Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
The population of the world is increasing at different rates according to the period of time and geographical position; however, at present, the number of cities that have a population larger than one million are estimated as more than 336, while in the 1950s, 83 cities were in that range. One such urban development has been Mexico City, which has more than 18.6 million population, which could be considered even a larger number (nearly 28 million) if the adjoining urban sprawl is included. Cities have often solved their water supply requirements by means of groundwater extraction . Usually, in ancient times, cities were founded on sites where water was directly available. Water supply works tapped springs and surface water. Later, when the number of inhabitants and economical activities increased, shallow dug wells...
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- Aquifer unit:
-
Is a geological formation, part of a formation, or a number of formations that provide water substantially and in adequate quality for the expected usage.
- Basin:
-
Is often referred to as the drainage basin or the surface area where rainfall is gathered with a common discharge outlet; it is considered to have no additional inflow or outflow.
- Flow systems:
-
Are manifested by the presence of flows with contrasting hierarchy (local, intermediate, and regional) whose components may be clearly defined from field evidence in conjunction with modeling of groundwater hydraulics, geochemistry, geomorphology, edaphology, as well as on natural vegetation response.
- Groundwater vulnerability to contamination:
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Is the tendency or likelihood for a contaminant to reach a specified position in the groundwater system after introduction at some location above the uppermost aquifer.
- Hydraulic conductivity:
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Is the rate of water that a unit volume of aquifer material may allow through under a unit hydraulic gradient; such value is a function of its degree of saturation, attaining its maximum at 100% saturation, and is also a function of water density.
- Local flow system:
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Is one that is defined traveling a short distance and depth, recharging and discharging in the same valley.
- Regional flow System:
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Is generated (recharged) at the highest elevation and then travels along till basement depth and discharges at the lowest position in the region.
- Urban sprawl:
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Is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading of dwelling construction outward of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density and becoming an auto-dependant development on rural land, high segregation of uses (e.g., stores and residential), and various design features that encourage car dependency.
- Vertical flow:
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Is groundwater traveling downward (as in a recharge area) or upward (as in a discharge) area. This component of flow may be also identified when extraction is carried out at shallow levels and groundwater ascends, induced by extraction.
- Water balance:
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As applied to a watershed (basin), is referred to as the application of a lumped parameter approach that lacks consideration of areal variations of precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, recharge, runoff, and change in storage as well as the processes involved.
- Water quality change:
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Is the chemical evolution in obtained water quality in borehole with extraction time.
- Wellhead protection area:
-
Ideally is the entire groundwater inflow area for the well; often, this inflow area is too large to be managed effectively, so a smaller area near around the well is often chosen and delineated by flow lines basically incorporating horizontal flow.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
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Books and Reviews
Cardona A, Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Huizar-Alvarez R, Graniel-Castro E (2004) Salinization in coastal aquifers of arid zones: an example from Santo Domingo, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Environ Geol 45(3):350–366
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Carrillo-Rivera JJ (2000) Application of the groundwater-balance equation to indicate interbasin and vertical flow in two semi-arid drainage basins, Mexico. Hydrogeol J 8(5):503–520
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Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Cardona A (2008) Groundwater flow system response in thick aquifer units: theory and practice in Mexico. Selected Papers, XXXIII-IAH internacional congress, Zacatecas, México, vol 12. Asociación Internacional de Hidrogeólogos. Editorial Balkema, Taylor & Francis, Leiden, pp 25–46
Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Ortega Guerrero MA (eds) (2008) Groundwater flow understanding: from local to regional scales. Selected Papers, XXXIII-IAH international congress, Zacatecas, México, vol 12. Asociación Internacional de Hidrogeólogos. Editorial Balkema, Taylor & Francis, Leiden, ISBN: 13 978 0 203 94579 7, p 186
Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Clark DI, Fritz P (1992) Investigating recharge of shallow and paleo-groundwater in the Villa de Reyes Basin, SLP, Mexico, with environmental isotopes, applied hydrogeology. Off J Int Assoc Hydrogeol 4/92:35–48
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Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Cardona A, Edmunds WM (2007) Groundwater flow functioning in arid zones with thick volcanic aquifer units: North-Central Mexico. In: International symposium on advances in isotope hydrology and its role in sustainable water resources management (HIS-OIEA) Proc, 21–25 May 2007, vol 1, Vienna, pp 199–211
Facundo-Castillo JR, Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Antigüedad-Auzmendi I, González Hernández P, Leláes-Diaz R, Hernández-Diaz R, Cáceres-Govea D, Hernández-Santana JR, Suárez-Muñoz M, Melán-Rodriguez C, Rodríguez-Piña M (2008) Chemical and geological control of spring water in eastern Guaniguanico mountain range, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Environ Geol 55(2):247–267
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Huizar-Alvarez R, Hernández-García G, Carrillo-Rivera JJ (2009) Simulation of the effects from the groundwater flow on the hydrological balance of the Tecocomulco Lagoon, Central Mexico. Open Environ Sci J 3:1–13
Huizar-Álvarez R, Hernández GG, Carrillo-Martinez M, Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Hergt T, Ángeles-Serrano G (2003) Geologic structure and groundwater flow in the Pachuca–Zumpango sub-basin, central Mexico. Environ Geol 43:385–399
Martinez SE, Carrillo-Rivera JJ (2006) Socio-economic constraints of groundwater in Capital La Rioja, Argentina. Environ Geol 49(6):875–886. doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0183-7
Segovia N, Taméz E, Peña P, Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Acosta E, Armienta MA, Iturbe JL (1999) Groundwater flow system in the valley of Toluca, Mexico: an assay of natural radionuclide specific activities. Appl Radiat Isot 50:589–598
Van-Lanen AJH, Carrillo-Rivera JJ (1998) Framework for groundwater monitoring in (semi-) arid regions. In: Monitoring for groundwater management in (semi-) arid regions, vol 57, Studies and reports in hydrology. UNESCO, Paris, pp 7–20
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Carrillo-Rivera, J.J., Ouysse, S. (2012). Groundwater Salinity Due to Urban Growth . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_439
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