Skip to main content

Carcinoma and Other Tumors of the Cervix

  • Reference work entry
  • 4720 Accesses

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes three general categories of invasive carcinoma of the cervix: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and “other epithelial tumors” (Table 6.1 ) [278]. The “other epithelial tumors” include adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoid basal cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinomas, as well as neuroendocrine tumors and undifferentiated carcinoma (Table 6.1 ) [278]. The relative frequency of these different tumor types varies between studies; in general, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic subtype accounting for 70–80% of invasive carcinomas. Adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma comprise 10–15% of all cases, and all others 10–15% [45, 245, 271].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. Abeler VM, Holm R et al (1994) Small cell carcinoma of the cervix. A clinicopathologic study of 26 patients. Cancer 73(3):672–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Agoff SN, Lamps LW et al (2000) Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 13(3):238–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Albores-Saavedra J, Gersell D et al (1997) Terminology of endocrine tumors of the uterine cervix: results of a workshop sponsored by the College of American Pathologists and the National Cancer Institute. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121(1):34–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Albores-Saavedra J, Larraza O et al (1976) Carcinoid of the uterine cervix: additional observations on a new tumor entity. Cancer 38(6):2328–2342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Albores-Saavedra J, Manivel C et al (1992) The solid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 11(1):2–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Alfsen GC, Kristensen GB et al (2001) Histologic subtype has minor importance for overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a population-based study of prognostic factors in 505 patients with nonsquamous cell carcinomas of the cervix. Cancer 92(9):2471–2483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alfsen GC, Thoresen SO et al (2000) Histopathologic subtyping of cervical adenocarcinoma reveals increasing incidence rates of endometrioid tumors in all age groups: a population based study with review of all nonsquamous cervical carcinomas in Norway from 1966 to 1970, 1976 to 1980, and 1986 to 1990. Cancer 89(6):1291–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. al-Nafussi AI, Hughes DE (1994) Histological features of CIN3 and their value in predicting invasive microinvasive squamous carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 47(9):799–804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ambros RA, Park JS et al (1991) Evaluation of histologic, morphometric, and immunohistochemical criteria in the differential diagnosis of small cell carcinomas of the cervix with particular reference to human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Mod Pathol 4(5):586–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Andersen ES, Nielsen K et al (1995) The reliability of preconization diagnostic evaluation in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 59(1):143–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Andersson S, Rylander E et al (2001) The role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer 37(2):246–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ansari-Lari MA, Staebler A et al (2004) Distinction of endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas: immunohistochemical p16 expression correlated with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection. Am J Surg Pathol 28(2):160–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Anton-Culver H, Bloss JD et al (1992) Comparison of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a population-based epidemiologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166(5):1507–1514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Aoyama C, Peters J et al (1998) Uterine cervical dysplasia and cancer: identification of c-myc status by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Mol Pathol 7(6):324–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Appleby P, Beral V et al (2006) Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 118(6):1481–1495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Attanoos R, Nahar K et al (1995) Primary adenocarcinoma of the cervix. A clinicopathologic study of prognostic variables in 55 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 5(3):179–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Averette HE, Nelson JH Jr et al (1976) Diagnosis and management of microinvasive (stage IA) carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 38(1 SUPPL):414–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Averette HE, Nguyen HN et al (1993) Radical hysterectomy for invasive cervical cancer. A 25-year prospective experience with the Miami technique. Cancer 71(4 Suppl):1422–1437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bachtiary B, Obermair A et al (2002) Impact of multiple HPV infection on response to treatment and survival in patients receiving radical radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 102(3):237–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bais AG, Kooi S et al (2005) Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix: absence of Epstein-Barr virus, but presence of a multiple human papillomavirus infection. Gynecol Oncol 97(2):716–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bell MC, Schmidt-Grimminger DC et al (1996) A cervical teratoma with invasive squamous cell carcinoma in an HIV-infected patient: a case report. Gynecol Oncol 60(3):475–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Benedet JL, Anderson GH (1996) Stage IA carcinoma of the cervix revisited. Obstet Gynecol 87(6):1052–1059

