Skip to main content

Online Signature Verification

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition

Abstract

Along with the exponential rise in the use of the Internet and of mobile devices is a rapidly growing need for personal identity confirmation. As a result, online signature verification is being considered with renewed interest.

This chapter presents an overview of online signature verification and a discussion of the most important theoretical aspects of signature generation and modeling. The principal issues related to the development of online signature verification systems are addressed, and the most commonly used approaches proposed in the literature are presented and compared.

Finally, throughout the chapter, based on the state-of-the-art techniques available, current challenges are identified and promising directions for further research are highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alonso-Fernandez F, Fierrez J, Gilperez A, Galbally J, Ortega-Garcia J (2010) Robustness of signature verification systems to imitators with increasing skills. In: Proceedings of the 20th ICPR, Istanbul, 23–26 Aug 2010, pp 728–732

    Google Scholar 

  2. ANSI (2011) Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information, NIST Special Publication, 500–290

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ballard L, Lopresti D, Monrose F (2007) Forgery quality and its implication for behavioural biometric security. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 37(5):1107–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bovino L, Impedovo S, Pirlo G, Sarcinella L (2003) Multi-expert verification of hand-written signatures. In: 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-7), Edinburgh, Aug 2003. IEEE Computer Society, pp 932–936

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brault J-J, Plamondon R (1993) A complexity measure of handwritten curves: modeling of dynamic signature forgery. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern (T-SMC) 23(2):400–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Brault J-J, Plamondon R (1993) Segmenting handwritten signatures at their perceptually important points. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 15(9):953–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen Y, Ding X (2002) On-line signature verification using direction sequence string matching. Proc SPIE 4875:744–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Congedo G, Dimauro G, Impedovo S, Pirlo G (1994) A new methodology for the measurement of local stability in dynamical signatures. In: 4th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-4), Taipei, Dec 1994, pp 135–144

    Google Scholar 

  9. Congedo G, Dimauro G, Forte AM, Impedovo S, Pirlo G (1995) Selecting reference signatures for on-line signature verification. In: Braccini C, De Floriani L, Vernazza G (eds) 8th international conference on image analysis and processing (ICIAP-8), San Remo, Sept 1995. LNCS 974. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 521–526

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Di Lecce V, Dimauro G, Guerriero A, Impedovo S, Pirlo G, Salzo A, Sarcinella L (1999) Selection of reference signatures for automatic signature verification. In: 5th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-5), Bangalore, 20–22 Sept 1999, pp 597–600

    Google Scholar 

  11. Di Lecce V, Dimauro G, Guerriero A, Impedovo S, Pirlo G, Salzo A (2000) A multi-expert system for dynamic signature verification. In: Kittler J, Roli F (eds) 1st international workshop on multiple classifier systems (MCS 2000), Cagliari, June 2000. LNCS 1857. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 320–329

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dimauro G, Impedovo S, Pirlo G (1993) On-line signature verification by a dynamic segmentation technique. In: 3rd international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-3), Buffalo, May 1993, pp 262–271

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dimauro G, Impedovo S, Pirlo G (1994) Component-oriented algorithms for signature verification. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell (IJPRAI) 8(3):771–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dimauro G, Impedovo S, Modugno R, Pirlo G, Sarcinella L (2002) Analysis of stability in hand-written dynamic signatures. In: 8th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-8), Niagara-on-the-Lake, Aug 2002, pp 259–263

    Google Scholar 

  15. Djioua M, Plamondon R (2009) Studying the variability of handwriting patterns using the kinematic theory. Hum Mov Sci 28(5):588–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dolfing JGA, Aarts EHL, Van Oosterhout JJGM (1998) On-line Verification signature with Hidden Markov Models. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR-14), Brisbane, Aug 1998, pp 1309–1312

    Google Scholar 

  17. Feng H, Wah CC (2003) Online signature verification using a new extreme points warping technique. Pattern Recognit Lett 24(16):2943–2951. Elsevier Science Direct

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fuentes M, Garcia-Salicetti S, Dorizzi B (2002) On-line signature verification: fusion of a Hidden Markov Model and a neural network via a support vector machine. In: 8th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-8), Niagara-on-the-Lake, Aug 2002, pp 253–258

    Google Scholar 

  19. Galbally J, Fierrez J, Martinez-Diaz M, Ortega-Garcia J (2010) Improving the enrollment in dynamic signature verification with synthetic samples. In: Proceedings of the 20th ICPR, Istanbul, 23–26 Aug 2010, pp 1295–1299

    Google Scholar 

  20. Galbally J, Fierrez J, Martinez-Diaz M, Ortega-Garcia J (2010) Evaluation of brute-force attack to dynamic signature verification using synthetic samples. In: Proceedings of the 20th ICPR, Istanbul, 23–26 Aug 2010, pp 131–135

    Google Scholar 

  21. Galbally J, Fierrez J, Martinez-Diaz M, Ortega-Garcia J, Plamondon R, O’Reilly C (2010) Kinematical analysis of synthetic dynamic signatures using the sigma-lognormal model. In: Proceedings of the 12th ICFHR, Kolkata, 16–18 Nov 2010, pp 113–118

    Google Scholar 

  22. Galbally J, Plamondon R, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J (2012) Synthetic on-line signature generation. Part I: methodology and algorithms. Pattern Recognit 45(7):2610–2621

    Google Scholar 

  23. Galbally J, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J, Plamondon R (2012) Synthetic on-line signature generation. Part II: experimental validation. Pattern Recognit 45(7):2622–2632

    Google Scholar 

  24. Garcia-Salicetti S, Beumier C, Chollet G, Dorizzi B, Leroux les Jardins J, Lunter J, Ni Y, Petrovska-Delacrtaz D (2003) Biomet: a multimodal person authentication database including face, voice, fingerprint, hand and signature modalities. In: Kittler J, Nixon MS (eds) Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication. LNCS 2688. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 845–853

    Google Scholar 

  25. Guest RM (2004) The repeatability of signatures. In: 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-9), Kichijoji, Oct 2004, pp 492–497

    Google Scholar 

  26. Guest R (2006) Age dependency in handwritten dynamic signature verification systems. Pattern Recognit Lett 27(10):1098–1104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Guest R, Fairhurst M (2006) Sample selection for optimising signature enrolment. In: Proceedings of the 10th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR 10), La Baule, Oct 2006

    Google Scholar 

  28. Guru DS, Prakash HN (2009) Online signature verification and recognition: an approach based on symbolic representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 31(6):1059–1073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hongo Y, Muramatsu D, Matsumoto T (2005) AdaBoost-based on-line signature verifier. In: Biometric technology for human identification II, Orlando. Proceedings of the SPIE, Orlando, Florida, USA, vol 5779, pp 373–380

    Google Scholar 

  30. Houmani N, Garcia-Salicetti S, Dorizzi B (2008) A novel personal entropy measure confronted with online signature verification systems’ performance. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd international conference biometrics: theory, applications and systems (BTAS 2008), Washington, DC, Sept 2008, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  31. Huang K, Yan H (1995) On-line signature verification based on dynamic segmentation and global and local matching. Opt Eng 34(12):3480–3487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Huang K, Yan H (2003) Stability and style-variation modeling for on-line signature verification. Pattern Recognit 36(10):2253–2270

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Ibrahim MT, Kyan M, Khan MA, Alimgeer KS, Guan L (2010) On-line signature verification using 1-D velocity-based directional analysis. In: Proceedings of the 20th ICPR, Istanbul, 23–26 Aug 2010, pp 3830–3833

    Google Scholar 

  34. Igarza JJ, Goirizelaia I, Espinosa K, Hernáez I, Méndez R, Sánchez J (2003) Online handwritten signature verification using Hidden Markov Models. In: Sanfeliu A, Ruiz-Shulcloper J (eds) CIARP 2003, Havana, Cuba. LNCS 2905. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Havana, Cuba, pp 391–399

    Google Scholar 

  35. Igarza JJ, Gómez L, Hernáez I, Goirizelaia I (2004) Searching for an optimal reference system for on-line signature verification based on (x, y) alignment. In: Zhang D, Jain AK (eds) ICBA 2004, Hong Kong. LNCS 3072. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Hong Kong, pp 519–525

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Impedovo S, Pirlo G (2007) Verification of handwritten signatures: an overview. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on image analysis and processing (ICIAP 2007), Modena, 11–13 Sept 2007, pp 191–196

    Google Scholar 

  37. Impedovo D, Pirlo G (2008) Automatic signature verification – state of the art. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 38(5):609–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Impedovo D, Pirlo G (2010) On-line signature verification by stroke-dependent representation domains. In: Proceedings of the 12th ICFHR, Kolkata, 16–18 Nov 2010, pp 623–627

    Google Scholar 

  39. ISO (2013) Information technology – Biometric data interchange formats – Part 11: Signature/sign processed dynamic data ISO/ IEC 19794-11

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jain AK, Griess FD, Connell SD (2002) On-line signature verification. Pattern Recognit 35(12):2963–2972

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  41. Kamel NS, Sayeed S, Ellis GA (2006) Glove-based approach to on-line signature verification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 30(6):1109–1113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kashi RS, Hu J, Nelson WL, Turin W (1997) On-line handwritten signature verification using Hidden Markov Model features. In: 4th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-4), Ulm, Aug 1997, vol I. IEEE Computer Society, pp 253–257

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kashi RS, Hu J, Nelson WL, Turin WL (1998) A Hidden Markov Model approach to online handwritten signature verification. Int J Doc Anal Recognit (IJDAR) 1(2):102–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Khan MK, Khan MA, Khan MAU, Ahmad I (2006) On-line signature verification by exploiting inter-feature dependencies. In: Proceedings of the 18th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR’06), Hong Kong, Aug 2006, pp 796–799

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kholmatov A, Yanikoglu B (2005) Identity authentication using improved online signature verification method. Pattern Recognit Lett 26:2400–2408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Komiya Y, Ohishi T, Matsumoto T (2001) A pen input on-line signature verifier integrating position, pressure and inclination trajectories. IEICE Trans Inf Syst E84-D(7):833–838

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Leclerc F, Plamondon R (1994) Automatic signature verification: the state of the art – 1989–1993. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell (IJPRAI) 8(3):643–660. In: Plamondon R (ed) (1994) Special issue on progress in automatic signature verification, Series in: MPAI, World Scientific, pp 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lee LL, Berger T, Aviczer E (1996) Reliable on-line human signature verification systems. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 18(6):643–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee J, Yoon H-S, Soh J, Chun BT, Chung YK (2004) Using geometric extrema for segment-to-segment characteristic comparison in online signature verification. Pattern Recognit 37(1):93–103

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. Lei H, Govindaraju V (2005) A comparative study on the consistency of features in on-line signature verification. Pattern Recognit Lett 26:2483–2489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lejtman DZ, George SE (2001) On-line handwritten signature verification using wavelets and back-propagation neural networks. In: 6th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-6), Seattle, Sept 2001, pp 992–996

    Google Scholar 

  52. Li B, Wang K, Zhang D (2004) On-line signature verification based on PCA (principal component analysis) and MCA (minor component analysis). In: Zhang D, Jain AK (eds) ICBA 2004, Hong Kong. LNCS 3072. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Hong Kong, pp 540–546

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Longstaff MG, Heath RA (2006) Spiral drawing performance as an indicator of fine motor function in people with multiple sclerosis. Hum Mov Sci 25:474–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Maiorana E, Campisi P, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J, Neri A (2010) Cancelable templates for sequence-based biometrics with application to on-line signature recognition. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum 40(3):525–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Martens R, Claesen L (1998) Incorporating local consistency information into the online signature verification process. Int J Doc Anal Recognit (IJDAR) 1(2):110–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Martinez-Diaz M, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J (2008) Incorporating signature verification on handheld devices with user-dependent Hidden Markov Models. In: Proceedings of the ICFHR 2008, 19–21 Aug 2008, Montreal, pp 326–331

    Google Scholar 

  57. Munich ME, Perona P (2003) Visual identification by signature tracking. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 25(2):200–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Muramatsu D, Matsumoto T (2003) An HMM On-line signature verification algorithm. In: Kittler J, Nixon MS (eds) AVBPA 2003, Guildford. LNCS 2688, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Guildford, UK, pp 233–241

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nabeshima S, Yamamoto S, Agusa K, Taguchi T (1995) MemoPen: a new input device. In: International conference human factors in computer systems (CHI), Denver, Colorado, USA, pp 256–257

    Google Scholar 

  60. Nakanishi I, Nishiguchi N, Itoh Y, Fukui Y (2004) On-line signature verification based on discrete wavelet domain adaptive signal processing. In: Zhang D, Jain AK (eds) ICBA 2004, Hong Kong. LNCS 3072, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Hong Kong, pp 584–591

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  61. Nanni L (2006) An advanced multi-matcher method for on-line signature verification featuring global features and tokenised random numbers. Neurocomputing 69(16–18):2402–2406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Nanni L, Maiorana E, Lumini A, Campisi P (2010) Combining local, regional and global matchers for a template protected on-line signature verification system. Expert Syst Appl 37(5):3676–3684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Nelson W, Turin W, Hastie T (1994) Statistical methods for on-line signature verification. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell (IJPRAI) 8(3):749–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. O’Reilly C, Plamondon R (2009) Development of a sigma-lognormal representation for on-line signatures. Pattern Recognit Spec Issue Front Handwrit Recognit 42:3324–3337

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. O’Reilly C, Plamondon R (2011) Impact of stroke risk factors on human movements. Hum Mov Sci 30:792–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Reilly C, Plamondon R (2012) Design of a neuromuscular disorders diagnostic system using human movement analysis. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on information sciences, signal processing and their applications, Montreal, July 2012, pp 787–792

    Google Scholar 

  67. O’Reilly C, Plamondon R (2012) Looking for the brain stroke signature. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on pattern recognition, Tsukuba, Nov 2012, pp 1811–1814

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ortega-Garcia J, Fierrez-Aguilar J, Martin-Rello J, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J (2003) Complete signal modeling and score normalization for function-based dynamic signature verification. In: Kittler J, Nixon MS (eds) AVBPA’03, Guildford. LNCS 2688. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 658–667

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ortega-Garcia J, Fierrez-Aguilar J, Simon D, Gonzalez J, Faundez M, Espinosa V, Satue A, Hernaez I, Igarza J-J, Vivaracho C, Escudero D, Moro Q-I (2003) MCYT baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database. IEE Proc Vis Image Signal Process Spec Issue Biom Internet 150(6):395–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Ortega-Garcia J, Fiérrez J, Alonso-Fernandez F, Galbally J, Freire MR, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J, García-Mateo C, Alba-Castro JL, González-Agulla E, Otero Muras E, Garcia-Salicetti S, Allano L, Ly V-B, Dorizzi B, Kittler J, Bourlai T, Poh N, Deravi F, Ng MWR, Fairhurst MC, Hennebert J, Humm A, Tistarelli M, Brodo L, Richiardi J, Drygajlo A, Ganster H, Sukno F, Pavani S-K, Frangi AF, Akarun L, Savran A (2010) The multiscenario multienvironment BioSecure Multimodal Database (BMDB). IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 32(6):1097–1111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Parizeau M, Plamondon R (1989) What types of scripts can be used for personal identity verification? In: Plamondon R, Suen CY, Simner M (eds) Computer recognition and human production of handwriting. World Scientific, Singapore/New Jersey/London/Hong Kong, pp 77–90

