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Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which leads to the formation of disseminated demyelinated plaques in the central nervous system. The disease manifests in an early relapsing form, which is followed by a stage of progressive neurological deterioration. In the early stages of the disease focal demyelinated white matter lesions are formed by the influx of new waves of inflammatory cells from the circulation. In this phase peripheral immunosuppression or modulation of the immune response reduces the appearance of new lesions and ameliorates disease. In contrast, in the progressive stage, inflammation becomes trapped within the brain and spinal cord and gives rise to diffuse (mainly axonal) damage in the global white matter and profound demyelination in the cerebral cortex. The mechanisms, involved in the formation of MS lesions, are complex and heterogeneous, involving cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes, specific autoantibodies and toxic products of activated macrophages and microglia cells. The mechanisms of tissue injury, involved in the formation of MS lesions are in part reflected in different models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, many features of MS pathology and pathogenesis are not covered by this model.

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Abbreviations

Apo‐E:

apolipoprotein E

CNS:

central nervous system

CNTF:

ciliary neurotrophic factor

EAE:

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

GFAP:

glia fibrillary acidic protein

HLA‐D:

human leukocyte antigen‐D

MAG:

myelin associated glycoprotein

MBP:

myelin basic protein

MHC:

major histocompatibility complex

MOG:

myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

MS:

multiple sclerosis

NAA:

N‐acetylaspartate

PLP:

proteolipid protein

PPMS:

primary progressive MS

RRMS:

relapsing/remitting MS

SPMS:

secondary progressive MS

TNF:

tumour necrosis factor

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  1. H. Lassmann
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, New York, 10962, Orangeburg, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Technion‐Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Efron St., POBox 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel

    Moussa B. H. Youdim (Professor of Pharmacology Professor of Life Sciences Director of Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research) (Professor of Pharmacology Professor of Life Sciences Director of Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research)

  3. Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Dept. Clinical Neurochemistry, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

  4. Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Technion, Efron St., P.O.B. 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel

    Sylvia A. Mandel

  5. Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128, Padova, Italy

    Leontino Battistin

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Lassmann, H. (2007). Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. In: Lajtha, A., Youdim, M.B.H., Riederer, P., Mandel, S.A., Battistin, L. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30377-2_18

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