Introduction
Electrochemical power sources, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors (or electrical double-layer capacitor, EDLC), are attractive in the wide range of applications, such as mobile electrical devices, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and smart grid. In the past century, considerable research efforts have been done to study the manganese oxides as the electrode materials for the power sources. Crystallization processes of the manganese oxides are highly influenced by many factors, e.g., intergrowth of different structural units, cations’ incorporation to the vacant sites, and structural water, leading to the complexity of the crystal structures. Typically, the manganese oxides constituted from mainly tetravalent manganese ions are simply denoted as “manganese dioxides (MnO2).” The manganese dioxides are widely utilized as a positive electrode with a zinc negative electrode, i.e., carbon-zinc cells (dry cells) and alkaline cells. Electrolytic manganese dioxide (γ-type MnO2...
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Yabuuchi, N., Tomita, M., Shinichi, K. (2014). Manganese Oxides. In: Kreysa, G., Ota, Ki., Savinell, R.F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_510
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