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Benedet JL, Anderson GH et al (1985) Colposcopic accuracy in the diagnosis of microinvasive and occult invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 65(4):557–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Benedet JL, Bender H et al (2000) FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 70(2):209–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Benedetti-Panici P, Maneschi F et al (2000) Early cervical carcinoma: the natural history of lymph node involvement redefined on the basis of thorough parametrectomy and giant section study. Cancer 88(10):2267–2274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Berek JS, Hacker NF et al (1985) Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: histologic variables associated with lymph node metastasis and survival. Obstet Gynecol 65(1):46–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bohm JW, Krupp PJ et al (1976) Lymph node metastasis in microinvasive epidermoid cancer of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 48(1):65–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Boyes DA, Worth AJ et al (1970) The results of treatment of 4389 cases of preclinical cervical squamous carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77(9):769–780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Brainard JA, Hart WR (1998) Adenoid basal epitheliomas of the uterine cervix: a reevaluation of distinctive cervical basaloid lesions currently classified as adenoid basal carcinoma and adenoid basal hyperplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 22(8):965–975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bray F, Carstensen B et al (2005) Incidence trends of adenocarcinoma of the cervix in 13 European countries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(9):2191–2199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brinck U, Jakob C et al (2000) Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: report of three cases and a review of its classification. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19(3):231–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Broders AC (1920) Squamous-cell epithelioma of the lip: a study of five hundred and thirty-seven cases. JAMA 74:656–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Bulk S, Visser O et al (2005) Cervical cancer in the Netherlands 1989-1998: Decrease of squamous cell carcinoma in older women, increase of adenocarcinoma in younger women. Int J Cancer 113(6):1005–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Burghardt E, Girardi F et al (1991) Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IA). Cancer 67(4):1037–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Burghardt E, Holzer E (1977) Diagnosis and treatment of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Obstet Gynecol 49(6):641–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cairns M, Cruickshank M (2007) A review of women with microinvasive cervical cancer in the Grampian region. J Low Genit Tract Dis 11(4):290–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cantu de Leon D, Perez Montiel D et al (2009) Serous adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, associated with verrucous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a case report of synchronic rare gynecological tumors. World J Surg Oncol 7:20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cantuaria G, Angioli R et al (1999) Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 75(1):170–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Castellsague X, Diaz M et al (2006) Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(5):303–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen RJ, Lin YH et al (1999) Influence of histologic type and age on survival rates for invasive cervical carcinoma in Taiwan. Gynecol Oncol 73(2):184–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cheng WF, Chen CA et al (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor and prognosis of cervical carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 96(5 Pt 1):721–726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chichareon S, Herrero R et al (1998) Risk factors for cervical cancer in Thailand: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(1):50–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cho NH, Joo HJ et al (1998) Detection of human papillomavirus in warty carcinoma of the uterine cervix: comparison of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and in situ polymerase chain reaction methods. Pathol Res Pract 194(10):713–720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Clark KC, Butz WR et al (1999) Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: case report with world literature review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18(3):265–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Clement PB, Scully RE (1982) Carcinoma of the cervix: histologic types. Semin Oncol 9(3):251–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Clement PB, Young RH et al (1995) Malignant mesonephric neoplasms of the uterine cervix. A report of eight cases, including four with a malignant spindle cell component. Am J Surg Pathol 19(10):1158–1171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Clement PB, Zubovits JT et al (1998) Malignant mullerian mixed tumors of the uterine cervix: a report of nine cases of a neoplasm with morphology often different from its counterpart in the corpus. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(3):211–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Clifford G, Franceschi S et al (2006) Chapter 3: HPV type-distribution in women with and without cervical neoplastic diseases. Vaccine 24(S3):26–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Clifford GM, Smith JS et al (2003) Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 88(1):63–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Connolly DC, Katabuchi H et al (2000) Somatic mutations in the STK11/LKB1 gene are uncommon in rare gynecological tumor types associated with Peutz-Jegher's syndrome. Am J Pathol 156(1):339–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Copeland LJ, Silva EG et al (1992) Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 45(3):307–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Copeland LJ, Sneige N et al (1985) Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina and cervix. Cancer 55(11):2558–2565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Coppleson M (1992) Early invasive squamous and adnocarcinoma of the cervix (FIGO stage Ia): clinical features and management. In: Gynecological oncology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 631–634

    Google Scholar 

  54. Covens A, Kirby J et al (1999) Prognostic factors for relapse and pelvic lymph node metastases in early stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 74(3):423–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Creasman WT (1995) New gynecologic cancer staging. Gynecol Oncol 58(2):157–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Creasman WT, Fetter BF et al (1985) Management of stage IA carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153(2):164–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Crum CP (1993) Papillomavirus-related changes and premalignant and malignant squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. In: Clement PB, Young RH (eds) Tumors and tumorlike lesions of the uterine corpus and cervix. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 51–83

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cruz J, Reis-Filho JS et al (2004) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour-like primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Clin Pathol 57(2):218–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Dabbs DJ, Sturtz K et al (1996) The immunohistochemical discrimination of endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Hum Pathol 27(2):172–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Daya D, Young RH (1995) Florid deep glands of the uterine cervix. Another mimic of adenoma malignum. Am J Clin Pathol 103(5):614–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Delgado G, Bundy BN et al (1989) A prospective surgical pathological study of stage I squamous carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 35(3):314–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Delgado G, Bundy B et al (1990) Prospective surgical-pathological study of disease-free interval in patients with stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 38(3):352–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Diaz JP, Sonoda Y et al (2008) Oncologic outcome of fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy versus radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 111(2):255–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dinges HP, Werner R et al (1977) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Zentralbl Gynakol 99(7):396–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Edwards BK, Brown ML et al (2005) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2002, featuring population-based trends in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(19):1407–1427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ehrmann RL, Dwyer IM et al (1988) An immunoperoxidase study of laminin and type IV collagen distribution in carcinoma of the cervix and vulva. Obstet Gynecol 72(2):257–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Eichhorn JH, Young RH (2001) Neuroendocrine tumors of the genital tract. Am J Clin Pathol 115(Suppl):S94–S112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Eifel PJ, Morris M et al (1990) Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Prognosis and patterns of failure in 367 cases. Cancer 65(11):2507–2514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Farley JH, Hickey KW et al (2003) Adenosquamous histology predicts a poor outcome for patients with advanced-stage, but not early-stage, cervical carcinoma. Cancer 97(9):2196–2202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ferrandina G, Lauriola L et al (2002) Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor survival in cervical cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 20(4):973–981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO et al (2003) Celecoxib modulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, ki67, apoptosis-related marker, and microvessel density in human cervical cancer: a pilot study. Clin Cancer Res 9(12):4324–4331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ferry JA (1997) Adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix: evolution of a distinctive clinicopathologic entity. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16(4):299–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ferry JA, Scully RE (1988) “Adenoid cystic” carcinoma and adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A study of 28 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 12(2):134–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ferry JA, Scully RE (1990) Mesonephric remnants, hyperplasia, and neoplasia in the uterine cervix. A study of 49 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14(12):1100–1111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fetissof F, Berger G et al (1985) Endocrine cells in the female genital tract. Histopathology 9(2):133–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Folpe AL, Goldblum JR et al (2005) Morphologic and immunophenotypic diversity in Ewing family tumors: a study of 66 genetically confirmed cases. Am J Surg Pathol 29(8):1025–1033

