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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology pp 463–498Cite as

Secretin Superfamily: PACAP, VIP, and Related Neuropeptides

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Abstract:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are important members of the secretin superfamily, specialized to function in the central and peripheral nervous systems. While the initial discovery of VIP as a vasoactive peptide revealed much if not all about its physiological role as a slow transmitter neuropeptide, PACAP's discovery as a putative hypophysiotropic hormone was initially misleading in terms of its far more ubiquitous and more physiologically important role as a neuropeptide cotransmitter similar to VIP. VIP and PACAP also function at “neuroimmunological synapses” upon release from nerve terminals, and perhaps also upon production in immunocytes. Thus, these two peptides have been implicated genetically, physiologically, and pharmacologically, in endocrine regulation, pain modulation, spatial memory, glucohomeostasis, arthritic inflammation, sepsis defense responses, respiratory control, circadian regulation, intermediary metabolism, and coordination of hormonal and cardiovascular control. Finally, along with their cognate receptors PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, VIP and PACAP form an autoregulatory network that may function in cell differentiation, proliferation, and transformation.

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Abbreviations

AC:

adenylate cyclase

ACh:

acetylcholine

ACTH:

adrenocorticotropic hormone

BALT:

bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue

CPE/H:

carboxypeptidase E/H

FSH:

follicle‐stimulating hormone

GALT:

gut‐associated lymphoid tissue

GH:

growth hormone

GIP:

glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

GLUC:

glucagon

GLP‐1,‐2:

glucagon‐like peptide‐1,‐2

GPCR:

G‐protein‐coupled receptor

GRF:

growth hormone‐releasing factor

LDCVs:

large dense core vesicles

LH:

luteinizing hormone

LH‐RH:

luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone

MALT:

mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue

PACAP:

pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

PAM:

peptide glycine alpha‐amidating monooxygenase

PC:

prohormone convertase

PHM/PHI:

peptide histidine methionine/peptide histidine isoleucine

PRL:

prolactin

PRP:

PACAP‐related peptide

SCN:

suprachiasmatic nucleus

SEC:

secretin

SOM:

somatostatin

SSVs:

small synaptic vesicles

TSH:

thyroid‐stimulating hormone

TRH:

thyrotropin‐releasing hormone

VIP:

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

VSCC:

voltage‐sensitive calcium channel

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Matthew Gerdin and Carol Hamelink for comments on the manuscript and ask colleagues to overlook citation of review articles rather than specific citations in some cases due to space limitations.

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  1. T. Mustafa
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  2. L. E. Eiden
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, Orangeburg, Newyork, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, 52242, lowa, lowa, USA

    Ramon Lim

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Mustafa, T., Eiden, L.E. (2006). Secretin Superfamily: PACAP, VIP, and Related Neuropeptides. In: Lajtha, A., Lim, R. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_21

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