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Abbreviations
- Agribusiness applications:
-
In the geothermal context, they are the heating of greenhouses and open ground for various crops, aquaculture ponds and raceways heating for various aquatic species, and the heating of animal pens and houses in an effort to increase production and shorting the growing cycle.
- Balneology:
-
The science of healing qualities of baths, especially with natural mineral waters and the therapeutic use of natural warm or mineral winters.
- District heating:
-
Heating of more than one building from a central heating plant with the heated fluid provided through a central distribution systems of pipes.
- Heat exchanger:
-
A device for transferring heat from one fluid to another. The fluids are usually separated by conducting walls of metal or plastic.
- Heat pump:
-
A device which, by the consumption of work or heat, effects the transport of heat between a lower temperature to a higher temperature source. The useful output is heat in conventional usage. The reverse process is called a refrigerator used for the removal of heat.
- Joule (J):
-
The SI unit for all forms of energy or work. It is equal to 1 W-s or 0.239 cal.
- Spa:
-
A resort using mineral water for bathing, soaking, and drinking along with covering portions of the body with mineral muds for therapeutic purposes. Diet, exercise, and rest can also be part of the spa treatment plan.
- Watt (W):
-
A unit of power or energy produced over time, equivalent to 1 J/s, or 0.001341 horse power (hp).
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Muffler LPJ (ed) (1979) Assessment of geothermal resources of the United States – 1978, USGS Circular 790, Arlington, VA, 163 p
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Geo-Heat Center (1997) Quarterly Bulletin 19(1), Geothermal direct-use equipment. Klamath Falls, OR, 38 p. http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull19-1/bull19-1.pdf
Lund JW, Freeston DH, Boyd TL (2010) Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2010 worldwide review. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia (CD-ROM)
Lund JW, Bloomquist RG, Boyd TL, Renner J (2005b) The United States of America country update – 2005. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, vol. 29, Davis, CA (CD-ROM)
Ragnarsson A (2010) Geothermal development in Iceland 2005–2009. Proceedings, World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, paper no. 0124
Gudmundsson JS, Freeston DH, Lienau PJ (1985) The Lindal diagram. Geothermal Resources Council Transaction 9(1), Davis, CA, 15–19
Lund JW (1996) Balneological use of thermal and mineral waters in the USA. Geothermics 25(1), Elsevier, UK, pp 103–148.
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Rafferty K (2004) Direct-use temperature requirements: a few rules of thumb. Geo-Heat Center Quart Bull 25(2):1–3
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Lund JW (complied by) (2005b) Combined heat and power plant, Neustadt-Glewe, Germany. Geo-Heat Center Quart Bull 26(2):31–34
Books and Reviews
Cataldi R, Hodgson SF, Lund JW (eds) (1999) Stories from a heated earth – our geothermal heritage. International Geothermal Association and the Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, p 569
Kavanaugh SP, Rafferty K (1997) Ground-source heat pumps – design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, p 167
Lund JW (1996) Lectures on direct utilization of geothermal energy, United Nations University, Geothermal Training Program, Report 1, Orkustofnun, Reykjavik, Iceland, 123 p
Lund JW, Lienau PJ, Lunis BC (eds) (1998) Geothermal direct-use engineering and design guidebook. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, p 454
Websites
European Geothermal Energy Council, Belgium, www.geothermie.de/egec_geothernet/menu/frameset.htm
Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, http://geoheat.oit.edu
Geothermal Education Office, USA, http://geothermal.marin.org
IEA (International Energy Agency) Heat Pump Center, The Netherlands, www.heatpumpcentre.org
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, USA, http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu
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Lund, J.W. (2012). Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of. In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_305
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