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Franco EL, Schlecht NF et al (2003) The epidemiology of cervical cancer. Cancer J 9(5):348–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Frega A, Lukic A et al (2007) Verrucous carcinoma of the cervix: detection of carcinogenetic human papillomavirus types and their role during follow-up. Anticancer Res 27(6C):4491–4494

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fuchs I, Vorsteher N et al (2007) The prognostic significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor correlations in squamous cell cervical carcinoma. Anticancer Res 27(2):959–963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Fujiwara H, Mitchell MF et al (1995) Clear cell adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix. An aggressive tumor associated with human papillomavirus-18. Cancer 76(9):1591–1600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gadducci A, Sartori E et al (2003) The clinical outcome of patients with stage Ia1 and Ia2 squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Cooperation Task Force (CTF) study. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 24(6):513–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gaffney DK, Holden J et al (2001) Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with diminished survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49(5):1213–1217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gaffney DK, Winter K et al (2007) A Phase II study of acute toxicity for Celebrex (celecoxib) and chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: primary endpoint analysis of RTOG 0128. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(1):104–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gallardo A, Prat J (2009) Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 55 cases challenging the existence of adenofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol 33(2):278–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gersell DJ, Mazoujian G et al (1988) Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix. A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 12(9):684–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gilks CB, Young RH et al (1989) Adenoma malignum (minimal deviation adenocarcinoma) of the uterine cervix. A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 26 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 13(9):717–729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gilks CB, Young RH et al (1997) Large cell neuroendocrine [corrected] carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21(8):905–914

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gombos Z, Xu X et al (2005) Peritumoral lymphatic vessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor C expression in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Clin Cancer Res 11(23):8364–8371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Goncalves A, Fabbro M et al (2008) A phase II trial to evaluate gefitinib as second- or third-line treatment in patients with recurring locoregionally advanced or metastatic cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 108(1):42–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Grayson W, Rhemtula HA et al (2002) Detection of human papillomavirus in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a study of 12 cases. J Clin Pathol 55(2):108–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Grayson W, Taylor LF et al (1999) Adenoid cystic and adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix: comparative morphologic, mucin, and immunohistochemical profile of two rare neoplasms of putative “reserve cell” origin. Am J Surg Pathol 23(4):448–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Grayson W, Taylor LF et al (2001) Carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix: a report of eight cases with immunohistochemical analysis and evaluation of human papillomavirus status. Am J Surg Pathol 25(3):338–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A et al (2003) Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged 20-44 years: the UK National Case-Control Study of Cervical Cancer. Br J Cancer 89(11):2078–2086

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Greer BE, Figge DC et al (1990) Stage IA2 squamous carcinoma of the cervix: difficult diagnosis and therapeutic dilemma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162(6):1406–1409, discussion 1409-1411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gur G, Rubin C et al (2004) LRIG1 restricts growth factor signaling by enhancing receptor ubiquitylation and degradation. Embo J 23(16):3270–3281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Gusterson BA, Clinton S et al (1986) Studies of early invasive and intraepithelial squamous cell carcinomas using an antibody to type IV collagen. Histopathology 10(2):161–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hanselaar A, van Loosbroek M et al (1997) Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. An update of the central Netherlands registry showing twin age incidence peaks. Cancer 79(11):2229–2236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hasumi K, Sakamoto A et al (1980) Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 45(5):928–931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hellberg D, Tot T et al (2009) Pitfalls in immunohistochemical validation of tumor marker expression–exemplified in invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 112(1):235–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Herbert A, Anshu et al (2009) Screen-detected invasive cervical carcinoma and its clinical significance during the introduction of organized screening. BJOG 116(6):854–859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Herrera FG, Chan P et al (2007) A prospective phase I-II trial of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib in patients with carcinoma of the cervix with biomarker assessment of the tumor microenvironment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(1):97–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hirai Y, Takeshima N et al (1998) A clinicocytopathologic study of adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 70(2):219–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ho CM, Chien TY et al (2004) Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors and outcomes in early cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 93(2):458–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Hocking GR, Hayman JA et al (1996) Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix progressing to invasive adenocarcinoma. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 36(2):218–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Holowaty P, Miller AB et al (1999) Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(3):252–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Horn LC, Fischer U et al (2006) Pattern of invasion is of prognostic value in surgically treated cervical cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 103(3):906–911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Horn LC, Lindner K et al (2006) p16, p14, p53, and cyclin D1 expression and HPV analysis in small cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 25(2):182–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Huffman JW (1948) Mesonephric remnants in the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56(1):23–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hunter MI, Monk BJ et al (2008) Cervical neoplasia in pregnancy. Part 1: screening and management of preinvasive disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199(1):3–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hurt WG, Silverberg SG et al (1977) Adenocarcinoma of the cervix: histopathologic and clinical features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129(3):304–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Inoue T, Morita K (1990) The prognostic significance of number of positive nodes in cervical carcinoma stages IB, IIA, and IIB. Cancer 65(9):1923–1927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Inoue T, Yamaguchi K et al (1984) Production of immunoreactive-polypeptide hormones in cervical carcinoma. Cancer 53(7):1509–1514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer (2007) Comparison of risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 8, 097 women with squamous cell carcinoma and 1,374 women with adenocarcinoma from 12 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 120(4):885–891

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ishikawa H, Nakanishi T et al (1999) Prognostic factors of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 73(1):42–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Jemal A, Siegel R et al (2006) Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56(2):106–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Jemal A, Siegel R et al (2008) Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 58(2):71–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Jones MW, Kounelis S et al (2000) Well-differentiated villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: oncogene/tumor suppressor gene alterations and human papillomavirus genotyping. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19(2):110–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Jones MW, Lefkowitz M (1995) Adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 14(3):223–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Jones WB, Mercer GO et al (1993) Early invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 51(1):26–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jones WB, Shingleton HM et al (1996) Cervical carcinoma and pregnancy. A national patterns of care study of the American College of Surgeons. Cancer 77(8):1479–1488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Jones MW, Silverberg SG et al (1993) Well-differentiated villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathological study of 24 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 12(1):1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jones MA, Young RH (1997) Atypical oxyphilic metaplasia of the endocervical epithelium: a report of six cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16(2):99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Kairi-Vassilatou E, Papakonstantinou K et al (2007) Primary gestational choriocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17(4):921–925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kaku T, Kamura T et al (1997) Early adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 65(2):281–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kaku T, Kamura T et al (1997) Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix with predominantly villogladular papillary growth pattern. Gynecol Oncol 64(1):147–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kaminski PF, Maier RC (1983) Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix unrelated to diethylstilbestrol exposure. Obstet Gynecol 62(6):720–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kaminski PF, Norris HJ (1983) Minimal deviation carcinoma (adenoma malignum) of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2(2):141–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Kamoi S, AlJuboury MI et al (2002) Immunohistochemical staining in the distinction between primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas: another viewpoint. Int J Gynecol Pathol 21(3):217–223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kashimura M, Tsukamoto N et al (1984) Verrucous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: report of a case with follow-up of 6 1/2 years. Gynecol Oncol 19(2):204–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kaspar HG, Dinh TV et al (1993) Clinical implications of tumor volume measurement in stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 81(2):296–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Katz HJ, Davies JN (1980) Death from cervix uteri carcinoma: the changing pattern. Gynecol Oncol 9(1):86–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Kennedy AW, elTabbakh GH et al (1995) Invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix following LLETZ (large loop excision of the transformation zone) for adenocarcinoma in situ. Gynecol Oncol 58(2):274–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kerner H, Lichtig C (1993) Mullerian adenosarcoma presenting as cervical polyps: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 81(5 Pt 1):655–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kersemaekers AM, Fleuren GJ et al (1999) Oncogene alterations in carcinomas of the uterine cervix: overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 5(3):577–586

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Keys HM, Bundy BN et al (1999) Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 340(15):1154–1161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Killackey MA, Jones WB et al (1986) Diagnostic conization of the cervix: review of 460 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol 67(6):766–770

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kim GE, Kim YB et al (2004) Synchronous coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in carcinomas of the uterine cervix: a potential predictor of poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 10(4):1366–1374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kim JY, Lim SJ et al (2005) Cyclooxygenase-2 and c-erbB-2 expression in uterine cervical neoplasm assessed using tissue microarrays. Gynecol Oncol 97(2):337–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kim WY, Sharpless NE (2006) The regulation of INK4/ARF in cancer and aging. Cell 127(2):265–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kjaer SK, Brinton LA (1993) Adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix: the epidemiology of an increasing problem. Epidemiol Rev 15(2):486–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Koenig C, Turnicky RP et al (1997) Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma of the cervix: a report of 32 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21(8):915–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kolstad P (1989) Follow-up study of 232 patients with stage Ia1 and 411 patients with stage Ia2 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (microinvasive carcinoma). Gynecol Oncol 33(3):265–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Korach J, Machtinger R et al (2009) Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a diagnostic challenge. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88(3):355–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Kristensen GB, Abeler VM et al (1999) Tumor size, depth of invasion, and grading of the invasive tumor front are the main prognostic factors in early squamous cell cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 74(2):245–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kuzuya K (2004) Chemoradiotherapy for uterine cancer: current status and perspectives. Int J Clin Oncol 9(6):458–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Lacey JV Jr, Brinton LA et al (2000) Use of hormone replacement therapy and adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 77(1):149–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lai CH, Chang CJ et al (2007) Role of human papillomavirus genotype in prognosis of early-stage cervical cancer undergoing primary surgery. J Clin Oncol 25(24):3628–3634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Lax SF, Pizer ES et al (1998) Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium is characterized by a distinctive profile of p53, Ki-67, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expression. Hum Pathol 29(6):551–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ledda F, Bieraugel O et al (2008) Lrig1 is an endogenous inhibitor of Ret receptor tyrosine kinase activation, downstream signaling, and biological responses to GDNF. J Neurosci 28(1):39–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Lee KR, Flynn CE (2000) Early invasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 89(5):1048–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lee SW, Kim YM et al (2009) The efficacy of conservative management after conization in patients with stage IA1 microinvasive cervical carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88(2):209–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Leman MH Jr, Benson WL et al (1976) Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 48(5):571–578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Leminen A, Paavonen J et al (1990) Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 65(1):53–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Lemoine NR, Hall PA (1986) Epithelial tumors metastatic to the uterine cervix. A study of 33 cases and review of the literature. Cancer 57(10):2002–2005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lennerz JK, Perry A et al (2009) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the cervix: another tumor with the t(11;19)-associated CRTC1-MAML2 gene fusion. Am J Surg Pathol 33(6):835–843

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Lesack D, Wahab I et al (1996) Radiation-induced atypia of endocervical epithelium: a histological, immunohistochemical and cytometric study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15(3):242–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lindell A (1952) Carcinoma of the uterine cervix; incidence and influence of age; a statistical study. Acta Radiol Suppl 92:1–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Lindstrom AK, Stendahl U et al (2007) Predicting the outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix using combinations of individual tumor marker expressions. Anticancer Res 27(3B):1609–1615

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Liu WM, Chao KC et al (1989) Colposcopic assessment in microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 43(3):171–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Loncaster JA, Cooper RA et al (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is a prognostic factor for radiotherapy outcome in advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Br J Cancer 83(5):620–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Long HJ 3rd, Bundy BN et al (2005) Randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 23(21):4626–4633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lucas WE, Benirschke K et al (1974) Verrucous carcinoma of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119(4):435–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Maiman MA, Fruchter RG et al (1988) Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 72(3 Pt 1):399–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Malpica A, Moran CA (2002) Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cervix: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of two cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 6(5):281–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Mannion C, Park WS et al (1998) Endocrine tumors of the cervix: morphologic assessment, expression of human papillomavirus, and evaluation for loss of heterozygosity on 1p, 3p, 11q, and 17p. Cancer 83(7):1391–1400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Martinez-Leandro EP, Martorell M et al (1994) Lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Study of a case with in situ hybridization of the Epstein-Barr virus genome and the human papillomavirus genome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 73(7):589–592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Martorell MA, Julian JM et al (2002) Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126(12):1501–1505

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Mathoulin-Portier MP, Penault-Llorca F et al (1998) Malignant mullerian mixed tumor of the uterine cervix with adenoid cystic component. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(1):91–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Matias-Guiu X, Lerma E et al (1997) Clear cell tumors of the female genital tract. Semin Diagn Pathol 14(4):233–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. McCluggage WG, Jenkins D (2003) p16 immunoreactivity may assist in the distinction between endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 22(3):231–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. McCluggage WG, Sumathi VP et al (2002) A panel of immunohistochemical stains, including carcinoembryonic antigen, vimentin, and estrogen receptor, aids the distinction between primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 21(1):11–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Meanwell CA, Kelly KA et al (1988) Young age as a prognostic factor in cervical cancer: analysis of population based data from 10,022 cases. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296(6619):386–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Mikami Y, Kiyokawa T et al (2004) Gastrointestinal immunophenotype in adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix and related glandular lesions: a possible link between lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia/pyloric gland metaplasia and “adenoma malignum”. Mod Pathol 17(8):962–972

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Mikami Y, Kiyokawa T et al (2009) Reappraisal of synchronous and multifocal mucinous lesions of the female genital tract: a close association with gastric metaplasia. Histopathology 54(2):184–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mikuta JJ, Celebre JA (1969) Adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 33(6):753–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Missaoui N, Hmissa S et al (2006) p16INK4A overexpression and HPV infection in uterine cervix adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 448(5):597–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Mobius G (1993) Cytological early detection of cervical carcinoma: possibilities and limitations. Analysis of failures. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119(9):513–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Monk BJ, Sill MW et al (2009) Phase II trial of bevacizumab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 27(7):1069–1074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Monk BJ, Tewari KS et al (2007) Multimodality therapy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma: state of the art and future directions. J Clin Oncol 25(20):2952–2965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Morgan PR, Anderson MC et al (1993) The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix study: preliminary results. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100(7):664–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Mota F (2003) Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix: treatment modalities. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82(6):505–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Mulvany NJ, Nirenberg A et al (1996) Non-primary cervical adenocarcinomas. Pathology 28(4):293–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Mulvany N, Ostor A (1997) Microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a cytohistopathologic study of 40 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 16(5):430–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Munagala R, Dona MG et al (2009) Significance of multiple HPV infection in cervical cancer patients and its impact on treatment response. Int J Oncol 34(1):263–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Munoz N, Bosch FX et al (2003) Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 348(6):518–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Munoz N, Castellsague X et al (2006) Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer. Vaccine 24(S3):1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Murdoch JB, Grimshaw RN et al (1992) The impact of loop diathermy on management of early invasive cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2(3):129–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Musa AG, Hughes RR et al (1985) Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix: a report of 17 cases. Gynecol Oncol 22(2):167–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Nagai T, Okubo T et al (2008) Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix responsive to neoadjuvant intraarterial chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 13(6):541–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Nair SA, Nair MB et al (1997) The basement membrane and tumor progression in the uterine cervix. Gen Diagn Pathol 142(5–6):297–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Nakagawa S, Yoshikawa H et al (1996) Type of human papillomavirus is related to clinical features of cervical carcinoma. Cancer 78(9):1935–1941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. National Cancer Institute (2006) SEER Fact Sheet Cervical Cancer. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html. Accessed 4 October 2010

  193. Noel J, Lespagnard L et al (2001) Evidence of human papilloma virus infection but lack of Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of uterine cervix: report of two cases and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 32(1):135–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Nogales F, Botella Llusia J (1965) The frequency of invasion of the lymph nodes in cancer of the uterine cervix. A study of the degree of extension in relation to the histological type of tumor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 93:91–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Ostor AG (2000) Early invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19(1):29–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ostor A, Rome R et al (1997) Microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a clinicopathologic study of 77 women. Obstet Gynecol 89(1):88–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Pak HY, Yokota SB et al (1983) Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix. Cytologic and clinicopathologic analysis. Cancer 52(2):307–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Pao CC, Kao SM et al (1994) State of mutational alterations of p53 and retinoblastoma susceptibility genes in papillomavirus-negative small cell cervical carcinomas. J Surg Oncol 57(2):87–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Pappa KI, Choleza M et al (2006) Consistent absence of BRAF mutations in cervical and endometrial cancer despite KRAS mutation status. Gynecol Oncol 100(3):596–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Paraskevaidis E, Kitchener HC et al (1992) A population-based study of microinvasive disease of the cervix–a colposcopic and cytologic analysis. Gynecol Oncol 45(1):9–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Parazzini F, Chatenoud L et al (1998) Determinants of risk of invasive cervical cancer in young women. Br J Cancer 77(5):838–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Park JY, Kim DY et al (2009) Human papillomavirus test after conization in predicting residual disease in subsequent hysterectomy specimens. Obstet Gynecol 114(1):87–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Parkin DM, Bray F et al (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2):74–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Parwani AV, Smith Sehdev AE et al (2005) Cervical adenoid basal tumors comprised of adenoid basal epithelioma associated with various types of invasive carcinoma: clinicopathologic features, human papillomavirus DNA detection, and P16 expression. Hum Pathol 36(1):82–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Pecorelli S (2009) Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 105(2):103–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Pecorelli S, Zigliani L et al (2009) Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 105(2):107–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Perez-Regadera J, Sanchez-Munoz A et al (2009) Negative prognostic impact of the coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 in locally advanced cervical cancer. Oncology 76(2):133–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY et al (2000) Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol 18(8):1606–1613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Pinto AP, Crum CP (2000) Natural history of cervical neoplasia: defining progression and its consequence. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43(2):352–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Pirog EC, Kleter B et al (2000) Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in different histological subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 157(4):1055–1062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Pisani P, Bray F et al (2002) Estimates of the world-wide prevalence of cancer for 25 sites in the adult population. Int J Cancer 97(1):72–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Poynor EA, Marshall D et al (2006) Clinicopathologic features of early adenocarcinoma of the cervix initially managed with cervical conization. Gynecol Oncol 103(3):960–965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Prempree T, Villasanta U et al (1980) Management of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix (cylindroma): report of six cases and reappraisal of all cases reported in the medical literature. Cancer 46(7):1631–1635

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Pretorius R, Semrad N et al (1991) Presentation of cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 42(1):48–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Randall ME, Andersen WA et al (1986) Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathologic study of nine cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5(1):1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Reich O, Tamussino K et al (2000) Clear cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: pathology and prognosis in surgically treated stage IB-IIB disease in women not exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Gynecol Oncol 76(3):331–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Richards CJ, Furness PN (1990) Basement membrane continuity in benign, premalignant and malignant epithelial conditions of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 16(1):47–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Robboy SJ, Young RH et al (1984) Atypical vaginal adenosis and cervical ectropion. Association with clear cell adenocarcinoma in diethylstilbestrol-exposed offspring. Cancer 54(5):869–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Roche WD, Norris HJ (1975) Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The significance of lymphatic invasion and confluent patterns of stromal growth. Cancer 36(1):180–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Ronnett BM, Yemelyanova AV et al (2008) Endocervical adenocarcinomas with ovarian metastases: analysis of 29 cases with emphasis on minimally invasive cervical tumors and the ability of the metastases to simulate primary ovarian neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 32(12):1835–1853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Rosa DD, Medeiros LR et al (2009) Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for early stage cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD005342

    Google Scholar 

  222. Rutledge FN, Mitchell MF et al (1992) Youth as a prognostic factor in carcinoma of the cervix: a matched analysis. Gynecol Oncol 44(2):123–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Saigo PE, Cain JM et al (1986) Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 57(8):1584–1593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Samlal RA, Ten Kate FJ et al (1998) Do mucin-secreting squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix metastasize more frequently to pelvic lymph nodes? A case-control study? Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(3):201–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Samlal RA, van der Velden J et al (1997) Identification of high-risk groups among node-positive patients with stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 64(3):463–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Saraiya M, Ahmed F et al (2007) Cervical cancer incidence in a prevaccine era in the United States, 1998–2002. Obstet Gynecol 109(2 Pt 1):360–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Savargaonkar PR, Hale RJ et al (1996) Neuroendocrine differentiation in cervical carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 49(2):139–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Schiffman M, Castle PE et al (2007) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet 370(9590):890–907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Schneider V (1981) Arias-stella reaction of the endocervix: frequency and location. Acta Cytol 25(3):224–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Schorge JO, Lee KR et al (1999) Early cervical adenocarcinoma: selection criteria for radical surgery. Obstet Gynecol 94(3):386–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Schwartz SM, Daling JR et al (2001) Human papillomavirus and prognosis of invasive cervical cancer: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 19(7):1906–1915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Sedlis A, Sall S et al (1979) Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinical-pathologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133(1):64–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Seski JC, Abell MR et al (1977) Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix: definition, histologic analysis, late results of treatment. Obstet Gynecol 50(4):410–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Sevin BU, Nadji M et al (1992) Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 70(8):2121–2128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Shah AN, Olah KS (2002) Cervical stump carcinoma following subtotal hysterectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol 22(6):701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Shattuck DL, Miller JK et al (2007) LRIG1 is a novel negative regulator of the Met receptor and opposes Met and Her2 synergy. Mol Cell Biol 27(5):1934–1946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Sheets EE, Berman ML et al (1988) Surgically treated, early-stage neuroendocrine small-cell cervical carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 71(1):10–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Shingleton HM, Bell MC et al (1995) Is there really a difference in survival of women with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the cervix? Cancer 76(10 Suppl):1948–1955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Shinohara S, Ochi T et al (2004) Histopathological prognostic factors in patients with cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 9(6):503–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Silver SA, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M et al (2001) Mesonephric adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix: a study of 11 cases with immunohistochemical findings. Am J Surg Pathol 25(3):379–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Silverberg SG, Hurt WG (1975) Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (“adenoma malignum”) of the cervix: a reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol 121(7):971–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Simon NL, Gore H et al (1986) Study of superficially invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 68(1):19–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Smith JS, Green J et al (2003) Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet 361(9364):1159–1167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Smith HO, Qualls CR et al (2002) Is there a difference in survival for IA1 and IA2 adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix? Gynecol Oncol 85(2):229–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Smith HO, Tiffany MF et al (2000) The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States–a 24-year population-based study. Gynecol Oncol 78(2):97–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Snijders-Keilholz A, Ewing P et al (2005) Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cervix uteri: a case report – changing concepts in therapy. Gynecol Oncol 98(3):516–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Staebler A, Sherman ME et al (2002) Hormone receptor immunohistochemistry and human papillomavirus in situ hybridization are useful for distinguishing endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 26(8):998–1006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ (2007) Cyclooxygenase-2 transcription is regulated by human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins: evidence of a corepressor/coactivator exchange. Cancer Res 67(8):3976–3985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Sullivan LM, Smolkin ME et al (2008) Comprehensive evaluation of CDX2 in invasive cervical adenocarcinomas: immunopositivity in the absence of overt colorectal morphology. Am J Surg Pathol 32(11):1608–1612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Szczepulska E, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A et al (1999) Cervical verrucous carcinoma involving endometrium. Case report. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 20(1):35–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Szurkus DC, Harrison TA (2003) Loop excision for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on cytology: correlation with colposcopic and histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188(5):1180–1182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Takeda N, Sakuragi N et al (2002) Multivariate analysis of histopathologic prognostic factors for invasive cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy and systematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81(12):1144–1151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Takeshima N, Yanoh K et al (1999) Assessment of the revised International Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics staging for early invasive squamous cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 74(2):165–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Tambouret R, Bell DA et al (2000) Microcystic endocervical adenocarcinomas: a report of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 24(3):369–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Tamimi HK, Ek M et al (1988) Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix redefined. Obstet Gynecol 71(6 Pt 1):837–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Tenti P, Pavanello S et al (1998) Analysis and clinical implications of p53 gene mutations and human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 infection in primary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Am J Pathol 152(4):1057–1063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Teshima S, Shimosato Y et al (1985) Early stage adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Histopathologic analysis with consideration of histogenesis. Cancer 56(1):167–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Thelmo WL, Nicastri AD et al (1990) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of uterine cervix stage IB. Long-term follow-up, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 9(4):316–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Toki T, Shiozawa T et al (1997) Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix has abnormal expression of sex steroid receptors, CA125, and gastric mucin. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16(2):111–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Toussaint-Smith E, Donner DB et al (2004) Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in primary foreskin keratinocytes is sufficient to alter the expression of angiogenic factors. Oncogene 23(17):2988–2995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Trottier H, Mahmud S et al (2006) Human papillomavirus infections with multiple types and risk of cervical neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(7):1274–1280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Tseng CJ, Pao CC et al (1997) Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix: association with Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus. Cancer 80(1):91–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Tsukamoto N, Kaku T et al (1989) The problem of stage Ia (FIGO, 1985) carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 34(1):1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Ueda Y, Miyatake T et al (2008) Clonality and HPV infection analysis of concurrent glandular and squamous lesions and adenosquamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Am J Clin Pathol 130(3):389–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Ueda G, Shimizu C et al (1989) An immunohistochemical study of small-cell and poorly differentiated carcinomas of the cervix using neuroendocrine markers. Gynecol Oncol 34(2):164–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Ulbright TM, Gersell DJ (1983) Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A light and electron microscopic study of five cases. Cancer 51(12):2255–2263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Van Nagell JR Jr, Greenwell N et al (1983) Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145(8):981–991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Vang R, Gown AM et al (2007) p16 expression in primary ovarian mucinous and endometrioid tumors and metastatic adenocarcinomas in the ovary: utility for identification of metastatic HPV-related endocervical adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 31(5):653–663

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Vesterinen E, Forss M et al (1989) Increase of cervical adenocarcinoma: a report of 520 cases of cervical carcinoma including 112 tumors with glandular elements. Gynecol Oncol 33(1):49–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Vinh-Hung V, Bourgain C et al (2007) Prognostic value of histopathology and trends in cervical cancer: a SEER population study. BMC Cancer 7:164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Vizcaino AP, Moreno V et al (1998) International trends in the incidence of cervical cancer: I. Adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 75(4):536–545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV et al (1999) Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 189(1):12–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Walker AN, Mills SE et al (1988) Cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinical and light microscopic study of 14 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7(1):64–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Wang TY, Chen BF et al (2001) Histologic and immunophenotypic classification of cervical carcinomas by expression of the p53 homologue p63: a study of 250 cases. Hum Pathol 32(5):479–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Wang HL, Lu DW (2004) Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and expression of p16, Rb, and p53 proteins in small cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Am J Surg Pathol 28(7):901–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Wang SS, Sherman ME et al (2004) Cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma incidence trends among white women and black women in the United States for 1976–2000. Cancer 100(5):1035–1044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Wang SS, Sherman ME et al (2006) Pathological characteristics of cervical adenocarcinoma in a multi-center US-based study. Gynecol Oncol 103(2):541–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Wells M, Ostor AG et al (2002) Tumours of the uterine cervix. In: Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (eds) Tumors of the breast and female genital organs. IARC, Lyon, pp 260–286

    Google Scholar 

  279. Wentz WB, Reagan JW (1959) Survival in cervical cancer with respect to cell type. Cancer 12(2):384–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Wheeler CM (2008) Natural history of human papillomavirus infections, cytologic and histologic abnormalities, and cancer. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 35(4):519-36; vii

    Google Scholar 

  281. Wheeler DT, Kurman RJ (2005) The relationship of glands to thick-wall blood vessels as a marker of invasion in endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 24(2):125–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Wistuba II, Thomas B et al (1999) Molecular abnormalities associated with endocrine tumors of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 72(1):3–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Wolff JP, Lacour J et al (1972) Cancer of the cervical stump. Study of 173 patients. Obstet Gynecol 39(1):10–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Yahata T, Numata M et al (2008) Conservative treatment of stage IA1 adenocarcinoma of the cervix during pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 109(1):49–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Yajima A, Noda K (1979) The results of treatment of microinvasive carcinoma (stage iA) of the uterine cervix by means of simple and extended hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135(5):685–688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Yang L, Parkin DM et al (2004) Estimation and projection of the national profile of cancer mortality in China: 1991–2005. Br J Cancer 90(11):2157–2166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Yazigi R, Sandstad J et al (1990) Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix: prognosis in stage IB. Obstet Gynecol 75(6):1012–1015

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Yemelyanova A, Ji H et al (2009) Utility of p16 expression for distinction of uterine serous carcinomas from endometrial endometrioid and endocervical adenocarcinomas: immunohistochemical analysis of 201 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 33(10):1504–1514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Yemelyanova A, Vang R et al (2009) Endocervical adenocarcinomas with prominent endometrial or endomyometrial involvement simulating primary endometrial carcinomas: utility of HPV DNA detection and immunohistochemical expression of p16 and hormone receptors to confirm the cervical origin of the corpus tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 33(6):914–924

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Young RH, Clement PB (2002) Endocervical adenocarcinoma and its variants: their morphology and differential diagnosis. Histopathology 41(3):185–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Young RH, Scully RE (1988) Mucinous ovarian tumors associated with mucinous adenocarcinomas of the cervix. A clinicopathological analysis of 16 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7(2):99–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Young RH, Scully RE (1989) Atypical forms of microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix simulating carcinoma. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 13(1):50–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Young RH, Scully RE (1993) Minimal-deviation endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. A report of five cases of a distinctive neoplasm that may be misinterpreted as benign. Am J Surg Pathol 17(7):660–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Young RH, Welch WR et al (1982) Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: review of 74 cases including 27 with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and four with adenoma malignum of the cervix. Cancer 50(7):1384–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Zaino RJ (2002) The fruits of our labors: distinguishing endometrial from endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 21(1):1–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Zaino RJ (2002) Symposium part I: adenocarcinoma in situ, glandular dysplasia, and early invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 21(4):314–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Zaino RJ, Ward S et al (1992) Histopathologic predictors of the behavior of surgically treated stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 69(7):1750–1758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Zannoni GF, Sioletic S et al (2008) The role of HPV detection and typing in diagnosis of pulmonary metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 53(5):604–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Zbroch T, Grzegorz Knapp P et al (2005) Verrucous carcinoma of the cervix–diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties with regards to HPV status. Case report. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 26(2):227–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Zhang SQ, Yu H et al (2009) Clinical implications of increased lymph vessel density in the lymphatic metastasis of early-stage invasive cervical carcinoma: a clinical immunohistochemical method study. BMC Cancer 9:64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Zheng T, Holford TR et al (1996) The continuing increase in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a birth cohort phenomenon. Int J Epidemiol 25(2):252–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Zhou C, Gilks CB et al (1998) Papillary serous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 22(1):113–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Zivanovic O, Leitao MM Jr et al (2009) Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: Analysis of outcome, recurrence pattern and the impact of platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 112(3):590–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Agnieszka K. Witkiewicz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Witkiewicz, A.K., Wright, T.C., Ferenczy, A., Ronnett, B.M., Kurman, R.J. (2011). Carcinoma and Other Tumors of the Cervix. In: Kurman, R.J., Ellenson, L.H., Ronnett, B.M. (eds) Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0489-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0489-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0488-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0489-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics