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The Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry of Birdsong

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Birdsong is a complex learned motor skill that is used in the context of territory defense and mate choice. Songbirds have evolved a specialized neural circuit that controls the learning, production, and perception of song. Studies of the hormonal regulation of neurotransmitter systems in this specialized circuit provide an opportunity for neuroscientists to investigate the cellular neurochemistry of complex behaviors. In this review, we review the hormonal regulation of seasonal neuroplasticity in this circuit with special emphasis on the action of androgens including their estrogenic and androgenic metabolites. One theme that emerges is that androgens can induce seasonal changes in the morphology of the song circuit but that the ability of testosterone to be metabolized into androgenic or estrogenic metabolites also changes seasonally. The basic chemical neuroanatomy of the song system is reviewed and possible sites for the modulation of these transmitter systems by androgens are identified.

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Abbreviations

A:

arcopallium

α2 :

α2- adrenergic receptors

Ach:

acetylcholine

Achesterase:

acetylcholine esterase

AF:

aspiny fast-firing neurons

ant.Di:

anterior diencephalon

AP5:

2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid

APH:

area parahippocampalis

AR:

androgen receptors

β1:

Beta1 adrenergic receptors

β2:

Beta2 adrenergic receptors

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BST:

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

BSTM:

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial part

CA:

commissura anterior

Cereb:

Cerebellum

ChAT:

Choline acetyl transferase

DA:

Dopamine

DBC:

decussatio brachiorum conjunctivorum

DHEA:

dehydroepiandrosterone

5α-DHT:

5α-dihydrotestosterone

5β-DHT:

5β-dihydrotestosterone

DLM:

dorsolateral thalamic nucleus

DM:

dorsomedial portion of the nucleus intercollicularis

DSD:

decussatio supraoptica dorsalis

DSP-4:

N-[2-chloroethyl]-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine

E:

Entopallium

ERα:

Estrogen Receptors of the Alpha Subtype

ERβ:

Estrogen Receptors of the Beta Subtype

FLM:

fasciculus longitudinalis medialis

GABA:

γ-amino butyric acid

GAD:

glutamic acid decarboxylase

GCt:

substantia grisea centralis (=mesencephalic central gray)

GLv:

nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis

GnRH:

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GP:

globus pallidus

HA:

accessory part of the hyperpallium

3H:

tritium

HVC:

Used as the proper name for the nucleus

ICC:

immunocytochemistry

ISH:

in situ hybridization

ICo:

nucleus Intercollicularis

Km:

estimated affinity

LMAN:

lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium

LSt:

lateral striatum

LTP:

Long Term Potentiation

M:

mesopallium

MLd:

nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis

Musc:

Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors

mRNA:

messenger ribonucleic acid

N:

nidopallium

NC:

caudal nidopallium

NE:

Norepinephrine

Nico:

Nictotinic cholinergic receptors

Nif:

nucleus interfacialis (=interface)

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartic acid

OV:

nucleus ovoidalis

PMH:

Posterior nucleus of the medial hypothalamus

nXIIts:

tracheosyringeal part of the nucleus of the XIIth cranial nerve

O.L:

Optic Lobes

POA:

Preoptic region

POM:

medial preoptic nucleus

post.Di:

posterior diencephalon

PVN:

paraventricular nucleus

RA:

robust nucleus of the arcopallium

Ram:

nucleus retroambigualis

Rt:

nucleus rotundus

rVRG:

rostral Ventral Respiratory Group

SN:

spiny neurons

T:

Testosterone

Tel:

Telencephalon

TH:

tyrosine hydroxylase

TnA:

nucleus taeniae of the amygdala

TSM:

septopallial mesencephalic tract

Tu:

nucleus tuberis

VIP:

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Vmax:

maximum velocity

VMN:

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

VT:

vasotocin

X:

area X of the medial striatum

ZENK:

zif-268, egr-1, NGFI-A, or Krox-24

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Acknowledgments

Research in the authors’ laboratory and preparation of this review were supported by grants from the NIH/NINDS (R01 NS 35467) to G.F.B., and by a grant from the Belgian FRFC (2.4562.05) to J.B.

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  1. G. F. Ball
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  2. J. Balthazart
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  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9271, USA

    Jeffrey D. Blaustein

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Ball, G.F., Balthazart, J. (2007). The Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry of Birdsong. In: Lajtha, A., Blaustein, J.D. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_10

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