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  72. Parizeau M, Plamondon R (1990) A comparative analysis of regional correlation, dynamic time warping, and skeletal tree matching for signature verification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 12(7):710–717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Philips PJ, Martin A, Wilson CL, Przybocki M (2000) An introduction evaluating biometric systems. Computer 33(2):56–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Plamondon R (ed) (1994) Progress in automatic signature verification. World Scientific, Singapore

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  75. Plamondon R (1994) The design of an on-line signature verification system: from theory to practice. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell (IJPRAI) Spec Issue Signat Verif 8(3):795–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Plamondon R (1995) A kinematic theory of rapid human movements: part I – movement representation and generation. Biol Cybern 72(4):295–307

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  77. Plamondon R, Djioua M (2006) A multi-level representation paradigm for handwriting stroke generation. Hum Mov Sci 25(4–5):586–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Plamondon R, Lorette G (1989) Automatic signature verification and writer identification – the state of the art. Pattern Recognit 22(2):107–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (T-PAMI) 22(1):63–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Pirlo G (1994) Algorithms for signature verification. In: Impedovo S (ed) Fundamentals in handwriting recognition. Proceedings of the NATO-ASI series. Springer, Berlin, pp 433–454

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  81. Qu T, El Saddik A, Adler A (2003) Dynamic signature verification system using stroke-based features. In: IEEE international workshop on haptic, audio and visual environments and their applications (HAVE 2003), Ottawa, Sept 2003, pp 83–88

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rabasse C, Guest RM, Fairhurst MC (2007) A method for the synthesis of dynamic biometric signature data. In: Proceedings of the 9th ICDAR, Curitiba, Brasil, 23–26 Sept 2007, pp 168–172

    Google Scholar 

  83. Schmidt C, Kraiss K-F (1997) Establishment of personalized templates for automatic signature verification. In: 4th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-4), Ulm, Aug 1997, vol I. IEEE Computer Society, pp 263–267

    Google Scholar 

  84. Schomaker LRB, Plamondon R (1990) The relation between axial pen force and pen-point kinematics in handwriting. Biol Cybern 63:277–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Shafiei MM, Rabiee HR (2003) A new on-line signature verification algorithm using variable length segmentation and Hidden Markov Models. In: 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-7), Edinburgh, Aug 2003, vol I. IEEE Computer Society, pp 443–446

    Google Scholar 

  86. Uludag U, Pankanti S, Prabhakar S, Jain AK (2004) Biometric cryptosystems: issues and challenges. Proc IEEE 92(6):948–960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Van B, Garcia-Salicetti S, Dorizzi B (2007) On using the Viterbi path along with HMM likelihood information for online signature verification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 37(5):1237–1247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Van Gemmert W, Adler CH, Stelmach GE (2003) Parkinson’s disease patients undershoot target size in handwriting and similar tasks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1502–1508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Vielhauer C (2005) A behavioural biometrics. Public Serv Rev Eur Union 20(9):113–115

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wang D, Zhang Y, Yao C, Wu J, Jiao H, Liu M (2010) Toward force-based signature verification: a pen-type sensor and preliminary validation. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 59(4): 752–762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Wessels T, Omlin CW (2000) A hybrid system for signature verification. In: International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN 2000), Como, July 2000, vol 5, pp 509–514

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wirotius M, Ramel J-Y, Vincent N (2005) Comparison of point selection for characterizing on-line signature. In: Jain AK, Ratha NK (eds) Biometric technology for human identification II, Orlando, Mar 2005. Proceedings of the SPIE, vol 5779, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp 307–313

    Google Scholar 

  93. Woch A, Plamondon R, O’Reilly C (2011) Kinematic characteristics of successful movement primitives in young and older subjects: a delta-lognormal comparison. Hum Mov Sci 30:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Wolf F, Basu TK, Dutta PK, Vielhauer C, Oermann A, Yegnanarayana B (2005) A cross-cultural evaluation framework for behavioral biometric user authentication. In: Spiliopoulou et al (eds) From data and information analysis to knowledge engineering. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 654–661

    Google Scholar 

  95. Wu Q-Z, Jou I-C, Lee S-Y (1997) Online signature verification using LPC cepstrum and neural networks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 27(1):148–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Wu Q-Z, Lee S-Y, Jou I-C (1997) On-line signature verification based on split-and-merge matching mechanism. Pattern Recognit Lett 18(7):665–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Wu Q-Z, Lee S-Y, Jou I-C (1998) On-line signature verification based on logarithmic spectrum. Pattern Recognit 31(12):1865–1871. Pergamon

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Yan JH, Rountree S, Massman P, Doody RS, Li H (2008) Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment deteriorate fine movement control. J Psychiatr Res 42:1203–1212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Yang L, Widjaja BK, Prasad R (1995) Application of Hidden Markov Models for signature verification. Pattern Recognit 28(2):161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Yeung D-Y, Chang H, Xiong Y, George S, Kashi R, Matsumoto T, Rigoll G (2004) SVC2004: first international signature verification competition. In: Zhang D, Jain AK (eds) ICBA 2004, Hong Kong. LNCS 3072. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Hong Kong, pp 16–22

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  101. Yoon HS, Lee JY, Yang HS (2002) An on-line signature verification system using Hidden Markov Model in polar space. In: 8th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition (IWFHR-8), Ontario, Aug 2002. IEEE Computer Society, pp 329–333

    Google Scholar 

  102. Yue KW, Wijesoma WS (2000) Improved segmentation and segment association for on-line signature verification. IEEE Int Conf Syst Man Cybern 4:2752–2756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Zhang K, Nyssen E, Sahli H (2002) A multi-stage online signature verification system. Pattern Anal Appl 5:288–295

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  104. Zou M, Tong J, Liu C, Lou Z (2003) On-line signature verification using local shape analysis. In: 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR-7), Edinburgh, Aug 2003, vol I. IEEE Computer Society, pp 314–318

    Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  1. Proceedings of the IAPR International Conferences on Biometry: ICB 2009 (Alghero, Italy), ICB 2011 (Washington DC, USA), ICB 2012 (New Delhi, India), ICB (2013, Madrid, Spain). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1801205

  2. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems: ICBTAS 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 (Washington DC, USA). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1001496

  3. Proceedings of the International Conferences on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition: ICFHR 2008 (Montréal, Canada), 2010 (Kolkata, India), 2012 (Bari, Italy). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1000298

  4. Proceedings of the Biennial Conferences of the International Graphonomics Society: IGS 2009 (Dijon, France), IGS 2011 (Cancun, Mexico), IGS 2013 (Nara, Japan). http://www.graphonomics.org/publications.php

  5. Proceedings of the IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition: ICDAR 2009 (Barcelona, Spain), 2011 (Beijing, China), 2013 (Washington DC, USA). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome.jsp?punumber=1000219

  6. Special Issues of Human Movement Science on Handwriting: Vol.30, No.4 (2011) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01679457/30/4

  7. Special Issues of Human Movement Science on Handwriting: Vol.32, (2013). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01679457

  8. Special Issue of Motor Control Vol.14, No 1, (2010). http://journals.humankinetics.com/mc-back-issues/MCVolume14Issue1January

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Réjean Plamondon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag London

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Plamondon, R., Pirlo, G., Impedovo, D. (2014). Online Signature Verification. In: Doermann, D., Tombre, K. (eds) Handbook of Document Image Processing and Recognition. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-859-1_30

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics