Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery pp 101–115Cite as

Endoluminal Ultrasound

  • Reference work entry

  • 1691 Accesses

Abstract

Evaluation of the anal canal and rectum has traditionally relied on digital examination, anoscopy, and rigid or flexible proctosigmoidoscopy. The introduction of imaging methods, particularly endoluminal ultrasonography has brought a greater degree of objectivity to the evaluation of the anorectum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. Wild JJ, Reid JM. Diagnostic use of ultrasound. Br J Phys Med 1956;19(11):248–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dragsted J, Gammelgaard J. Endoluminal ultrasonic scanning in the evaluation of rectal cancer: a preliminary report of 13 cases. Gastrointest Radiol 1983;8(4):367–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hildebrandt U, Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28(1):42–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Greene FL, et al., ed. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Beynon J, et al. The endosonic appearances of normal colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29(12):810–813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Deen KI, Madoff RD, Wong WD. Preoperative staging of rectal neoplasms with endorectal ultrasonography. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 1995;6:78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Garcia‐Aguilar J, et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45(1):10–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pikarsky A, et al. The use of rectal ultrasound for the correct diagnosis and treatment of rectal villous tumors. Am J Surg 2000;179(4):261–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Worrell S, et al. Endorectal ultrasound detection of focal carcinoma within rectal adenomas. Am J Surg 2004;187(5):625–629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kim DG, Madoff RD. Transanal treatment of rectal cancer: ablative methods and open resection. Semin Surg Oncol 1998;15(2):101–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beynon J, et al. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1989;76(3): 276–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rifkin MD, Ehrlich SM, Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology 1989;170(2):319–322.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Orrom WJ, et al. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33(8):654–659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Milsom JW, Graffner H. Intrarectal ultrasonography in rectal cancer staging and in the evaluation of pelvic disease. Clinical uses of intrarectal ultrasound. Ann Surg 1990;212(5):602–606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pappalardo G, et al. The value of endoluminal ultrasonography and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer: a preliminary study. J Surg Oncol 1990;43(4):219–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Thaler W, et al. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasound vs. magnetic resonance imaging. Preliminary results of a prospective, comparative study. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37(12):1189–1193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tio TL, Tytgat GN. Endoscopic ultrasonography in analysing peri‐intestinal lymph node abnormality. Preliminary results of studies in vitro and in vivo. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1986;123:158–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hildebrandt U, et al. Endosonography of pararectal lymph nodes. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33(10):863–868.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Herrera‐Ornelas L, et al. Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg 1987;122(11):1253–1256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Katsura Y, et al. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of wall invasion and lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35(4):362–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Akasu T, et al. Limitations and pitfalls of transrectal ultrasonography for staging of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40(10 suppl):S10–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sunouchi K, et al. Small spot sign of rectal carcinoma by endorectal ultrasonography: histologic relation and clinical impact on postoperative recurrence. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(5):649–653.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sunouchi K, et al. Limitation of endorectal ultrasonography: what does a low lesion more than 5 mm in size correspond to histologically? Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(6):761–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Solomon MJ, R.S. McLeod Endoluminal transrectal ultrasonography: accuracy, reliability, and validity. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36(2):200–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumours and lymph node involvement. Br J Surg 1990;77(8):883–887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kruskal JB, et al. Pitfalls and sources of error in staging rectal cancer with endorectal US. Radiographics 1997;17(3):609–626.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bernini A, et al. Preoperative adjuvant radiation with chemotherapy for rectal cancer: its impact on stage of disease and the role of endorectal ultrasound. Ann Surg Oncol 1996;3(2): 131–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fleshman JW, et al. Accuracy of transrectal ultrasound in predicting pathologic stage of rectal cancer before and after preoperative radiation therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35(9): 823–829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Meade PG, et al. Preoperative chemoradiation downstages locally advanced ultrasound‐staged rectal cancer. Am J Surg 1995;170(6):609–612; discussion 612–613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rau B, et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Surg Endosc 1999;13(10):980–984.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Williamson PR, et al. Endorectal ultrasound of T3 and T4 rectal cancers after preoperative chemoradiation. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39(1):45–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brown CL, et al. Response to preoperative chemoradiation in stage II and III rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(9): 1189–1193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Michelassi F, et al. Local recurrence after curative resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Surgery 1990;108(4):787–792; discussion 792–793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sagar PM, Pemberton JH. Surgical management of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83(3):293–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Beynon J, et al. The detection and evaluation of locally recurrent rectal cancer with rectal endosonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32(6):509–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. de Anda EH, et al. Endorectal ultrasound in the follow‐up of rectal cancer patients treated by local excision or radical surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47(6):818–824.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mascagni D, et al. Endoluminal ultrasound for early detection of local recurrence of rectal cancer [see comment]. Br J Surg 1989;76(11):1176–1180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ramirez JM, et al. Endoluminal ultrasonography in the follow‐up of patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1994;81(5):692–694.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rotondano G, et al. Early detection of locally recurrent rectal cancer by endosonography. Br J Radiol 1997;70(834):567–571.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tjandra JJ, et al. Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35(5): 465–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sentovich SM, Wong WD, Blatchford GJ. Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(8):1000–1004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rieger N, Tjandra J, Solomon M. Endoanal and endorectal ultrasound: applications in colorectal surgery. ANZ J Surg 2004;74(8):671–675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tjandra JJ, et al. Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincteric defects. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36(7):689–692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mellgren A, et al. Long‐term cost of fecal incontinence secondary to obstetric injuries. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(7):857–865; discussion 865–867.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Allen RE, et al. Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study [see comment]. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97(9):770–779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sultan AH, et al. Anal‐sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery [comment]. N Engl J Med 1993;329(26):1905–1911.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Poen AC, et al. Third‐degree obstetric perineal tear: long‐term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg 1998;85(10):1433–1438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sorensen M, et al. Sphincter rupture in childbirth. Br J Surg 1993;80(3):392–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tetzschner T, et al. Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture [see comment]. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103(10):1034–1040.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Burnett SJ, et al. Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Radiol 1991;64(759):225–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Varma A, et al. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: prospective evaluation of incidence [see comment]. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(12):1537–1543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Zetterstrom J, et al. Effect of delivery on anal sphincter morphology and function. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(10):1253–1260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Effect of pregnancy on anal sphincter morphology and function. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993;8(4):206–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Willis S, Faridi A, Schelzig S, et al. Childbirth and incontinence: a prospective study on anal sphincter morphology and function before and early after vaginal delivery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2002;387(2):101–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsang CB, et al. Anal sphincter integrity and function influences outcome in rectovaginal fistula repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(9):1141–1146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Deen KI, et al. Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg 1993;218(2):201–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Falk PM, et al. Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37(5):468–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Farouk R, Bartolo DC. The use of endoluminal ultrasound in the assessment of patients with faecal incontinence. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1994;39(5):312–318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Zetterstrom JP, et al. Perineal body measurement improves evaluation of anterior sphincter lesions during endoanal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(6):705–713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. deVries PA, Pena A. Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17(5):638–643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jones NM, et al. The value of anal endosonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging following the repair of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Radiol 2003;33(3):183–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Simmang CL, et al. Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty in adults: secondary repair for persistent incontinence in patients with anorectal malformations. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(8): 1022–1027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gilliland R, et al. Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(12):1516–1522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Donnelly V, et al. Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92(6):955–961.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Solomon MJ, et al. Assessment of peripouch inflammation after ileoanal anastomosis using endoluminal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38(2):182–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Deen KI, et al. Fistulas in ano: endoanal ultrasonographic assessment assists decision making for surgery. Gut 1994;35(3): 391–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cataldo PA, Senagore A, Luchtefeld MA. Intrarectal ultrasound in the evaluation of perirectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36(6):554–558.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Law PJ, et al. Anal endosonography in the evaluation of perianal sepsis and fistula in ano. Br J Surg 1989;76(7):752–755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Lengyel AJ, Hurst NG, Williams JG. Pre‐operative assessment of anal fistulas using endoanal ultrasound. Colorectal Dis 2002;4(6):436–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cheong DM, et al. Anal endosonography for recurrent anal fistulas: image enhancement with hydrogen peroxide. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36(12):1158–1160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Poen AC, et al. Hydrogen peroxide‐enhanced transanal ultrasound in the assessment of fistula‐in‐ano. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41(9):1147–1152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Navarro‐Luna A, et al. Ultrasound study of anal fistulas with hydrogen peroxide enhancement. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47(1):108–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Goldman S, et al. Transanorectal ultrasonography in the staging of anal epidermoid carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6(3): 152–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Herzog U, Boss M, Spichtin HP. Endoanal ultrasonography in the follow‐up of anal carcinoma. Surg Endosc 1994;8(10): 1186–1189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Roseau G, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging and follow‐up of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40(4):447–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Giovannini M, et al. Anal carcinoma: prognostic value of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS). Results of a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2001;33(3):231–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tarantino D, Bernstein MA. Endoanal ultrasound in the staging and management of squamous‐cell carcinoma of the anal canal: potential implications of a new ultrasound staging system. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45(1):16–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hunerbein M, et al. Prospective comparison of endorectal ultrasound, three‐dimensional endorectal ultrasound, and endorectal MRI in the preoperative evaluation of rectal tumors. Preliminary results. Surg Endosc 2000;14(11):1005–1009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim JC, et al. Comparative study of three‐dimensional and conventional endorectal ultrasonography used in rectal cancer staging. Surg Endosc 2002;16(9):1280–1285.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. West RL, Dwarkasing S, Briel JW, et al. Can three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasonography detect external anal sphincter atrophy? A comparison with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Colorectal Dis 2005;20(4):328–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gold DM, et al. Three‐dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury. Br J Surg 1999;86(3):365–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. West RL, et al. Hydrogen peroxide‐enhanced three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating perianal fistulas: agreement and patient preference. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;16(12):1319–1324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Buchanan GN, et al. Value of hydrogen peroxide enhancement of three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound in fistula‐in‐ano. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(1):141–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Romano G, et al. Intrarectal ultrasound and computed tomography in the pre‐ and postoperative assessment of patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1985;72(suppl):S117–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hildebrandt U, et al. Endorectal ultrasound: instrumentation and clinical aspects. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986;1(4):203–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Holdsworth PJ, et al. Endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1988;75(10):1019–1022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Beynon J. An evaluation of the role of rectal endosonography in rectal cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989;71(2):131–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Dershaw DD. Endorectal sonography for rectal carcinoma. Bull NY Acad Med 1990;68(3):411–419.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Glaser F, et al. Influence of endorectal ultrasound on surgical treatment of rectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1990;16(4):304–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Jochem RJ, et al. Endorectal ultrasonographic staging of rectal carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65(12):1571–1577.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Herzog U, et al. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36(2):127–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sentovich SM, et al. Transrectal ultrasound of rectal tumors. Am J Surg 1993;166(6):638–641; discussion 641–642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Adams DR, et al. Use of preoperative ultrasound staging for treatment of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(2):159–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Marusch F, et al. Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2002;34(5):385–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Manger T, Stroh C. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Tech Coloproctol 2004;8(suppl 1):14–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Donald G. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. Douglas Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Chairman, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA

    Bruce G. Wolff MD, FASCRS (Senior Editors) (Senior Editors)

  2. Professor of Surgery, Chief, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    James W. Fleshman MD, FASCRS (Senior Editors) (Senior Editors)

  3. Chairman, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA

    David E. Beck MD, FASCRS (Senior Editors) (Senior Editors)

  4. Professor of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Consultant, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA

    John H. Pemberton MD, FASCRS (Senior Editors) (Senior Editors)

  5. Chief of Staff, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA

    Steven D. Wexner MD, FASCRS (Senior Editors) (Senior Editors)

  6. Victor W. Fazio Chair of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    James M. Church BSc, MBChB, MMed Sci, FASCRS (Associate Editors) (Associate Editors)

  7. Professor of Surgery, Chief, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Julio Garcia-Aguilar MD, PhD, FASCRS (Associate Editors) (Associate Editors)

  8. Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA

    Patricia L. Roberts MD, FASCRS (Associate Editors) (Associate Editors)

  9. Professor of Surgery, Head, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Theodore J. Saclarides MD, FASCRS (Associate Editors) (Associate Editors)

  10. Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA

    Michael J. Stamos MD, FASCRS (Associate Editors) (Associate Editors)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Kim, D.G., Wong, W.D. (2007). Endoluminal Ultrasound. In: Wolff, B.G., et al. The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36374-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36374-5_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24846-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36374-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation