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Optical Microscopy of Fluctuating Giant Vesicles and Motile Cells

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Soft Matter Characterization

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1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

During the last two decades, optical microscopy has experienced a renaissance. Initiated by the advent of confocal microscopes [1] and optical tweezers [2] in the mid 1980s, as well as 2-photon microscopy [3] in the early 1990s, direct 3-dimensional observation and manipulation of biological material with high resolution continue to deliver many important insights. A more specialized quasi 2-dimensional technique, total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [4] allows observation near a substrate with a comparatively simple set up but superb signal-to-noise ratio. At the same time, ever increasing computer power made it possible to perform advanced real-time image analysis on micrographs obtained with classical phase and differential interference contrast (DIC) [5–7]. Automated tracking of single particles and membrane movements can be done with nanometer resolution.

This Chapter covers some specific aspects of light microscopy of giant vesicles and motile...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The concept of a molecular shape should be taken with some caution. In fact, molecular configurations are a function of the local environment and, strictly speaking, cannot be viewed as an independent property of a molecule.

  2. 2.

    Due to the quasi 2-dimensional membrane, the molecules do not form a regular crystal.

  3. 3.

    Spinodal lines delimit the regions of metastable shapes. At its respective spinodal, a particular shape becomes unstable to small perturbations and decays into the globally stable configuration.

  4. 4.

    In analogy to thermodynamics, this tricritical point separates a line of first (\(D^{pro/pear}\)) and second-order (\(C^{pro/pear}\)) phase transitions.

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Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to thank my former students Astrid Gau, Christopher K. Haluska, Josephine B. Lee, Antje Reinecke, Olaf Selchow, Liyu Xu, as well as my former postdocs Rumiana Dimova, Peter G. Petrov, and Karin Riske for the productive atmosphere in my old group in Postdam. Special thanks to Gerhard Gompper and Udo Seifert for their inspiration and truly enjoyable collaboration. I have benefited greatly from discussions with my collaborators at Columbia University Benjamin J. Dubin-Thaler, Gregory Giannone, and Harry S. Xenias.

I am indebted to my academic teachers Michael Wortis, Evan Evans, Erich Sackmann, Reinhard Lipowsky, and Michael P. Sheetz for their guidance and insight. Special thanks to Michael P. Sheetz for his hospitality and support which allowed this review to be written.

Last but not least, I am grateful for discussions with my colleagues and collaborators Patricia Bassereau, Pieter R. Cullis, Willi Fenzl, Stefan Förster, Werner Goedel, Woijciek T. Góźdź, Christine Hiergeist, Josef Käs, Martin Kraus, Thomas D. Madden, Ling Miao, Barbara L.S. Mui, Jacques Pécréaux, Jacques Prost, and Wolfgang Wintz.

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  1. Columbia University New York, NY, USA

    H. -G. Döbereiner

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  1. H. -G. Döbereiner
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. CERMAV, CNRS-UPR 5301 and Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Redouane Borsali

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of California - Stanford Stauffer II, 375 North-South Mall, 94305-5080, Stanford, CA, USA

    Robert Pecora (Professor) (Professor)

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Döbereiner, H.G. (2008). Optical Microscopy of Fluctuating Giant Vesicles and Motile Cells. In: Borsali, R., Pecora, R. (eds) Soft Matter Characterization. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4465-6_26

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