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Definition
Wound healing pertains to the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue.
Stages of Wound Healing
Tissue repair involves three interdependent and overlapping phases: (1) the inflammatory phase (hours to days) in which blood flow to the injured area is decreased, a blood clot forms, inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes) are recruited to the site of injury, and bacterial clearance occurs; (2) the proliferative phase (days to weeks) in which fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells are recruited and proliferate for the rebuilding process which involves wound contraction, reepithelialization, and angiogenesis; and (3) the remodeling phase (weeks to months) in which the connective tissue matrix begun in the previous phase is fully formed and restructured (for review, see Engeland & Marucha, 2009). Psychological stress can impair healing through its effects on each of these phases.
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It is generally accepted that a...
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References and Readings
Bosch, J. A., Engeland, C. G., & Burns, V. E. (2011). Psychoneuroimmunology in vivo: Methods and principles. In J. Decety & J. T. Cacioppo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social neuroscience (pp. 134–148). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Devries, A. C., Craft, T. K., Glasper, E. R., Neigh, G. N., & Alexander, J. K. (2007). 2006 Curt P. Richter award winner social influences on stress responses and health. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 587–603.
Engeland, C. G., & Gajendrareddy, P. K. (2011). Wound healing in the elderly. In M. Katlic (Ed.), Cardiothoracic surgery in the elderly: Evidence based practice(pp. 259–270). Berlin: Springer.
Engeland, C. G., & Graham, J. E. (2011). Psychoneuroimmunological aspects of wound healing and the role of pain. In D. Upton (Ed.), Psychological impact of pain in patients with wounds (pp. 87–114). London: Wounds UK Limited, A Schofield Healthcare Media Company.
Engeland, C. G., & Marucha, P. T. (2009). Wound healing and stress. In R. D. Granstein & T. A. Luger (Eds.), Neuroimmunology of the skin: Basic science to clinical relevance (pp. 233–247). Berlin: Springer.
Hawkley, L. C., Bosch, J. A., Engeland, C. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Marucha, P. T. (2007). Loneliness, dysphoria, stress, and immunity: A role for cytokines. In N. P. Plotnikoff, R. E. Faith, & A. J. Murgo (Eds.), Cytokines: Stress and immunity. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Marucha, P. T., & Engeland, C. G. (2007). Stress, neuroendocrine hormones, and wound healing: Human models. In R. Ader, D. Felten, & N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology (pp. 825–835). San Diego: Academic Press.
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Engeland, C.G. (2013). Wound Healing. In: Gellman, M.D., Turner, J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_502
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