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Green Chemistry with Microwave Energy

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Abbreviations

Green chemistry:

Green chemistry is the broad discipline that encompasses the design of chemical processes and products that eliminate or reduce the generation and use of hazardous substances. It applies across the life cycle, including the design, manufacture, and use of a chemical product.

Microwaves:

Microwaves (0.3–300 GHz) lie in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between radiowave (Rf) and infrared (IR) frequencies with relatively large wavelengths and are a form of energy and not heat. This nonionizing radiation, incapable of breaking chemical bonds, is a form of energy that manifests itself as heat through interaction with the polar medium.

Sustainability:

Literally meaning to “maintain,” “support,” or “endure” the concept of sustainability calls for policies and strategies that meet society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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  140. Polshettiwar V, Baruwati B, Varma RS (2009) Magnetic nanoparticle-supported glutathione: a conceptually sustainable organocatalyst. Chem Commun 1837–1839

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  144. Varma RS, Naicker KP, Liesen PJ (1998) Microwave-accelerated crossed Cannizzaro reaction using barium hydroxide under solvent-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 3:8437–8440

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  145. Pillai UR, Sahle-Demessie E, Namboodiri VV, Varma RS (2002) An efficient and ecofriendly oxidation of alkenes using iron nitrate and molecular oxygen. Green Chem 4:495–497

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  146. Kumar D, Chandra Sekhar KVG, Dhillon H, Rao VS, Varma RS (2004) An expeditious synthesis of 1-aryl-4-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazolo [4, 3-a] quinoxalines under solvent-free conditions using iodobenzene diacetate. Green Chem 6:156–157

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  147. Kumar D, Sundaree MS, Patel G, Rao VS, Varma RS (2006) Solvent-free facile synthesis of novel α-tosyloxy β-keto sulfones using [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo] benzene. Tetrahedron Lett 47:8239–8241

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  149. Varma RS (2008) Chemical activation by mechanochemical mixing, microwave, and ultrasonic irradiation. Green Chem 10:1129–1130

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  150. Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (2007) Tandem bis-aza-Michael addition reaction of amines in aqueous medium promoted by polystyrenesulfonic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 48:8735–8738

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  151. Kumar D, Reddy VB, Mishra BG, Rana RK, Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2007) Nanosized magnesium oxide as catalyst for the rapid and green synthesis of substituted 2-amino-2-chromenes. Tetrahedron 63:3093–3097

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  152. Skouta R, Varma RS, Li CJ (2005) Efficient Trost’s γ-addition catalyzed by reusable polymer-supported triphenylphosphine in aqueous media. Green Chem 7:571–575

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  153. Ju Y, Kumar D, Varma RS (2006) Revisiting nucleophilic substitution reactions: microwave-assisted synthesis of azides, thiocyanates, and sulfones in an aqueous medium. J Org Chem 71:6697–6700

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  154. Namboodiri VV, Varma RS (2001) Microwave-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Green Chem 3:146–148

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  155. Kumar D, Patel G, Mishra BG, Varma RS (2008) Ecofriendly polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted Michael addition reactions of α, β-unsaturated compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 49:6974–6976

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  156. Keh CCK, Namboodiri VV, Varma RS, Li C-J (2002) Direct formation of tetrahydropyranols via catalysis in ionic liquid. Tetrahedron Lett 43:4993–4996

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  157. Li Z, Wei C, Varma RS, Li C-J (2004) Three-component coupling of aldehyde, alkyne, and amine catalyzed by silver in ionic liquid. Tetrahedron Lett 45:2443–2446

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  158. Yang X-F, Wang M, Varma RS, Li C-J (2003) Aldol- and Mannich-type reactions via in situ olefin migration in ionic liquid. Org Lett 5:657–660

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  161. Namboodiri VV, Varma RS, Sahle-Demessie E, Pillai UR (2002) Selective oxidation of styrene to acetophenone in the presence of ionic liquids. Green Chem 4:170–173

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  162. Nadagouda MN, Hoag GE, Collins JB, Varma RS (2009) Green synthesis of Au nanostructures at room temperature using biodegradable plant surfactants. Cryst Growth Des 9:4979–4983

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  163. Nadagouda MN, Castle A, Murdock RC, Hussain SM, Varma RS (2010) In vitro biocompatibility of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (nZVI) synthesized using tea polyphenols. Green Chem 12:114–122

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  164. Moulton MC, Braydich-Stolle LK, Nadagouda MN, Kunzelman S, Hussain SM, Varma RS (2010) Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of “green” synthesized silver nanoparticles using tea polyphenols. Nanoscale 2:763–770

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  165. Hoag GE, Collins JB, Holcomb JL, Hoag JR, Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2009) Degradation of bromothymol blue by ‘greener’ nano-scale zerovalent iron synthesized using tea polyphenols. J Mater Chem 19:8671–8677

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  166. Virkutyte J, Varma RS (2010) Fabrication and visible-light photocatalytic activity of novel Ag/TiO2−xNx photocatalyst. New J Chem 34:1094–1096

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Books and Reviews

  • Ahluwalia VK, Varma RS (2008) Alternative energy processes in chemical synthesis microwave, ultrasound and photo activation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-7319-848-9

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  • Ahluwalia VK, Varma RS (2009) Green solvents for organic synthesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-7319-964-6

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  • Clark JH, Macquarrie D (2002) Handbook of green chemistry and technology. Blackwell Science, Oxford

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  • Matlack AS (2001) Introduction to green chemistry. Marcel Deckers, New York

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  • Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2009) Risk reduction via greener synthesis of noble metal nanostructures and nanocomposites. In: Linkov I, Steevens J (eds) Nanomaterials: risks and benefits-proceedings of the NATO advanced workshop. Springer, Faro, pp 209–218

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  • Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (2009) Environmentally benign chemical synthesis via mechanochemical mixing and microwave irradiation. In: Ballini R (ed) Eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals, RSC green chemistry book series. RSC, Cambridge, England, pp 275–292

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  • Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (2009) Non-conventional energy sources for green synthesis in water (microwave, ultrasound, and photo). In: Li C-J, Anastas PT (eds) Handbook series, Handbook of green chemistry, Vol. 5: reactions in water. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-31574-1

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  • Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (eds) (2010) Aqueous microwave chemistry: synthesis and applications, vol 7, RSC green chemistry series. Royal Society Chemistry, Cambridge, UK

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  • Strauss CR, Varma RS (2006) Microwaves in green and sustainable chemistry. In: Larhed M, Olofsson K (eds) Microwave methods in organic synthesis, vol 266, Series in topics in current chemistry. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 199–231

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  • Varma RS (2000) Environmentally benign organic transformations using microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions. In: Anastas PT, Tundo P (eds) Green chemistry: challenging perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 221–244

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  • Varma RS (2000) Expeditious solvent-free organic syntheses using microwave irradiation. In: Anastas PT, Heine L, Williamson T (eds) Green chemical syntheses and processes, Chapter 23, vol 767, ACS symposium series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 292–312

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  • Varma RS (2001) Microwave organic synthesis. In: Geller E (ed) McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 2002. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 223–225

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  • Varma RS (2006) Microwave technology: chemical synthesis applications. In: Seidel A (ed) Kirk-Othmer on-line encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 16, 5th edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 538–594

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  • Varma RS, Ju Y (2005) Microwaves in organic synthesis. In: Afonso CAM, Crespo JG (eds) Solventless reactions (SLR), Chapter 2.2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 53–87

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  • Varma RS, Ju Y (2006) Organic synthesis using microwaves and supported reagents. In: Loupy A (ed) Microwaves in organic sSynthesis, Chapter 8, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 362–415

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Technology Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 443, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA

    Dr. Rajender S. Varma

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  1. Dr. Rajender S. Varma
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Correspondence to Rajender S. Varma .

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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Varma, R.S. (2012). Green Chemistry with Microwave Energy . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_238

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