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UV Effects on Living Organisms

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Abbreviations

Abiotic:

An abiotic factor is a feature or process that is not derived from, or caused by, living organisms but that might affect living organisms in their environment.

Biologically effective UV radiation:

The biologically effective UV radiation is obtained by integrating the biologically effective spectral irradiance over the whole wavelength range.

Biotic:

A biotic factor is a feature or process derived from, or caused by, living organisms, which might affect other living organisms in their environment.

Chloroplast:

Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. It is distinguished by its green color, caused by the presence of chlorophyll.

Chromophore:

A chemical group capable of selective light absorption resulting in the coloration of certain organic compounds. In biological molecules that serve to capture or detect light energy, the chromophore is the moiety that causes a conformational change of the molecule when hit by light.

Ecotherm:

An organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings (e.g., fish, reptile, …).

Eye damage:

This includes the keratoconjunctivitis (an inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, snow blindness), an acute effect, and chronic damage of the eye lens, caused by absorbing UVA radiation.

Flavonoids:

An umbrella term that designates a wide spectrum of pigments (including anthocyanins, among others).

Genetic damage:

DNA absorbs UVB radiation and the absorbed energy can break bonds in the DNA. Most of the DNA breakages are repaired by proteins present in the cell nucleus, but unrepaired genetic damage of the DNA can lead to skin cancers.

Health effects:

In humans and animals, prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye, and immune system. UVB exposure induces the production of vitamin D in the skin. The majority of positive health effects are related to this vitamin.

Minimal erythemal dose (MED):

The amount of UV radiation exposure required to cause a just perceptible reddening of the skin.

Mitochondria:

“Powerhouse” of the cell, which acts as the site for the production of high-energy compounds. These high-energy compounds are the vital energy source for several cellular processes.

Monomer:

A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer.

Morphogenesis:

Biological process of growth, structure, form, or shape.

Phototaxis:

A response to a directional light stimulus that involves movement of a whole organism. This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite.

Plant growth:

The rate of increase in weight and size of plant organs, such as leaf, stem, or root.

Skin damage:

Beside the sunburn (erythema), a well-known acute effect, chronic skin damage is also observed. This includes elastoses (damage of collagen fibers) and, thereby, aging of the skin and skin cancer. (The three most common skin cancers are basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma, each of which is named after the type of skin cell from which it arises. Melanoma is one of the less common types of skin cancer but causes the majority (75%) of skin cancer–related deaths.)

Spectral weighting function:

Wavelength dependency of biologic efficiency of UV radiation. The multiplication of spectral irradiance and a spectral weighting function delivers the biologically effective spectral irradiance. The spectral weighting function is unique for each photobiological process.

UV (ultraviolet) radiation:

Electromagnetic energy in the wavelength range between 200 and 400 nm. In the solar spectrum on Earth’s surface the wavelength range is limited to 280 and 400 nm. The spectral range is divided in UVC (200–280 nm), UVB (280–315 nm), and UVA (315–400 nm).

Yield:

Economic product harvested from plants, for example, seed from pods of soybean, roots from carrots (Daucus carota), grain from wheat (Triticum aestivum), or seed and lint from cotton (Gossypium hursutum).

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  1. University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, A 1190, Vienna, Austria

    Dr. Philipp Weihs

  2. WG Environmental Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A 1210, Vienna, Austria

    Dr. Alois W. Schmalwieser & Günther Schauberger (Professor)

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Weihs, P., Schmalwieser, A.W., Schauberger, G. (2012). UV Effects on Living Organisms. In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_454

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