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The Mammalian Circadian System: from Genes to Behavior

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

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1 Introduction

Virtually all organisms studied to date, from bacteria to humans, possess an internal clock that has an intrinsic period of approximately 24 h. This endogenous pacemaker drives circadian rhythms (“circa” = about, “dies” = a day) of myriad biological processes, from cell metabolism to behavioral state. Although the anatomical location and genetic components of the pacemaker differ among species, all circadian systems can be described by a three-component model that includes: (1) the pacemaker, a molecular clock that has a period of approximately 24 h and that continues to oscillate even in the prolonged absence of any timing cues, (2) an input pathway that conveys environmental time cues to the pacemaker, and (3) output pathways by which the pacemaker can influence biochemistry and behavior (Takahashi et al., 2001). This review focuses on mammalian circadian rhythms, and covers the anatomical and molecular basis for the master pacemaker, the neurochemical processes...

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Abbreviations

ANS:

Autonomic nervous system

CT:

circadian time

CRE:

cyclic-AMP response element

CREB:

CRE-binding protein

FSH:

follicle stimulating hormone

GRP:

gastrin-related peptide

GnRH:

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

G-protein:

guanine nucleotide binding protein

HPA:

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

HPG:

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal

IGL:

intergeniculate leaflet

LD:

light:dark

LH:

luteinizing hormone

MEF:

mouse embryonic fibroblast

MUA:

multiunit electrical activity

NPY:

neuropeptide Y

PACAP:

pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

POA:

preoptic area

RGC:

retinal ganglion cell

RHT:

retinohypothalamic tract

RORE:

retinoic acid related orphan receptor response element

5-HT:

serotonin

SCN:

suprachiasmatic nucleus

VIP:

vasoactive intestinal peptide

AVP:

vasopressin

TTX:

tetrodotoxin

ZT:

Zeitgeber time

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  2. E. L. McDearmon
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  3. J. S. Takahashi
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9271, USA

    Jeffrey D. Blaustein

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© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Miller, B.H., McDearmon, E.L., Takahashi, J.S. (2007). The Mammalian Circadian System: from Genes to Behavior. In: Lajtha, A., Blaustein, J.D. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_22

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