Introduction
Singapore is a city-state located at the southern end of the Malay peninsula. Large-scale landfill projects starting from the 1960s have substantially changed its coastline (Wong 1985), which has advanced seaward by 10 km at its western end (Fig. 19.3.1 ). This modified or developed coastline has significant harbours, docks, and various coastal protection structures, while barrages have been built to enclose estuaries along the west coast, north coast, and at the Marina channel. Along the east coast and at Pasir Ris the modification has included the formation of beaches between series of breakwaters acting as headlands, thus producing a sandy coastline. Rock bunds were constructed on the reef platforms around many of the southern islands, with gaps for beaches to form.
Singapore.
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References
Public Works Department (1976) Geology of the Republic of Singapore. Singapore
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Wong PP (1981) Beach evolution between headland breakwaters. Shore Beach 49:3–12
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Poh, W.P. (2010). Singapore. In: Bird, E.C.F. (eds) Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8639-7_209
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