ ā Displaying the internal structural pattern of aĀ complex object. IRE Trans Biomed Elec BME-8:68ā72
Oransky I (2004) Obituary. Sir Godfrey N Hounsfield. Lancet 364:1032
Paige C, Saunders M (1982) LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least square problems. ACM Trans Math Softw 8:43ā71
Parker R (1994) Geophysical inverse theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Pavlis G, Booker J (1980) The mixed discreteācontinuous inverse problem: application to the simultaneous determination of earthquake hypocenters and velocity structure. JĀ Geophys Res 85:4801ā4810
Penrose R (1955) AĀ generalized inverse for matrices. Proc Camb Phil Soc 51:406ā413
Pereyra V, Lee W, Keller H (1980) Solving two-point seismicāray tracing problems in aĀ heterogeneous medium. Bull Seism Soc Am 70:79ā99
Podvin P, Lecomte I (1991) Finite difference computation of traveltimes in very contrasted velocity models: aĀ massively parallel approach and its associated tools. JĀ Geophys Int 105:271ā284
Press W, Teukolsky S, Vetterling W, Flannery B (1992) Numerical Recipes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Prothero W, Taylor W, Eickemeyer J (1988) AĀ fast, two-point, threeādimensional raytracing algorithm using aĀ simple step search method. Bull Seism Soc Am 78:1190ā1198
Pujol J (1995) Application of the JHD technique to the Loma Prieta, California, mainshockāaftershock sequence and implications for earthquake location. Bull Seism Soc Am 85:129ā150
Pujol J (1996) Comment on: āThe 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake imaged from inversion of geodetic dataā by Thora ĆrnadĆ³ttir and Paul Segall. JĀ Geophys Res 101:20133ā20136
Pujol J (1996) An integrated 3D velocity inversionĀ āĀ joint hypocentral determination relocation analysis of events in the Northridge area. Bull Seism Soc Am 86(1B):S138āS155
Pujol J (2000) Joint event locationĀ ā The JHD technique and applications to data from local seismic networks. In: Thurber C, Rabinowitz N (eds) Advances in seismic event location. Kluwer, Dordrecht, ppĀ 163ā204
Pujol J (2003) Elastic wave propagation and generation in seismology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pujol J (2007) The solution of nonlinear inverse problems and the LevenbergāMarquardt method. Geophysics 72(4):W1āW16
Pujol J et al (1989) 3āD P-Ā and Sāwave velocity structure of the Andean foreland in San Juan, Argentina, from local earthquakes. Eos Trans Am Geoph Union 70(43):1213
Pujol J, Mueller K, Peng S, Chitupolu V (2006) Highāresolution 3D Pāwave velocity model for the East VenturaāSan Fernando basin, California, and relocation of events in the Northridge and San Fernando aftershock sequences. Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2269ā2280
Ramachandran G, Lakshminarayanan A (1971) Threeādimensional reconstruction from radiographs and electron micrographs: application of convolutions instead of Fourier transforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:2236ā2240
Ratchkovsky N, Pujol J, Biswas N (1997) Relocation of earthquakes in the Cook Inlet area, south central Alaska, using the joint hypocenter determination method. Bull Seism Soc Am 87:620ā636
Rau R-J, Wu F (1995) Tomographic imaging of lithospheric structures under Taiwan. Earth Planet Lett 133:517ā532
Robinson E (1982) Spectral approach to geophysical inversion by Lorentz, Fourier, and Radon transforms. Proc Inst Electr Electron Eng 70:1039ā1054
Roecker S, Yeh Y, Tsai Y (1987) Threeādimensional P and S wave velocity structures beneath Taiwan: deep structure beneath an arcācontinent collision. JĀ Geophys Res 92:10547ā10570
Romanowicz B (2003) Global mantle tomography: Progress status in the past 10 years. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 31:303ā328
Sage A, Melsa J (1971) Estimation theory with applications to communications and control. McGrawāHill, New York
Sandoval S, Kissling E, Ansorge J, Svekalapko Seismic Tomography Working Group (2003) Highāresolution body wave tomography beneath the Svekalapko array: I, AĀ priori threeādimensional crustal model and associated traveltime effects on teleseismic wave fronts. JĀ Geophys Int 153:75ā87
Shepp L, Kruskal J (1978) Computerized tomography: the new medical X-ray technology. Am Math Mon 85:420ā439
Shepp L, Logan B (1974) The Fourier reconstruction of aĀ head section. Inst Electr Electron Eng Trans Nucl Sci NS-21:21ā43
Snoke J, Lahr J (2001) Locating earthquakes: at what distances can the Earth no longer be treated as flat? Seism Res Lett 72:538ā541
Soldati G, Boschi L, Piersanti A (2006) Global seismic tomography and modern parallel computers. Ann Geophys 49:977ā986
Sorenson H (1980) Parameter estimation: principles and problems. Dekker, New York
Spakman W (1993) Iterative strategies for nonālinear travel time tomography using global earthquake data. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 190ā226
Stanton L (1969) Basic medical radiation physics. AppletonāCenturyāCrofts, New York
Stewart J, Choi Y, Graves R, Shaw J (2005) Uncertainty of southern California basin depth parameters. Bull Seism Soc Am 95:1988ā1993
SĆ¼ss M, Shaw J (2003) P wave seismic velocity structure derived from sonic logs and industry reflection data in the Los Angeles basin, California. JĀ Geophys Res 108(13):1ā18 doi:10.1029/2001JB001628
Tarantola A, Valette B (1982) Inverse problems = quest for information. JĀ Geophys 50:159ā170
Tarantola A, Valette B (1982) Generalized nonlinear inverse problems solved using the least squares criterion. Rev Geophys Space Phys 20:219ā232
Teng T-L, Aki K (1996) Preface to the 1994 Northridge earthquake special issue. Bull Seism Soc Am 86(1B):S1āS2
Thurber C (1983) Earthquake locations and threeādimensional crustal structure in the Coyote Lake area, central California. JĀ Geophys Res 88:8226ā8236
Thurber C (1992) Hypocenterāvelocity structure coupling in local earthquake tomography. Phys Earth Planet Inter 75:55ā62
Thurber C (1993) Local earthquake tomography: velocities and \({V_{\mathrm{P}}/V_{\mathrm{S}}}\)Ā ā theory. In: Iyer H, Hirahara K (eds) Seismic tomography. Chapman, London, ppĀ 563ā583
Thurber C, Kissling E (2000) Advances in travelātime calculations for threeādimensional structures. In: Thurber C, Rabinowitz N (eds) Advances in seismic event location. Kluwer, Dordrecht, ppĀ 71ā99
Tihonov A (1963) Solution of incorrectly formulated problems and the regularization method. Sov Math 4:1035ā1038; (Note: aĀ more common transliteration of this author's Russian name is Tikhonov.)
Titchmarsh W (1948) Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Trampert J, Van der Hilst R (2005) Towards aĀ quantitative interpretation of global seismic tomography. In: Van der HilstR, Bass J, Matas J, Trampert J (eds) Earth's deep mantle: structure, composition, and evolution. Geophysical Monograph Series, volĀ 160. Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, ppĀ 47ā62
Tryggvason A, Bergman B (2006) AĀ traveltime reciprocity discrepancy in the Podvin & Lecomte time3d finite difference algorithm. JĀ Geophys Int 165:432ā435
Um J, Thurber C (1987) AĀ fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing. Bull Seism Soc Am 77:972ā986
Van der Hilst R, Engdahl E (1992) Step-wise relocation of ISC earthquake hypocenters for linearized tomographic imaging of slab structure. Phys Earth Planet Inter 75:39ā53
Van der Sluis A, Van der Vorst H (1987) Numerical solution of large, sparse linear algebraic systems arising from tomographic problems. In: Nolet G (ed) Seismic tomography. D Reidel, Dordrecht, ppĀ 49ā83
Van Tiggelen R (2002) In search for the third dimension: from radiostereoscopy to threeādimensional imaging. JBR-BTR 85:266ā270
Van Tiggelen R, Pouders E (2003) Ultrasound and computed tomography: spin-offs of the World Wars. JBR-BTR 86:235ā241
Vidale J (1988) Finiteādifference calculation of travel times. Bull Seism Soc Am 78:2062ā2076
Vidale J (1990) Finiteādifference calculation of travel times in three dimensions. Geophysics 55:521ā526
VillaseƱor A, Benz H, Filippi L, De Luca G, Scarpa R,Ā PatanĆØĀ G, Vinciguerra S (1998) ThreeādimensionalĀ Pāwave velocity structure of Mt. Etna, Italy. Geophys Res Lett 25:1975ā1978
Wald D, Graves R (1998) The seismic response of the Los Angeles basin, California. Bull Seism Soc Am 88:337ā356
Woodhouse J, Dziewonski A (1989) Seismic modelling of the Earth's large-scale threeādimensional structure. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 328:291ā308
Zhao D, Kanamori H (1995) The 1994 Northridge earthquake: 3āD crustal structure in the rupture zone and its relation to the aftershock locations and mechanisms. Geophys Res Lett 22:763ā766
Zhao D, Hasegawa A, Horiuchi S (1992) Tomographic imaging ofĀ P andĀ S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan. JĀ Geophys Res 97:19909ā19928
Zhdanov M (2002) Geophysical inverse theory and regularization problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2011 Springer-Verlag
About this entry
Cite this entry
Pujol, J. (2011). Tomography, Seismic. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Extreme Environmental Events. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_50
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_50
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7694-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7695-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences