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Genetic Engineering of Crops for Insect Resistance

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

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Definition of the Subject

Genetic engineering of crops for insect resistance is the introduction of specific DNA sequences into crop plants to enhance their resistance to insect pests. The DNA sequences used usually encode proteins with insecticidal activity, so that in plants which contain introduced DNA, an insecticidal protein is present. However, other strategies to improve plant defenses against insects have been explored. Genetically engineered crops that are protected against major insect pests by production of insecticidal proteins from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis , have become widely used in global agriculture since their introduction in 1996.

Introduction

Twenty years have elapsed since the first publications describing transgenic plants, which showed enhanced resistance to insect herbivores, as a result of the expression of a foreign gene encoding Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin [1–3]. In the intervening years, crops expressing these toxins have become widely...

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Abbreviations

Coding sequence:

The part of a gene which determines the sequence of the protein product

Domain:

A region of a protein which forms a distinct 3-D structure, and will often form this structure even when separated from the rest of the protein

Genetic engineering:

Introduction of a specific DNA sequence into an organism by artificial means

Insect orders:

Lepidoptera = butterflies and moths; diptera = flies; coleoptera = beetles; hemiptera/homoptera = sucking insects such as aphids

Mutagenesis:

Alteration to a DNA sequence, often resulting in alteration to the sequence of a protein which the DNA specifies

Oligomerization:

Formation of polymers containing a relatively low number of repeating units

Proteolysis:

Introduction of breaks in the chain of amino acids making up a protein by a proteinase

Transgenic:

Organism into which a gene has been introduced by genetic engineering technology

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  1. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    John A. Gatehouse

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Gatehouse, J.A. (2012). Genetic Engineering of Crops for Insect Resistance . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_239

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