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Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications

  • Reference work entry
Extreme Environmental Events

Article Outline

Glossary

Definition of the Subject

Introduction

Empirical Results

Modeling

Applications

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In strictly one‐dimensional motion often a line density (dimension: 1/length) is used. Then the flow is given by \({J=\rho v}\).

  2. 2.

    One exception is the German MVStättV [130], see above.

Abbreviations

Pedestrian:

A person traveling on foot. In this article, other characterizations are used depending on the context, e. g., agent or particle.

Crowd:

A large group of pedestrians moving in the same area, but not necessarily in the same direction.

Evacuation:

The movement of persons from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event. In normal situations this is called “egress” instead.

Flow:

The flow or current J is defined as the number of persons passing a specified cross-section per unit time. The common unit of flow is “persons per second”. Specific flow is the flow per unit cross-section. The maximal flow supported by a facility (or a part of it) is called “capacity”.

Fundamental diagram:

In traffic engineering (and physics): density‐dependence of the flow: \({J(\rho)}\). Due to the hydrodynamic relation \({J=\rho vb}\) equivalent representations used frequently are \({v=v(\rho)}\) or \({v=v(J)}\). The fundamental diagram is probably the most important quantitative characterization of traffic systems.

Lane formation:

In bidirectional flows, lanes are often dynamically formed in which all pedestrians move in the same direction.

Bottleneck:

A limited resource for pedestrian flows, for example a door, a narrowing in a corridor, or stairs, i. e., a location of reduced capacity. At bottlenecks jamming occurs if the inflow is larger than the capacity. Other phenomena that can be observed are the formation of lanes and the zipper‐effect.

Microscopic models:

Models which represent each pedestrian separately with individual properties like walking velocity or route choice behavior and the interactions between them. Typical models that belong to this class are cellular automata and the social‐force model.

Macroscopic models:

Models which do not distinguish individuals. The description is based on aggregate quantities, e. g., appropriate densities. Typical models belonging to this class are fluid‐dynamic approaches. Hand calculation methods which are based on related ideas and are often used in the field of (fire‐safety) engineering belong to this class as well.

Crowd disaster:

An accident in which the specific behavior of the crowd is a relevant factor, e. g., through competitive and non‐adaptive behavior. In the media, it is often called “panic” which is a controversial concept in crowd dynamics and should thus be avoided.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Tim Meyer-König (the developer of PedGo) and Michael Schreckenberg, Ansgar Kirchner, Bernhard Steffen for many fruitful discussions and valuable hints.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany

    Andreas Schadschneider

  2. Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Komplexe Systeme, Bonn, Germany

    Andreas Schadschneider

  3. Institute for Building Material Technology and Fire Safety Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

    Wolfram Klingsch & Christian Rogsch

  4. TraffGo HT GmbH, Duisburg, Germany

    Hubert Klüpfel

  5. PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Tobias Kretz

  6. Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany

    Armin Seyfried

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  1. Andreas Schadschneider
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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Schadschneider, A., Klingsch, W., Klüpfel, H., Kretz, T., Rogsch, C., Seyfried, A. (2011). Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Extreme Environmental Events. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_29

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