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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology pp 239–265Cite as

Functional Dynamics of Myelin Lipids*

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Abstract:

Biological membranes of living organism are composed of two fundamental components: proteins and lipids. Lipids are defined as water-insoluble biomolecules, which have high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents. They account for more than half of the total mass of myelin, which is an extension of oligodendrocyte plasma membrane that spirally enwraps axons and is critical for efficient nerve conduction. Because of the high lipid content of myelin, in particular glycosphingolipids and cholesterol, it was thought to play a central role in myelin/oligodendrocyte physiology. This view has been strongly supported by multiple approaches, most prominently the gene knockout studies that have significantly enhanced our understanding and appreciation of lipids in the overall function and structure of the CNS myelin. This chapter discusses the role of lipids in the regulation of myelin/oligodendrocyte physiology including oligodendrocyte development, myelin biogenesis and maintenance, and sorting and transport of myelin components.

*This book chapter is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Steven E. Pfeiffer (1940–2007). May every reader of this chapter remember him as one of the scientists who largely contributed to the comprehension of the myelin physiology and oligodendrocyte development.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

CNP:

2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase

CNS:

central nervous system

CST:

cerebroside sulfotransferase

DHAP:

dihydroxyacetone-phosphate

GalCer:

galactosylceramide

GD1a:

Neu5Acα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4-(Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GD1b:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3)Galβ4-GlcCer

GD2:

GalNAcβ4-(Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GD3:

Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcCer

GlcCer:

glucosylceramide

GM1a:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GM1b:

Neu5Acα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4Galβ4GlcCer

GM2:

GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GM3:

Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcCer

GM4:

N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylceramide

GQ1b:

Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

Gro-3P:

glycerol-3-phosphate

GT1a:

Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GT1b:

Neu5Acα3-Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

GT1c:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4(Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα8Neu5Acα3)Galβ4GlcCer

HMG-CoA:

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA

MAG:

myelin-associated glycoprotein

MBP:

myelin basic protein

MDR:

multidrug resistant protein

MGDG:

monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol

MOG:

myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

NeuAc:

N-acetylneuraminic acid

PLP:

proteolipid protein

PNS:

peripheral nervous system

SialT:

sialyltransferase

SPTLCB:

serine palmitoyltransferase long-chain base

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Martin R. Schiller (UConn Health Center) for useful suggestions during the writing and correction of this chapter. We also acknowledge the support of the National Institutes of Health through the grant NS10861.

Authors
  1. S. N. Fewou
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  2. N. Jackman
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  3. G. van Meer
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  4. R. Bansal
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  5. S. E. Pfeiffer
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, Orangeburg, New York, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy

    Guido Tettamanti

  3. Department of Internal Medicine Section of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy

    Gianfrancesco Goracci

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Fewou, S.N., Jackman, N., Meer, G.v., Bansal, R., Pfeiffer, S.E. (2009). Functional Dynamics of Myelin Lipids*. In: Lajtha, A., Tettamanti, G., Goracci, G. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30378-9_10

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