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Harmful Algal Blooms

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

Definition of the Subject and Its Importance

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose threats to the environment, public health, and a variety of commercial interests and industries. A single bloom can lead to devastating outcomes, including large mortalities of marine organisms (e.g., fish kills); toxic contamination of filter-feeding organisms such as bivalve shellfish that subsequently enter the market for distribution to consumers; economic hardships for fisheries, aquaculture, and recreational- and tourism-related industries; and a compromised quality of life for people living or working along affected shorelines. Depending upon the size of the bloom, its duration, and the number and types of impacts produced, a single bloom can generate multimillion-dollar losses spanning from local to international economies (see Oceans and Human Health, Social and Economic Impacts for additional information on HAB-related economic impacts).

As well as a current concern, the issue of HABs will continue...

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Abbreviations

Bioaccumulation:

The retention of substances, various phycotoxins in this context, in the living tissues of organisms at concentrations that are higher than are found in the environment.

Cyanobacteria:

A phylum of bacteria, once called blue-green algae, that appears in the fossil record as far back as 3.5 billion years all species are photosynthetic, but different species have adapted to aquatic (fresh or marine) or terrestrial (soil, bare rock, or symbiotic associations with plants) environments some species can form colonies, and some colony-forming cells can specialize or differentiate, e.g., to form nitrogen-fixing heterocysts.

Depuration:

The cleansing or purification of impurities (toxins) from the tissues of the body.

Diatoms:

A large group of microalgae distinguished by having siliceous cell walls called frustules single cells range in size from 2 μm to over 2 mm and are unicellular, often forming colonies of many cells they contain the pigments chlorophylls a and c, betacarotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and diadinoxanthin they constitute the predominant fraction of the phytoplankton community in fresh water and marine environments, found in the water column and in the benthos, being both epiphytic and edaphic.

Dinoflagellates:

A large group of motile microalgae differentiated from other algal groups by their thecal morphology (cell covering) having either an armored form or a smooth form armored forms contain distinctly ornamented polysaccharide plates they contain two dissimilar flagellae, and species may be exclusively heterotrophic, mixotrophic, or exclusively phototrophic – those that are capable of photosynthesis contain the pigments chlorophylls a and c, dinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and either fucoxanthin or peridinin as their major carotenoid, depending upon the species.

Eutrophication:

The introduction of excessive levels of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphorous into an aquatic ecosystem.

Harmful algae:

A small fraction of algal species that can have disruptive or devastating effects to an ecosystem, public health, and/or various economies the harmful nature of different species of algae can be manifested in a variety of ways but primarily through the production of one or more phycotoxins.

Phycotoxins:

Toxic molecules produced by harmful algae collectively, these molecules are chemically diverse and can produce an array of effects in intoxicated organisms ranging from gastrointestinal, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and more.

Trophic transfer:

The transfer of energy and/or substances, e.g., toxins, from one (trophic) level of a food chain to another, typically higher, (trophic) level within the food chain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr., #5018, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA

    Timothy I. McLean

  2. DeFelice Marine Center, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA, 70344, USA

    Geoffrey A. Sinclair

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McLean, T.I., Sinclair, G.A. (2012). Harmful Algal Blooms . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_829

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