Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Social Epidemiology

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Epidemiology

Abstract

Social epidemiology has been defined as the branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health (Berkman and Kawachi 2000). As all aspects of human life are inextricably bound within the context of social relations, every conceivable epidemiological exposure is related to social factors. In this broad sense, all epidemiology is social epidemiology (Kaufman and Cooper 1999) with perhaps the latter discipline making explicit the analysis of the social determinants of health. However, the term “social” has also been used to contrast with the “individual” and especially individualist theories of society. And so for some, social epidemiology and its social theories of disease distribution stand in contrast to individualistic epidemiology, which relies on individualistic theories of disease causation (Krieger 2001a).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acheson D (1998) Inequalities in health: report of an independent inquiry. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker DJP (1991) The foetal and infant origins of inequalities in health in Britain. J Public Health Med 12(2):64–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker DJP (1997) Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in later life. Br Med Bull 53:96–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartley M, Plewis I (1997) Does health-selective mobility account for socioeconomic differences in health? Evidence from England and Wales, 1971–1991. J Health Soc Behav 38:376–386

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D (2002) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges, and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol 31:293

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF (1995) The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosom Med 57:245–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF (2008) Social epidemiology: social determinants of health in the United States: are we losing ground? Annu Rev Public Health 30:19.1–19.15

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, Czajkowski SM, DeBusk R, Hosking J, Jaffe A, Kaufmann PG, Mitchell P, Norman J, Powell LH, Raczynski JM, Schneiderman N (2003) Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 289:3106–3116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Glass T (2000) Social integration, networks and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 137–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Kawachi I (2000) A historical framework for social epidemiology. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI (1992) Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction. A prospective, population-based study of the elderly. Ann Intern Med 117: 1003–1009

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosma H, Peter R, Siegrist J, Marmot MG (1998) Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health 88:68–74

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. The Hogarth Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling A (2003) Measuring health: a review of quality of life measurement scales. Open University Press, Milton Keynes

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn NM (1969) The structure of psychological well-being. ALDINE, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner EJ (2000) Toward a new social biology. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York,

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner EJ, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Juneja M, Alberti KGMM (1997) Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the WII study. Diabetologia 40:1341–1349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner EJ, Mendall MA, Marmot MG (1995) Past or present Helicobacter pylori infection and fibrinogen – a possible link between social class and coronary risk? J Epidemiol Community Health 49:545

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner EJ, Nicholson A, Marmot MG (1993) Trends in central obesity and insulin resistance across employment grades: the WII Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 47:404–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney RM, Feedland KE (2000) Depression and mental illness. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 191–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, Badrick E, Kivimaki M, Marmot MG (2008) Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J 29:640–648

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M (2006) Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. Br Med J 332:521–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Coburn D (2000) Income inequality, social cohesion and the health status of populations: the role of neo-liberalism. Soc Sci Med 51:135–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman JS (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol 94:S95–S120

    Google Scholar 

  • Colhoun H, Prescott-Clarke P (1996) Health survey for England 1994. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulter A (1993) Measuring quality of life. In: Kinmouth A, Jones R (eds) Critical reading in general practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • CSDH 2008 (2008) Closing the gap in a generation. Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey Smith G, Hart CL, Hole DJ, MacKinnon P, Gillis C, Watt G, Blane D, Hawthorne VM (1998) Education and occupational social class: which is the more important indicator of mortality risk? J Epidemiol Community Health 52:153–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey Smith G, Lynch J (2004) Life course approaches to socioeconomic differentials in health. In: Kuh D, Ben Shlomo Y (eds) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology, 2 edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 77–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health (2002) Tackling health inequalities: summary of the 2002 cross-cutting review. Department of Health, London

    Google Scholar 

  • DHSS (1980) Inequalities in health: Report of a research working group chaired by Sir Douglas Black. DHSS, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Muntaner C, Tyroler HA, Comstock GW, Shahar E, Cooper LS, Watson RL, Szklo M (1997) Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am J Epidemiol 146:48–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan C, Jones K, Moon G (1993) Do places matter: a multilevel analysis of regional variations in health related behaviour in Britain. Soc Sci Med 42:817–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim E (1897) Suicide. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahim S, Wannamethee G, McCallum A, Walker M, Shaper A (1995) Marital status, change in marital status, and mortality in middle-aged British men. Am J Epidemiol 142:834–842

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferri E, Brynner J, Wadsworth M (2003) Changing Britain, changing lives. Education Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Stansfeld S, Davey Smith G (1995) Health effects of anticipation of job change and non-employment: longitudinal data from the Whitehall II study. Br Med J 311:1264–1269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick R, Fletcher A, Gore S, Jones D, Speigelhalter D, Cox D (1992) Quality of life measures in health care. I: applications and issues in assessment. Br Med J 305:1074–1077

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn, M.W. (1965) Introduction, in Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain by Edwin Chadwick 1842 Edited with an introduction by M.W. Flinn. University Press, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman M (1957) A theory of the consumption function. Princeton University Press, Princeton/New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimeno D, Brunner EJ, Lowe GD, Rumley A, Marmot MG, Ferrie JE (2007) Adult socioeconomic position, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in the Whitehall II prospective study. Eur J Epidemiol 22:675–683

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass TA (2000) Psychosocial intervention. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 267–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Glymour MM (2006) Natural experiments and instrumental variable analyses in social epidemiology. In: Oakes JM, Kaufman JS (eds) Methods in social epidemiology. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 423–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin J, Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG (2002) The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class? Soc Sci Med 54:738–798

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman AB (1991) Regulation of human pituitary responses to stress. In: Brown MB, Koob GF, Rivier C (eds) Stress: neurobiology and neuroendocrinology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 151–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannan PJ (2006) Experimental social epidemiology: controlled community trials. In: Oakes JM, Kaufman JS (eds) Methods in social epidemiology. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 335–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Heijmans BT, Tobi EW, Stein AD, Putter H, Blauw GJ, Susser ES, Slagboom PE, Lumey LH (2008) Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:17046–17049

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellhammer DH, Buchtal J, Gutberlet I, Kirschbaum C (1997) Social hierarchy and adrenocortical stress reactivity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22:643–650

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemingway H, Shipley MJ, Christie D, Marmot M (1998) Cardiothoracic ratio and relative heart volume as predictors of coronary heart disease mortality: the Whitehall study 25 year follow up. Eur Heart J 19:859–869

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertzman C, Power C, Matthews S, Manor O (2001) Using an interactive framework of society and lifecourse to explain self-rated health in early adulthood. Soc Sci Med 53:1575–1585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman NA (2002) Genetics and social class. J Epidemiol Community Health 56:529–535

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howden-Chapman P, Matheson A, Crane J, Viggers H, Cunningham M, Blakely T, Cunningham C, Woodward A, Saville-Smith K, O’Dea D, Kennedy M, Baker M, Waipara N, Chapman R, Davie G (2007) Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community. Br Med J 334:460

    Google Scholar 

  • Howlet T, Rees L, Besser G (1985) Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:911–945

    Google Scholar 

  • Illsley R (1986) Occupational class, selection and the production of inequalities in health. Q J Soc Aff 2:151–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan GA, Keil JE (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation 88:1973–1998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karasek R, Baker D, Marxer F, Ahlbom A, Theorell T (1981) Job decision latitude, job demands and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of Swedish men. Am J Public Health 71:694–705

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasl SV, Jones BA (2000) The impact of job loss and retirement on health. In: Berkman LA, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 118–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JS, Cooper RS (1999) Seeking causal explanations in social epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 150:113–120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Berkman LA (2000) Social cohesion, social capital and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 174–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Kennedy B, Wilkinson R (1999a) Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation. Soc Sci Med 48:731

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Glass R (1999b) Social capital and self-rated health: a contextual analysis. Am J Public Health 89:1187–1193

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly MP, Morgan A, Bonnefoy J, Butt J, Bergman V (2007) The social determinants of health: developing an evidence base for political action. Final report to World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health from Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network. 2007. WHO, Geneva www.who.int/social_determinants/resources /mekn_report_10oct07.pdf

  • Kemper TD (1993) Sociological models in the explanation of emotions. In: Lewis M, Haviland JM (eds) Handbook of emotions. The Guildford Press, New York, pp 41–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger N (2001a) A glossary for social epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 55: 693–700

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger N (2001b) Commentary: society, biology and the logic of social epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 30:44–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristenson M, Orth-Gomer K, Kucinskiene Z, Bergdahl B, Calkauskas H, Balinkyiene I, Olsson AG (1998) Attenuated cortisol response to a standardised stress test in Lithuanian vs. Swedish men. Int J Behav Med 5:17–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I (2000) Affective states and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 213–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y (1997) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari M, Badrick E, Chandola T, Adler NE, Epel E, Seeman T, Kirschbaum C, Marmot MG (2010) Measures of social position and cortisol secretion in an aging population: findings from the Whitehall II study. Psychosom Med 72:27–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT (1997) Why do poor people behave badly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 44:809–819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre S, Ellaway A (2000) Ecological approaches: rediscovering the role of the physical and social environment. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 332–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre S, Maciver S, Sooman A (1993) Area, class and health: should we be focusing on places or people? J Soc Policy 22:213–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Meltzer H, Stevens W, Calabrese J, Cosyns P (1994) Immuendocrine aspects of major depression. Relationships between plasma interleukin-1 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor, prolactin and cortisol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 18:717–730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley M, Hamilton PJS (1978) Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health 32:244–249

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Shipley MJ (1996) Do socioeconomic differences in mortality persist after retirement? 25 year follow up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study. Br Med J 313:1177–1180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D’Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonte B, Szyf M, Turecki G, Meaney MJ (2009) Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci 12:342–348

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKeown T (1979) The role of medicine: dream, mirage or nemesis? Basil Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Meaney MJ, Szyf M (2005) Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 7:103–123

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menzhaghi F, Heinrichs S, Pich E, Weiss F, Koob G (1993) The role of limbic and hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor in behavioural response to stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 697:142–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra G, Nitsch D, Black S, De SB, Kuh D, Hardy R (2009) A structured approach to modelling the effects of binary exposure variables over the life course. Int J Epidemiol 38:528–537

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mroczek D, Kolarz C (1998) The effect of age on positive and negative affect: a developmental perspective on happiness. J Personal Soc Psychol 75:1333–1349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muntaner C (2001) Social epidemiology: no way back. A response to Zielhus and Kiemeney. Int J Epidemiol 30:625–626

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro V, Shi L (2001) The political context of social inequalities in health. Soc Sci Med 52: 481–491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oakes JM, Johnson PJ (2006) Propensity score matching for social epidemiology. In: Oakes JM, Kaufman JS (eds) Methods in social epidemiology. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 364–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollitt RA, Rose KM, Kaufman JS (2005) Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 5:7

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power C, Hertzman C (1997) Social and biological pathways linking early life and adult disease. Br Med Bull 53:210–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam R (2000) Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose D, Pevalin D (2002) The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification: unifying official and sociological approaches to the conceptualisation and measurement of social class. Soc Contemp 45/46:75–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose G (1992) The strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman K, Adami H, Trichopoulos D (1998) Should the mission of epidemiology include the eradication of poverty? Lancet 352:810–813

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky R, Krey L, McEwen B (1986) The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr Rev 3:301

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky RM (1993) Endocrinology alfresco: psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons. Recent Prog Hormone Res 48:437–468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R (1990) Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 39:897–901

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selye H (1956) The stress of life. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist J (1996) Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1:27–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slogett A, Joshi H (1994) Higher mortality in deprived areas: community or personal disadvantage? Br Med J 309:1470–1474

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow J (1855) On the mode of communication of cholera, 2 edn. Churchill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel D, Bloom J, Kraemer H, Gottheil E (1989) Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 14:888–891

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger CD, Krasner SS (1988) The assessment of state and trait anxiety. In: Noyes R Jr, Roth M, Burrows GD (eds) Enological factors and associated disturbances. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Holland, pp 31–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Stansfeld SA, Head J, Marmot MG (1998) Explaining social class differences in depression and well-being. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suomi SJ (1997) Early determinants of behaviour: evidence from primate studies. Br Med Bull 53:170–184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Susser M (1995) The tribulations of trials-interventions in communities. Am J Public Health 85:156–158

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syme SL, Berkman LF (1976) Social class, susceptibility, and sickness. Am J Epidemiol 104:1–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szreter S (1988) The importance of social intervention in Britain’s mortality decline c.1850–1914: a re-interpretation of the role of public health. Soc Hist Med 1:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • The Marmot Review (2010) Fair society, healthy lives. Strategic review for health inequalities in England post 2010. The Marmot Review, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Walberg P, McKee M, Shkolnikov V, Chenet L, Leon D (1998) Economic change, crime and mortality crisis in Russia: regional analysis. Br Med J 317:312–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron I, Hughes M, Brooks T (1996) Marriage protection and marriage selection – Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Soc Sci Med 43:113–123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ware J, Gandek B (1998) Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the International Quality of Life (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol 51:900–912

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D’Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 7:847–854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West P (1991) Rethinking the health selection explanation for health inequalities. Soc Sci Med 32:373–384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zielhus GA, Kiemeney LA (2001) Social epidemiology? No way. Int J Epidemiol 30:43–44

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Tarani Chandola is supported by a grant to the Whitehall II study by the Medical Research Council. Michael Marmot is supported by a Medical Research Council Research Professorship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

    Authors
    1. Tarani Chandola
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Meena Kumari
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Michael Marmot
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

      Wolfgang Ahrens

    2. Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

      Iris Pigeot

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

    About this entry

    Cite this entry

    Chandola, T., Kumari, M., Marmot, M. (2014). Social Epidemiology. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_23

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_23

    • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

    • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09833-3

    • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09834-0

    • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation