1 E.1 Effects on behavior and muscle coordination
1.1 E.1.1 Spontaneous behavior
1.1.1 E.1.1.1 General considerations
The effects of drugs on the central and peripheral nervous systems can be easily recognized in normal animals. This does not necessarily mean that these effects can be used in therapy. Observing the global effects of drugs during LD50-determinations, pharmacologists can detect psychotropic activity. Only, if these effects occur also in doses considerably below the LD50, are further evaluations justified. This basic experience resulted in the development of a variety of observational tests and activity measurements.
1.1.2 E.1.1.2 Observational assessment
1.1.2.1 PURPOSE AND RATIONALE
A systematic, quantitative procedure assessing the behavioral state of mice for the evaluation of drugs has been described by Irwin (1964, 1968). The method is applied in the beginning of pharmacological screening to detect psychotropic activities. It allows to identify and differentiate the...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
References
Crawley JN (2000) Behavioral phenotyping of mutant mice. New technologies for life sciences: a trends guide 1:18–22
Crawley JN, Paylor R (1997) A proposed test battery and constellations of specific behavioral paradigms to investigate the behavioral phenotypes of transgenic and knockout mice. Hormones Behav 31:197–211
Haggerty GC (1991) Strategy for and experience with neurotoxicity testing of new pharmaceuticals. J Am Coll Toxicol 10:677–687
Irwin S (1964) Drug screening and evaluation of new compounds in animals. In: Nodin JH, Siegler PE (eds) Animal and clinical techniques in drug evaluation. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 36–54
Irwin S (1968) Comprehensive observational assessment: I a. A systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioural and physiologic state of the mouse. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 13:222–257
Mattsson JL, Spencer PJ, Albee RR (1996) A performance standard for clinical and functional observation battery examination of rats. J Am Coll Toxicol 15:239–254
Murray AM, Waddington JL (1990) The interaction of clozapine with dopamine D1 versus dopamine D2 receptor-mediated function: behavioural indices. Eur J Pharmacol 186:79–86
Rambert FA (2000) Pharmacologie de sécurité: système nerveux central. Thérapie 55:55–61
Silverman P (1978) Drug screening and brain pharmacology. In: Animal behaviour in the laboratory. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 58–78
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1991) Pesticide Assessment Guidelines. Subdivision F, Hazard Evaluation: Human and Domestic Animals. Addendum 10, Neurotoxicity Series 81, 82 and 83, PB 91-154617, Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency
References
ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline (M3) (1997) “Timing of Non-clinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trial for Pharmaceuticals”
Rambert FA (2000) Pharmacologie de sécuritè: système nerveux central. Thérapie 55:55–61
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Product. Human Medicines Evaluation Unit. (2000) ICH Topic S7. Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals. Note for Guidance on Safety Pharmacology Studies in Human Pharmaceuticals
References
Barnett SH (1963) “The Rat, A Study in Behavior.” Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., pp 31–32
Geyer MA (1990) Approaches to the characterization of drug effects on locomotor activity in rodents. Modern Methods in Pharmacology, Vol. 6, Testing and Evaluation of Drugs of Abuse, pp 81–99, Wiley-Liss, Inc
Kinnard WJ, Watzman N (1966) Techniques utilized in the evaluation of psychotropic drugs on animal activity. J Pharm Sci 55:995–1012
Silverman P (1978) Motor activity. In: Animal behaviour in the laboratory. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 79–92
Turner RA (1965) Depressants of the central nervous system. In: Turner RA (ed) Screening Methods in Pharmacology, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York and London, pp 69–86
References
Koek W, Woods JH, Ornstein P (1987) A simple and rapid method for assessing similarities among directly observable behavioural effects of drugs: PCP-like effects of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate in rats. Psychopharmacology 91:297–304
Meyer HJ (1962) Pharmakologie der wirksamen Prinzipien des Kawa-Rhizoms (Piper methysticum Frost) Arch Int Pharmacodyn 138:505–536
Schaumann W, Stoepel K (1961) Zur quantitativen Beurteilung von zentraler Erregung und Dämpfung im Tierversuch. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 241:383–392
Ther L (1953) Über eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Weck-und Beruhigungsmitteln im Tierversuch. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 93:292–294
Vogel G, Ther L (1963) Zur Wirkung der optischen Isomeren von Aethyltryptamin-acetat auf die Lagekatalepsie des Huhnes und auf die Motilität der Maus. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 13:779–783
References
Barros HMT, Tannhauser MAL, Tannhauser SL, Tannhauser M (1991) Enhanced detection of hyperactivity after drug withdrawal with a simple modification of the open-field apparatus. J Pharmacol Meth 26:269–275
Becker H, Randall CL (1989) Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure in C57BL mice on locomotor activity and passive avoidance behavior. Psychopharmacol 97:40–44
Carlezon WA, Cornfeldt ML, Szewczak MR, Fielding S, Dunn RW (1991) Reversal of both QNX-induced locomotion and habituation decrement is indicative of M1 agonist properties. Drug Dev Res 23:333–339
Choi OH, Shamin MT, Padgett WL, Daly JW (1988) Caffeine and theophylline analogues: correlation of behavioral effects with activity as adenosine receptor antagonists and as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Life Sci 43:387–398
Crabbe JC, Young ER, Deutsch CM, Tam BR, Kosobud A (1987) Mice genetically selected for differences in open-field activity after ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:577–581
Crabbe JC, Deutsch CM, Tam BR, Young ER (1988) Environmental variables differentially affect ethanol-stimulated activity in selectively bred mouse lines. Psychopharmacology 95:103–108
Crunelli V, Bernasconi S (1979) A new device to measure different size movements: Studies on d-amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy. J Pharmacol Meth 2:43–50
Dauge V, Corringer PJ, Roques BP (1995) CCKA, but not CCKB, antagonists suppress the hyperlocomotion induced by endogenous enkephalins, protected from enzymatic degradation by systemic RB 101. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50:133–139
Dews PB (1953) The measurement of the influence of drugs on voluntary activity in mice. Br J Pharmacol 8:46–48
Ericson E, Samuelsson J, Ahlenius S (1991) Photocell measurements of rat motor activity. J Pharmacol Meth 25:111–122
Fontenay M, Le Cornec J, Zaczinska M, Debarele M, Simon P, Boissier J (1970) De trois tests de comportement du rat pour l'etude des medicaments psychotropes. J Pharmacol (Paris) 1:243–254
Georgiev V, Getova D, Opitz M (1991) Mechanism of the angiotensin II effects on exploratory behavior of rats in open field. III. Modulatory role of GABA. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 13:5–9
Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Gualtieri F, Marchese V, Bellucci C, Bartolini A (1998) Antinociceptive and antiamnesic properties of the presynaptic cholinergic amplifier PG-9. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:806–816
Gillies DM, Mylecharane EJ, Jackson DM (1996) Effects of 5-HT3 receptor-selective agents on locomotor activity in rats following injection into the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Pharmacol 303:1–12
Honma S, Honma KI, Hiroshige T (1991) Methamphetamine effects on rat circadian clock depend on actograph. Physiol Behav 49:787–795
Irifune M, Sato T, Nishikawa T, Masuyama T, Nomoto M, Fukada T, Kawahara M (1997) Hyperlocomotion during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia is associated with increased dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens and striatum in mice. Anesthesiology 86:464–475
Ivens I (1990) Neurotoxicity testing during long-term studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12:637–641
Kádár T, Telegdy G, Schally AV (1992) Behavioral effect of centrally administered LH-RH agonist in rats. Physiol Behav 51:601–605
Kauppila T, Tanila H, Carlson S, Taira T (1991) Effects of atipamezole, a novel α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, in open-field, plus-maze, two compartment exploratory, and forced swimming tests in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 205:177–182
Kulig BM (1989) A neurofunctional test battery for evaluating the effects of long-term exposure to chemicals. J Am Coll Toxicol 8:71–83
Laviola G, Alleva E (1990) Ontogeny of muscimol effects on locomotor activity, habituation, and pain reactivity in mice. Psychopharmacol 102:41–48
Liu HJ, Sato K, Shih HC, Shibuya T, Kawamoto H, Kitagawa H (1985) Pharmacological studies of the central action of zopiclone: effects on locomotor activity and brain monoamines in rats. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 23:121–128
Magnus-Ellenbroek B, Havemann-Reinicke U (1993) Morphine-induced hyperactivity in rats — A rebound effect? Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 635–642
Masuo Y, Matsumoto Y, Morita S, Noguchi J (1997) A novel method for counting spontaneous motor activity in rats. Brain Res Protoc 1:321–326
Nakatsu K, Owen JA (1980) A microprocessor-based animal monitoring system. J Pharmacol Meth 3:71–82
Nieminen SA, Lecklin A, Heikkinen O, Ylitalo P (1990) Acute behavioral effects of the organophosphates Sarin and Soman in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 67:36–40
Nikodijevic O, Sarges R, Daly JW, Jacobson KA (1991) Behavioral effects of A1-and A2-selective adenosine agonists and antagonists: evidence for synergism and antagonism. J Pharm Exp Ther 259:286–294
Okada K, Oishi R, Saeki K (1990) Inhibition by antimanic drugs of hyperactivity induced by methamphetamine-chlordiaze poxide mixture in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:897–901
Petkov VD, Belcheva S, Konstatinova E (1995) Anxiolytic effects of dotarizine, a possible antimigraine drug. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 17:659–668
Rex A, Stephens DN, Fink H (1996) 'Anxiolytic’ action of diazepam and abecarnil in a modified open field test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:1005–11011
Rex A, Voigt JP, Voits M, Fink H (1998) Pharmacological evaluation of a modified open-field test sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59:677–683
Rosenthal MJ, Morley JE (1989) Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and age-related differences in behavior of mice. Neurobiol Aging 10:167–171
Saelens JK, Kovacsics GB, Allen MP (1986) The influence of the adrenergic system on the 24-hour locomotor activity pattern in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 173:411–416
Silverman P (1978) Exploration. In: Animal behaviour in the laboratory. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 230–253
Steiner H, Fuchs S, Accili D (1997) D3 dopamine receptor-deficient mouse: Evidence of reduced anxiety. Physiol Behav 63:137–141
Strömberg C (1988) Interactions of antidepressants and ethanol on spontaneous locomotor activity and rotarod performance in NMRI and C57BL/6 mice. J Psychopharmacol 2:61–66
Sugita R, Sawa Y, Nomura S, Zorn SH, Yamauchi T (1989) Effects of reserpine on dopamine metabolite in the nucleus accumbens and locomotor activity in freely moving rats. Neurochem Res 14:267–270
Surmann A, Havemann-Reinicke U (1995) Injection of apomorphine — A test to predict individual different dopaminergic sensitivity? J Neural Transm Suppl 45:143–155
Tanger HJ, Vanwersch RAP, Wolthuis OL (1978) Automated TV-based system for open field studies: Effects of methamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 9:557–557
VanHaaren F, Meyer ME (1991) Sex differences in locomotor activity after acute and chronic cocaine administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:923–927
Vorhees CV, Acuff-Smith KD, Mink DR, Butcher RE (1992) A method of measuring locomotor behavior in rodents: Contrast-sensitive computer-controlled video tracking activity assessment in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:43–49
Wolffgramm J, Lechner J, Coper H (1988) Interaction or two barbiturates and an antihistamine on body temperature and motor performance in mice. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:885–891
References
Boissier JR, Simon P (1964) Dissociation de deux composantes dans le comportement d'investigation de la souris. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 147:372–388
Boissier JR, Simon P, Wolff J-ML (1964) L'utilisation d'une reaction particuliere de la souris (Methode de la planche atrous) pour l'etude des medicaments psychotropes. Therapie 19:571–586
Clark G, Koester AG, Pearson DW (1971) Exploratory behavior in chronic disulfoton poisoning in mice. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 20:169–171
References
Adams LM, Geyer MA (1982) LSD-induced alterations of locomotor patterns and exploration in rats. Psychopharmacology 77:179–185
Barbier P, Breteaudeau J, Autret E, Bertrand P, Foussard-Blampin O, Breteau M (1991) Effects of prenatal exposure to diazepam on exploration behavior and learning retention in mice. Dev Pharmacol Ther 17:35–43
Geyer MA (1982) Variational and probabilistic aspects of exploratory behavior in space: Four stimulant styles. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 18:48–51
Geyer MA, Rosso PV, Masten VL (1986) Multivariate assessment of locomotor behavior: Pharmacological and behavioral analyses. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25:277–288
Krsiak M, Steinberg H, Stoleman IP (1970) Uses and limitations of photocell activity cages for assessing effects of drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 17:258–274
Ljungberg T, Ungerstedt U (1977) Different behavioural patters induced by apomorphine: evidence that the method of administration determines the behavioural response to the drug. Eur J Pharmacol 46:41–50
Matsumoto K, Bing C, Sasaki K, Watanabe H (1990) Methylamphetamine-and apomorphine-induced changes in spontaneous motor activity using a new system to detect and analyze motor activity in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 24:111–119
Schwarting RKW, Goldenberg R, Steiner H, Fornaguera J, Huston HP (1993) A video image analyzing system for open-field behavior in the rat focusing on behavioral asymmetries. J Neurosci Meth 49:199–210
Weischer ML (1976) Eine einfache Versuchsanordnung zur quantitativen Beurteilung von Motilitaet und Neugierverhalten bei Maeusen. Psychopharmacology 50:275–279
Wolffgramm J, Lechner J, Coper H (1988) Interaction of two barbiturates and an antihistamine on body temperature and motor performance of mice. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res, 38:885–891
References
de Simoni MG, de Luigi A, Imeri L, Algerin S (1990) Miniaturized optoelectronic system for telemetry of in vivo voltammetric signals. J Neurosci Meth 33:233–240
Dimpfel W, Spüler M, Nickel B (1986) Radioelectroencephalography (Tele-Stereo-EEG) in the rat as a pharmacological model to differentiate the central action of flupirtine from that of opiates, diazepam and phenobarbital. Neuropsychobiol 16:163–168
Dimpfel W, Spüler M, Nichols DE (1989) Hallucinogenic and stimulatory amphetamine derivatives: fingerprinting DOM, DOI, DOB, MDMA, and MBDB by spectral analysis of brain field potentials in the freely moving rat (Tele-Stereo-EEG). Psychopharmacol 98:297–303
Dimpfel W, Spüler M, Bonke (1990) Influence of repeated vitamin B administration on the frequency pattern analyzed from rat brain electrical activity (Tele-Stereo-EEG). Klin Wschr 68:136–141
Dimpfel W, Wedekind W, Spüler M (1992) Field potential analysis in the freely moving rat during the action of cyclandelate or flunarizine. Pharmacol Res 25:287–297
Justice JB Jr. (1987) Introduction to in vivo voltammetry. In: J.B. Justice (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 3–102
Kropf W, Kuschinsky K, Krieglstein J (1991) Conditioning of apomorphine effects: simultaneous analysis of the alterations in cortical electroencephalogram and behaviour. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 343:559–567
References
Allmark MG, Bachinski WM (1949) A method of assay for curare using rats. J. Am. Pharm. Ass 38:43–45
Randall LO, Heise GA, Schallek W, Bagdon RE, Banzinger R, Boris A, Moe RA, Abrams WB (1961) Pharmacological and clinical studies on Valium™. A new psycho-therapeutic agent of the benzodiazepine class. Curr Ther Res 3:405–425
Rivlin A, Tator C (1977) Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat. J Neurosurg 47:577–581
Ther L, Vogel G, Werner P (1959) Zur pharmakologischen Differenzierung und Bewertung von Neuroleptica. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 9:351–354
References
Boissier JR, Tardy J, Diverres JC (1960) Une novelle méthode simple pour explorer l'action “tranquillisante”: le test de la cheminée. Med. exp 3:81–84
Simiand J, Keane PE, Biziere K, Soubrie P (1989) Comparative study in mice of Tetrazepam and other centrally active skeletal muscle relaxants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 297:272–285
Turner RA (1965) Ataractic (tranquillizing, neuroleptic) agents. In: Screening Methods in Pharmacology. Chapter 7, pp 87–100, Academic Press, New York and London
References
Barclay LL, Gibson GE, Blass JP (1981) The string test: an early behavioral change in thiamine deficiency. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14:153–157
Boissier JR, Simon P (1960) L'utilisation du test de la traction, (Test de JULOU-COURVOISIER) pour l'etude des psycholeptiques. Therapie 15:1170–1174
Deacon RMJ, Gardner CR (1984) The pull-up test in rats: a simple method for testing muscle relaxation. J Pharmacol Meth 11:119–124
Fleury C (1957) Nouvelle technique pour mesurer l'effortmusculaire de la souris, dite test de l'agrippement. Arch. Sci. 10:107–112
Kondziella W (1964) Eine neue Methode zur Messung der muskulaeren Relaxation bei weissen Maeussen. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 152:277–284
Kulig BM (1989) A neurofunctional test battery for evaluating the effects of long-term exposure to chemicals. J Am Coll Toxicol 8:71–83
Meyer OA, Tilson HA, Bird WC, Riley MT (1979) A method for the routine assessment of fore-and hind limb grip strength of rats and mice. Neurobehav Toxicol 1:233–236
Miquel J, Blasco M (1978) A simple technique for evaluation of vitality loss in aging mice, by testing their muscular coordination and vigor. Exp Geront 13:389–396
Novack GD, Zwolshen JM (1983) Predictive value of muscle relaxant models in rats and cats. J Pharmacol Meth 10:175–183
Simiand J, Keane, PA, Biziere K, Soubrie P (1989) Comparative study in mice of Tetrazepam and other centrally active skeletal muscle relaxants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 297:272–285
Tilson HA (1990) Behavioral indices of neurotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 18:96–104
References
Cartmell SM, Gelgor L, Mitchell D (1991) A revised rotarod procedure for measuring the effect of antinociceptive drugs on motor function in the rat. J Pharmacol Meth 26:149–159
Dunham NW, Miya TS (1957) A note on a simple apparatus for detecting neurological deficit in rats and mice. J Am Pharmaceut Assoc 46:208–210
Novack GD, Zwolshen JM (1983) Predictive value of muscle relaxant models in rats and cats. J Pharmacol Meth 10:175–183
Rozas G, Labandeira-Garcia JL (1997) Drug-free evaluation of rat models of Parkinsonism and nigral grafts using a new automated rotarod test. Brain Res 749:188–199
Saeed Dar M, Wooles WR (1986) Effect of chronically administered methylxanthines on ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice. Life Sci 39:1429–1437
References
Block F, Schwarz M (1994) The depressant effect of GYKI 52466 on spinal reflex transmission is mediated via non-NMDA and benzodiazepine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 256:149–153
Farkas S, Ono H (1995) Participation of NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the mediation of spinal reflex potentials: an in vivo study. Br J Pharmacol 114:1193–1205
Farkas S, Tarnawa I, Berzsenyi P (1989) Effects of some centrally acting muscle relaxants on spinal root potentials: a comparative study. Neuropharmacol 21:161–170
Hasegawa Y, Ono H (1996) Effect of (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide on spinal motor systems in anesthetized intact and spinalized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 295:211–213
Klockgether T, Pardowitz I, Schwarz M (1985) Evaluation of the muscle relaxant properties of a novel β-carboline, ZK 93423 in rats and cats. Br J Pharmacol 86:357–366
Ono H, Saito KI, Kondo M, Morishita SI, Kato K, Hasebe Y, Nakayama M, Kato F, Nakamura T, Satoh M, Oka JI, Goto M, Fukuda H (1990) Effects of the new centrally acting muscle relaxant 7-chloro-N,N,3-trimethylbenzo[b]furan-2-carbox-amide on motor and central nervous systems in rats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 40:730–735
Otsu T, Nagao T, Ono H (1998) Muscle relaxant action of MS-322, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant in rats. Gen Pharmacol 30:393–398
Pittermann W, Sontag KH, Wand P, Rapp K, Deerberg F (1976) Spontaneous occurrence of spastic paresis in Han-Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2:45–49
Sakitama K, Ozawa Y, Aoto N, Tomita H, Ishikawa M (1997) Effects of a new centrally acting muscle relaxant, NK433 (lamperisone hydrochloride) on spinal reflexes. Eur J Pharmacol 337:175–187
Schwarz M, Block F, Pergande G (1994) N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated muscle relaxant action of flupirtine in rats. Neuroreport 5:1981–194
Schwarz M, Schmitt T, Pergande G, Block F (1995) N-Methyl-D-aspartate and α2-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the depressant action of flupirtine on spinal reflexes in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 276:247–255
Suzuki T, Sekikawa T, Nemoto T, Moriya H, Nakaya H (1995) Effects of nicorandil on the recovery of reflex potentials after spinal cord ischemia in cats. Br J Pharmacol 116:1815–1820
Tarnawa I, Farkas S, Berzsenyi P, Pataki A, Andrási F (1989) Electrophysiological studies with a 2,3-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant: GYKI 52466. Eur J Pharmacol 167:193–199
Turski L, Stevens DN (1993) Effect of the b-carboline Abecarnil on spinal reflexes in mice and on muscle tone in genetically spastic rats: a comparison with diazepam. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:1215–1220
Turski L, Klockgether T, Schwarz M, Turski WA, Sontag KH (1990) Substantia nigra: a site of action of muscle relaxant drugs. Ann Neurol 28:341–348
References
Alia S, Azerad J, Pollin B (1998) Effects of RPR 100893, a potent NK1 antagonist, on the jaw-opening reflex in the guinea pig. Brain Res 787:99–106
Bakke M, Hu JW, Sessle BJ (1998) Involvement of NK1 and NK2 tachykinin receptor mechanisms in jaw muscle activity reflexly evoked by inflammatory irritant application to the rat temporomandibular joint. Pain 75:219–227
Boucher Y, Pollin B, Azerad J (1993) Microinfusions of excitatory amino acid antagonists into the trigeminal sensory complex antagonize the jaw opening reflex in freely moving rats. Brain Res 614:155–163
Funakoshi M, Amano N (1974) Periodontal jaw muscle reflexes in the albino rat. J Dent Res 53:598–603
Huopaniemi T, Pertovaara A, Jyvasjavi E, Carlson C (1988) Effect of naloxone on tooth pulp-evoked jaw-opening reflex in the barbiturate-anaesthetized cat. Acta Physiol Scand 134:327–331
Laskin DM, Block S (1986) Diagnosis and treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 56:75–83
Ozawa Y, Komai C, Sakitama K, Ishikawa M (1996) Effects of NK433, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant, on masticatory muscle reflexes in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 298:57–62
References
Boissier JR, Simon P (1969) Evaluation of experimental techniques in the psycho-pharmacology of emotion. Ann NY Acad Sci 159:898–914
Costa E, Corda MG, Epstein B, Forchetti C, Guidotti A (1983) GABA-benzodiazepine interactions. In: Costa E (ed) The Benzodiazepines. From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Raven Press, New York, pp 117–136
Costall B, Naylor RJ, Tyers MB (1988) Recent advances in the neuropharmacology of 5-HT3 agonists and antagonists. Rev Neuroscience 2:41–65
Cotman CW, Iversen LL (1987) Excitatory amino acids in the brain-focus on NMDA receptors. Trends in Neurosci 10:263–265.
Fonnum F (1987) Biochemistry, anatomy, and pharmacology of GABA neurons. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 173–182
Lippa AS, Priscilla A, Nash BA, Greenblatt EN (1979) Pre-clinical neuropharmacological testing procedures for anxiolytic drugs. In: Fielding St, Lal H (eds) Anxiolytics, Futura Publ. Comp. New York, pp 41–81
Lloyd KG, Morselli PL (1987) Psychopharmacology of GABAergic drugs. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 183–195
Peroutka SJ (1988) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes: Molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization. Trends Neuroscience 11:496–500
Watkins JC, Olverman HJ (1987) Agonists and antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends in Neurosci 10:265–272
Zukin SR, Young AB, Snyder SH (1974) Gamma-aminobutyric acid binding to receptor sites in the rat central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 71:4801–4807
References
Enna SJ, Möller H (1987) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and their association with benzodiazepine recognition sites. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp 265–272
Enna SJ, Snyder SH (1975) Properties of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding in rat brain synaptic membrane fractions. Brain Res. 100:81–97
Enna SJ, Snyder SH (1977) Influence of ions, enzymes, and detergents on γ-aminobutyric acid-receptor binding in synaptic membranes of rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 13:442–453
Enna SJ, Collins JF, Snyder SH (1977) Stereo specificity and structure-activity requirements of GABA receptor binding in rat brain. Brain Res. 124:185–190
Knott C, Bowery NG (1991) Pharmacological characterization of GABAA and GABAB receptors in mammalian CNS by receptor binding assays. In: Greenstein B (ed) Neuroendocrine Research Methods. Vol 2, Harwood Academic Publ., Chur, pp 699–722
Lüddens H, Korpi ER (1995) Biological function of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity. J Psychiat Res 29:77–94
Matsumoto RR (1989) GABA receptors: are cellular differences reflected in function? Brain Res Rev 14:203–225
Möhler H (1992) GABAergic synaptic transmission. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 42:211–214
Zukin SR, Young AB, Snyder SH (1974) Gamma-aminobutyric acid binding to receptor sites in the rat central nervous system. Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA 71:4802–4807
References
Alexander S, Peters J, Mathie A, MacKenzie G, Smith A (2001) TiPS Nomenclature Supplement 2001
Barnard EA (1998) Multiple subtypes of the GABAA receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358, Suppl 2, R 570
Barnard EA (2000) The molecular architecture of GABAA receptors. In: Möhler H (ed) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Pharmacology of GABA and Glycine Neurotransmission (Vol 150). pp 79–100, Springer Heidelberg
Barnard EA, Langer SZ (1998) GABAA receptors. NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on GABAA receptors. The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification 1998
Beaumont K, Chilton WS, Yamamura HI, Enna, SJ (1978) Muscimol binding in rat brain: Association with synaptic GABA receptors. Brain Res. 148:153–162
Bormann J (2000) The ‘ABC’ of GABA receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:16–19
Bormann J, Feigenspan A (1995) GABAC receptors. Trends Neurosci 18:515–519
Chambon JP, Feltz P, Heaulme M, Restle S, Schlichter R, Biziere K, Wermuth CG (1985) An arylaminopyridazine derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a selective and competitive antagonist of the GABAA receptor site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1832–1836
Cheng YC, Prusoff WH (1973) Relationship between the inhibition constant (K i ) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 per cent inhibition (I 50) of an enzymatic reaction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22:3099–3108
Costa E (1998) From GABAA receptor diversity emerges a unified vision of GABAergic inhibition. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:321–350
Enna SJ, Möller H (1987) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and their association with benzodiazepine recognition sites. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation Schwartz RD, Mindlin MC (1988) Inhibition of the GABA receptor-gated chloride ion channel in brain by non-competitive inhibitors of the nicotinic receptor-gated cation channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:963–970
Enna SJ, Snyder SH (1976) Influence of ions, enzymes, and detergents on γ-aminobutyric acid-receptor binding in synaptic membranes of rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 13:442–453
Gusti P, Ducic I, Puia G, Arban R, Walser A, Guidotti A, Costa E (1993) Imidazenil: A new partial positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action at GABAA receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266:1018–1028
Heaulme M, Chambon JP, Leyris R, Molimard JC, Wermuth CG, Biziere K (1986) Biochemical characterization of the interaction of three pyridazinyl-GABA derivatives with the GABAA receptor site. Brain Res 384:224–231
Heaulme M, Chambon JP, Leyris R, Wermuth CG, Biziere K (1987) Characterisation of the binding of [3H]SR 95531, a GABAA antagonist, to rat brain membranes. J Neurochem 48:1677–1686
Johnston GAR (1996) GABAC receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:319–323
Kleingoor C, Ewert M, von Blankenfeld G, Seeburg PH, Kettenmann H (1991) Inverse but not full benzodiazepine agonists modulate recombinant α6β2γ2 GABAA receptors in transfected human embryonic kidney cells. Neurosci Lett 130:169–172
Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Frølund B, Jørgensen FS, Schousboe A (1994) GABAA receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem 37:2489–2505
Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Hill-Venning C, Peters JA (1995) Neurosteroids and GABAA receptor function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:295–303
Lewin AH, de Costa BR, Rice KC, Solnick P (1989) meta-and para-Isothiocyanato-t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate: irreversible ligand of the γ-aminobutyric acid-regulated chloride ionophore. Mol Pharmacol 35:189–194
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol Chem 193:265–275
Martini C, Rigacci T, Lucacchini A (1983) [3H]muscimol binding site on purified benzodiazepine receptor. J Neurochem 41:1183–1185
Mohler H, Malherbe P, Draguhn A, Richards JG (1990) GABAA-receptors: structural requirements and sites of gene expression in mammalian brain. Neurochem Res 15:199–207
Rudolph U, Crestani F, Möhler H (2001) GABAA receptor subtypes: dissecting their pharmacological functions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:188–194
Sieghart W (2000) Unraveling the function of GABAA receptor subtypes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:411–416
Smith GB, Olsen RW (1995) Functional domains and GABAA receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:162–168
Snodgrass SR (1978) Use of 3H-muscimol for GABA receptor studies. Nature 273:392–394
Turner DM, Sapp DW, Olsen RW (1991) The benzodiazepine/alcohol antagonist Ro 15-4513: binding to a GABAA receptor subtype that is insensitive to diazepam. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:1236–1242
Vicini S (1991) Pharmacologic significance of the structural heterogeneity of the GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel complex. Neuropsychopharmacol 4:9–15
Williams M, Risley EA (1978) Characterization of the binding of [3H]muscimol, a potent γ-aminobutyric acid antagonist, to rat synaptosomal membranes using a filtration assay. J Neurochem 32:713–718
Zhang D, Pan Z-H, Awobuluyi M, Lipton SA (2001) Structure and function of GABAC receptors: a comparison of native versus recombinant vectors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:121–132
References
Bittiger H, Bernasconi R, Froestl W, Hall R, Jaekel J, Klebs K, Krueger L, Mickel SJ, Mondadori C, Olpe HR, Pfannkuch F, Pozza M, Probst A, van Riezen H, Schmutz M, Schuetz H, Steinmann MW, Vassout A, Waldmeyer P, Bieck P, Farger G, Gleiter C, Schmidt EK, Marescuax C (1992) GABAB antagonists: potential new drugs. Pharmacol Commun 2:70–74
Bittiger H, Froestl W, Mickel SJ, Olpe HR (1993) GABA3 receptor antagonists: From synthesis to therapeutic applications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:391–394
Bonanno G, Raiteri M (1992) Functional evidence for multiple γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor subtypes in the rat cerebral cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:114–118
Bonanno G, Raiteri M (1993a) Multiple GABAB receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:259–261
Bonanno G, Raiteri M (1993b) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) autoreceptors in rat cerebral cortex and spinal cord represent pharmacologically distinct subtypes of the GABAB receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:765–770
Bowery G, Hill DR, Hudson AL (1983) Characterization of GABAB receptor binding sites on rat whole brain synaptic membranes. Br J Pharmacol 78:191–206
Bowery NG (1993) GABAB receptor pharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33:109–147
Bowery NG, Hill DR, Hudson AL (1985) (3H)(−)baclofen: An improved ligand for GABAB sites. Neuropharmacol 24:207–210
Cheng YC, Prusoff WH (1973) Relationship between the inhibition constant (K i) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 per cent inhibition (IC 50) of an enzymatic reaction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22:3099–3108
Drew CA, Johnston GAR, Weatherby RP (1984) Bicucculineinsensitive GABA receptors: Studies on the binding of (−)-baclofen to rat cerebellar membranes. Neurosci Lett 52:317–321
Enna SJ, Möller H (1987) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and their association with benzodiazepine recognition sites. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 265–272
Froestl W, Mickel SJ, Schmutz M, Bittiger H (1996) Potent, orally active GABAB receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Commun 8:127–133
Hill DR, Bowery NG (1981) 3H-baclofen and 3H-GABA bind to bicuculline-insensitive GABAB sites in rat brain. Nature 290:149–152
Kato K, Goto M, Fukuda H (1983) Regulation by divalent cations of 3H-baclofen binding to GABAB sites in rat cerebellar membranes. Life Sci 32:879–887
Kaupmann K, Huggel K, Held J, Flor PJ, Bischoff S, Mickel SJ, McMaster G, Angst C, Bittiger H, Froesti W, Bettler B (1997) Expression cloning of GABAB receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic receptors. Nature 386:239–246
Kerr DIB, Ong J, Prager RH. Gynther BD, Curtis DR (1987) Phaclofen: a peripheral and central baclofen antagonist. Brain Res 405:150–154
Kerr DIB, Ong J, Johnston GAR, Abbenante J, Prager RH (1988) 2-Hydroxy-saclofen: am improved antagonist at central and peripheral GABAB receptors. Neurosci Lett 92:92–96
Kerr DIB, Ong J, Johnston GAR, Abbenante J, Prager RH (1989) Antagonism of GABAB receptors by saclofen and related sulphonic analogues of baclofen and GABA. Neurosci Lett 107:239–244
Lanza M, Fassio A, Gemignani A, Bonanno G, Raiteri M (1993) CGP 52432: a novel potent and selective GABAB autoreceptor antagonist in rat cerebral cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 237:191–195
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275
Olpe HR, Karlsson G, Pozza MF, Brugger F, Steinman M, van Riezen H, Fagg G, Hall RG, Froestl W, Bittiger H (1990) CGP 35348: a centrally active blocker of GABAB receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 187:27–38
Paredes RG, Ågmo A (1992) GABA and behavior: The role of receptor subtypes. Neurosci Behav Rev 16:145–170
Robinson TM, Cross AJ, Green AR, Toczek JM, Boar BR (1989) Effects of the putative antagonists phaclofen and δ-aminovaleric acid on GABAB receptor biochemistry. Br J Pharmacol 98:833–840
Scherer RA, Ferkany JW, Enna SJ (1988) Evidence for pharmacologically distinct subsets of GABAB receptors. Brain Res Bull 21:439–443
Shank RP, Baldy WJ, Mattucci LC, Vilani FJ Jr. (1990) Ion and temperature effects on the biding of γ-aminobutyrate to its receptors and the high-affinity transport system. J Neurochem 54:2007–2015
Shoulson I, Odoroff Ch, Oakes D, Behr J, Goldblatt D, Caine E, Kennedy J, Miller Ch, Bamford K, Rubin A, Plumb S, Kurlan R (1989) A controlled clinical trial of baclofen as protective therapy in early Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 25:252–259
Wilkin GP, Hudson AL, Hill DR, Bowery NG (1981) Autoradiographic localisation of GABAB receptors in rat cerebellum. Nature 294:584–587
References
Byrnes JJ, Greenblatt DJ, Miller LG (1992) Benzodiazepine receptor binding of nonbenzodiazepines in vivo: Alpidem, Zolpidem and Zopiclone. Brain Res Bull 29:905–908
Chang RSL, Snyder SH (1978) Benzodiazepine receptors: labelling in intact animals with [3H]-flunitrazepam. Eur J Pharmacol 48:213–218
Damm HW, Müller WE, Schläfer U, Wollert U (1978) [3H]Flunitrazepam: its advantages as a ligand for the identification of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain membranes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 22:597–600
Davies MF, Onaivi ES, Chen SW, Maguire PA, Tsai NF, Loew GH (1994) Evidence for central benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity from behavior tests. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49:47–56
Gardner CR (1988) Pharmacological profiles in vivo of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Drug Dev Res 12:1–28
Griebel G, Perrault G, Letang V, Granger P, Avenet P, Schoemaker H, Sanger DJ (1999a) New evidence that the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands can be associated with activities at different BZ (omega) receptor subtypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146:205–213
Griebel G, Perrault G, Tan S, Schoemaker H, Sanger DJ (1999b) Comparison of the pharmacological properties of classical and novel BZ-omega receptor ligands. Behav Pharmacol 10:483–495
Hafely WE, Martin JR, Richard JG, Schoch P (1993) The multiplicity of actions of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Can J Psychiatry 38, Suppl 4:S102–S108
Iversen LL (1983) Biochemical characterisation of benzodiazepine receptors. In: Trimble MR (ed) Benzodiazepines Divided. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp 79–85
Jacqmin P, Wibo M, Lesne M (1986) Classification of benzodiazepine receptor agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists using bicuculline in an in vitro test. J Pharmacol (Paris) 17:139–145
Klepner CA, Lippa AS, Benson DI, Sano MC, Beer B (1979) Resolution in two biochemically and pharmacologically distinct benzodiazepine receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11:457–462
Langer SZ, Arbilla S (1988) Limitations of the benzodiazepine receptor nomenclature: a proposal for a pharmacological classification as omega receptor subtypes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2:159–170
Langer SZ, Arbilla S, Tan S, Lloyd KG, George P, Allen J, Wick AE (1990) Selectivity of omega-receptor subtypes as a strategy for the development of anxiolytic drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 23:103–107
Lüddens H, Korpi ER, Seeburg PH (1995) GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity: neurophysiological implications. Neuropharmacol 34:245–254
Mennini T, Garattini A (1982) Benzodiazepine receptors: Correlation with pharmacological responses in living animals. Life Sci 31:2025–2035
Möhler H, Okada T (1977a) Benzodiazepine receptor: Demonstration in the central nervous system. Science 198:849–851
Möhler H, Okada T (1977b) Properties of 3H-diazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors in rat cerebral cortex. Life Sci 20:2101–2110
Möhler H, Richards JG (1983) Benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system. In: Costa E (ed) The Benzodiazepines: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Raven Press, New York, pp 93–116
Olsen RW (1981) GABA-benzodiazepine-barbiturate receptor interactions. J Neurochem 37:1–13
Schacht U, Baecker G (1982) Effects of clobazam in benzodiazepine-receptor binding assays Drug Dev. Res. Suppl. 1:83–93
Sieghart W (1989) Multiplicity of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:407–410
Speth RC, Wastek GJ, Johnson PC, Yamamura HI (1978) Benzodiazepine binding in human brain: characterization using [3H]flunitrazepam. Life Sci 22:859–866
Speth RC, Wastek GJ, Yamamura HI (1979) Benzodiazepine receptors: Temperature dependence of 3H-diazepam binding. Life Sci 24:351–358
Squires RF, Braestrup C (1977) Benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. Nature 266:732–734
Supavilai P, Karobath M (1980) Heterogeneity of benzodiazepine receptors in rat cere bellum and hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 64:91–93
Sweetnam PM, Tallman JF (1985) Regional difference in brain benzodiazepine receptor carbohydrates. Mol Pharmacol 29:299–306
Takeuchi T, Tanaka S, Rechnitz GA (1992) Biotinylated 1012-S conjugate as a probe ligand for benzodiazepine receptors: characterization of receptor binding sites and receptor assay for benzodiazepine drugs. Anal Biochem 203:158–162
Tallman JF (1980) Interaction between GABA and benzodiazepines. Brain Res Bull 5:829–832
References
Allen AR, Singh A, Zhuang Z P, Kung M P, Kung HF, Lucki I (1997) The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist p-MPPI blocks responses mediated by postsynaptic and presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors
Ansanay H, Sebben M, Bockaert J, Dumuis A (1996) Pharmacological comparisons between [3H]-GR113808 binding sites and functional 5-HT4 receptors in neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 298:165–174
Bockaert J, Fagni L, Dumuis A (1997) 5-HT4 receptors: An update. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 439–474
Boess FG, Martin LL (1994) Molecular biology of 5-HT receptors. Neuropharmacol 33:275–317
Boess FG, Riemer C, Bos M, Bentley J, Bourson A, Sleight AJ (1998) The 5-hydroxytryptamine6 receptor-selective radioligand [3H]Ro 63-0563 labels 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor binding sites in rat and porcine striatum. Mol Pharmacol 54:577–583
Bourson A, Borroni E, Austin RH, Monsma FJ Jr., Sleight AJ (1995) Determination of the role of the 5-ht6 receptor in the rat brain: A study using antisense oligonucleotides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:173–180
Branchek TA (1995) 5-HT4, 5-HT6, 5-HT7; molecular pharmacology of adenylate cyclase stimulating receptors. Neurosci 7:375–382
Branchek TA, Zgombick (1997) Molecular biology and potential role of 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 475–498
Briley M, Chopin P, Marien M, Moret C (1997) Functional neuropharmacology of compounds acting on 5-HT1B/1D receptors. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 269–306
Bühlen M, Fink K, Böing C, Göthert M (1996) Evidence for presynaptic localization of inhibitory 5-HT1Dβ-like autoreceptors in the guinea-pig brain cortex. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 353:281–289
Carey JE, Wood MD, Blackburn TP, Browne MJ, Gale DG, Glen A, Flanigan TP, Hastwell C, Muir A, Robinson JH; Wilson S (1996) Pharmacological characterization of a recombinant human 5HT2C receptor expressed in HEK293 cells. Pharmacol Commun 7:165–173
Chen K, Yang W, Grimsby J, Shih JC (1992) The human 5-HT2 receptor is encoded by a multiple intron-exon gene. Mol Brain Res 14:20–26
Clitherow JW, Scopes DIC, Skingle M, Jordan CC; Feniuk W, Campbell IB, Carter MC, Collington EW, Connor HE, Higgins GA, Beattie D, Kelly HA, Mitchell WL, Oxford AW, Wadsworth AH, Tyers MB (1994) Evolution of a new series of [(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]-and piperazinylbenzanilides as the first selective 5-HT1D antagonists. J Med Chem 37:2253–2257
Costal B, Naylor RJ (1997) Neuropharmacology of 5-HT3 receptor ligands. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 409–438
Cushing DJ, Baez M, Kursar JD, Schenk K, Cohen ML (1994) Serotonin-induced contraction in canine coronary artery and saphenous vein: role of a 5-HT1D-like receptor. Life Sci 54:1671–1680
De Vries P, Heilgers JPC, Villalón CM, Saxena PR (1996) Blockade of porcine carotid vascular responses to sumatripan by GR127935, a selective 5-HT1D receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 118:85–92
De Vries P, Apayadin S, Villalón CM, Heiligers JPC, Saxena PR (1997) Interactions of GR127935, a 5-HT1B/D receptor ligand, with functional 5-HT receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 355:423–430
de Vry J (1995) 5-HT1A Receptor agonists: Recent developments and controversial issues. Psychopharmacology 121:1–26
de Vry J, Glaser T, Schuurman T, Schreiber R, Traber J (1991) 5-HT1A receptors in anxiety. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 94–129
Domenech T, Beleta J, Fernandez AG, Gristwood RW, Sanchez FC, Tolasa E, Palacios JM (1994) Identification and characterization of serotonin central 5-HT4 receptor binding sites in human brain: Comparison with other mammalian species. Mol Brain Res 21:176–180
Eglen RM (1967) 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)4 receptors and central nervous system function: an update. Prog Drug Res 49:9–24
Eglen RM, Hegde SS (1966) 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)4 receptors: physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 5:373–388
Eglen RM, Wong EHF, Dumuis A, Bockaert J (1995) Central 5-HT4 receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:391–398
Fink K, Zentner J, Göthert M (1995) Subclassification of presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors in the human cerebral cortex as 5-HT1Dβ receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 352:451–454
Ford APDW, Clarke DW (1993) The 5-HT4 receptor. Med Res Rev 13:633–662
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Rasmussen K, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Zhang L, Barrett JE, Booher RN, Paget CJ Jr., Flaugh ME (1994) Pharmacological characterization of LY293284: a 5-HT1A receptor agonist with high potency and selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1270–1291
Gaster LM, Joiner GF, King FD, Wyman PA, Sutton JM, Bingham S, Ellis ES, Sanger GJ, Wardle KA (1995) N-[(1-Butyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2-α]-indole-10-carboxamide hydrochloride: the first potent and selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist amide with oral activity. J Med Chem 38:4760–4763
Gerald C, Adham N, Kao HT, Olsen MA, Laz TM, Schechter LE, Bard JA, Vaysse PJJ, Hartig PR, Branchek TA, Weinshank RL (1995) The 5-HT4 receptor: molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of two splice variants. EMBO J 14:2806–2815
Glennon RA, Dukat M (1997) 5-HT1 receptor ligands: Update 1997. Serotonin ID Research Alert 2:351–372
Glennon RA, Dukat M, Westkaemper RB, Ismaiel AM, Izzarelli DG, Parker EM (1996) The binding of propranolol at 5-hydroxytryptamine1Dβ T355N mutant receptors may involve formation of two hydrogen bonds to asparagine. Mol Pharmacol 49:198–206
Göthert M, Schlicker E (1997) Regulation of 5-HT release in the CNS by presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors and by 5-HT heteroreceptors. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 307–350
Gobbi M, Parotti L, Mennini T (1996) Are 5-hydroxytryptamine7 receptors involved in [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine1nonA-nonB receptors in rat hypothalamus? Mol Pharmacol 49:556–559
Grossman CJ, Kilpatrick GJ, Bunce KT (1993) Development of a radioligand binding assay for 5-HT4 receptors in guineapig and rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 109:618–624
Gustafson EL, Durkin MM, Bard JA, Zgombick J, Branchek TA (1996) A receptor autoradiographic and hybridization analysis of the distribution of the 5-HT7 receptor in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 117:657–666
Hamon M (1997) The main features of central 5-HT1A receptor. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 239–268
Hartig PR (1997) Molecular biology and transductional characteristics of 5-HT receptors. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 175–212
Hartig PR, Hoyer D, Humphrey PPA, Martin GR (1996) Alignment of receptor nomenclature with the human genome: classification of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor subtypes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:103–105
Hoyer D, Martin GR (1997) 5-HT receptor classification and nomenclature: towards a harmonization with the human genome. Neuropharmacol 36:419–428
Hoyer D, Clarke DE, Fozard JR, Hartig PR, Martin GR, Mylecharane EJ, Saxena PR, Humphrey PP (1994) VII. International Union of Pharmacology Classification of Receptors for 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin). Pharmacol Rev 46:157–203
Humphrey PPA, Hartig P, Hoyer D (1993) A proposed new nomenclature for 5-HT receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:233–236
Jacobs BL, Fornal CA (1997) Physiology and pharmacology of brain serotoninergic neurons. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 91–116
Johnson MP, Baez M, Kursar JD, Nelson DL (1995) Species differences in 5-HT2A receptors: cloned pig and monkey 5-HT2A receptors reveal conserved transmembrane homology to the human rather than rat sequence. Biochem Biophys Acta 1236:201–206
Katayama K, Morio Y, Haga K, Fukuda T (1995) Cisapride, a gastroprokinetic agent, binds to 5-HT4 receptors. Folia Pharmacol Jpn 105:461–468
Kaumann AJ (1994) Do human atrial 5-HT4 receptors mediate arrhythmias? Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:451–455
Kebabian JW, Neumeyer JL (1994) The Handbook of Receptor Classification. Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA, pp 58–61
Lovenberg TW, Baron BM, de Lecea L, Miller JD, Prosser RA, Rea MA, Foye PE, Racke M, Slone AL, Siegel BW, Danielson PE, Sutcliffe JG, Erlander MG (1993) A novel adenyl cyclase-activating serotonin receptor (5-HT7) implicated in the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythms. Neuron 11:449–458
Macor JE, Blank DH, Fox CB, Lebel LA, Newman ME, Post RJ, Ryan K, Schmidt AW, Schulz DW, Koe BK (1994) 5-[(3-Nitropyrid-2-yl)amino]indoles: Novel serotonin antagonists with selectivity for the 5-HT1D receptor. Variation of the C3 substituent on the indole template leads to increased 5-HT1D receptor selectivity. J Med Chem 37:2509–2512
Malone HM, Peters JA, Lambert JJ (1991) Physiological and pharmacological properties of 5-HT3 receptors a patch-clamp study. Neuropeptides 19 (Suppl):S25–S30
Martin GR (1998) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. NC-IUPHAR subcommittee for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptors. In Gridlestone D (ed) The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification. IUPHAR Media, London, pp 167–184
Martin GR, Eglen RM (1998) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci: Receptor and Ion Channel Nomenclature Supplement
Martin GR, Humphrey PPA (1994) Classification review. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacol 33:261–273
Murphy DL, Wichems C, Li Q, Heils A (1999) Molecular manipulations as tools for enhancing our understanding of 5-HT neurotransmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:246–252
Peroutka SH (1993) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. J Neurochem 60:408–418
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, Caignard DH, Pfeiffer B, Mocaër E, Gardiola-Lemaître B (1992) Pharmacological profile of a new chroman derivative with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonist properties: S20499(+). Drug Dev Res 27:389–402
Price GW, Roberts C, Watson J, Burton M, Mulholland K, Middlemiss DN, Jones BJ (1996) Species differences in 5-HT autoreceptors. Behav Brain Res 73:79–82
Roberts C, Watson J, Burton M, Price GW, Jones BJ (1996) Functional characterization of the 5-HT terminal autoreceptor in the guinea-pig brain cortex. Br J Pharmacol 117:384–388
Rollema H, Clarke T, Sprouse JS, Schulz DW (1996) Combined administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1D antagonist and a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor synergistically increases 5-HT release in guinea pig hypothalamus in vivo. J Neurochem 67:2204–2207
Roth BL, Hyde EG (1997) Pharmacology of 5-HT2 receptors. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 367–394
Rousselle JC, Massot O, Delepierre M, Zifa M, Rousseau B, Fillion G (1996) Isolation and characterization of an endogenous peptide from rat brain interacting specifically with the serotonergic 1B receptor subtypes. J Biol Chem 271:726–735
Ruat M, Traiffort E, Arrang JM, Tradivel-Lacombe J, Diaz J, Leurs R, Schwartz CJ (1993) A novel rat serotonin (5-HT6) receptor: Molecular cloning, localization and stimulation of cAMP accumulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193:268–276
Saxena PR (1994) Modern 5-HT receptor classification and 5-HT based drugs. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 3:513–523
Saxena PR, de Vries P, Villalón CM (1998) 5-HTa-like receptors: a time to bid goodbye. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:311–316
Schiavi GB, Brunet S, Rizzi CA, Ladinsky H (1994) Identification of serotonin 5-HT4 recognition sites in the porcine caudate nucleus by radioligand binding. Neuropharmacol 33:543–549
Shen Y, Monsma FJ Jr., Metcalf MA, Jose PA, Hamblin MW, Sibley DR (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of a 5-hydroxytryptamine7 serotonin receptor subtype. J Biol Chem 268:18200–18204
Shi H, Chen K, Gallaher TK (1994) Structure and function of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. NIDA Res Monograph Series 146:284–297
Sills MA, Wolfe BB, Frazer A (1984) Determination of selective and nonselective compounds for the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor subtypes in rat frontal cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:480–487
Silverstone PH, Greenshaw AJ (1996) 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 6:471–481
Sleight AJ, Boess FG, Bourson A, Sibley DR, Monsma FJ (1995) 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 serotonin receptors: Molecular biology and pharmacology. Neurotransmiss 11,(3):1–5
Starke K, Göthert M, Kilbinger H (1989) Modulation of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic autoreceptors. Physiol Rev 69:864–989
Stowe RL, Barnes NM (1998) Selective labelling of receptor recognition sites in rat brain using [3H]5-carboxamidotryptamine. Neuropharmacol 37:1611–1619
Tricklebank MD (1996) The antipsychotic potential of subtype-selective 5-HT-receptor ligands based on interactions with mesolimbic dopamine systems. Behav Brain Res 73:15–15
Uphouse L (1997) Multiple serotonin receptors: Too many, not enough, or just the right number? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:679–698
Valentin JP, Bonnafous R, John GW (1996) Influence of the endothelium and nitric oxide on the contractile response evoked by 5-HT1D receptor agonists in the rabbit isolated saphenous vein. Br J Pharmacol 119:35–42
Vanhoenacker P, Haegeman G, Leysen JE (2000) The 5-HT7 receptors: current knowledge and future prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:70–77
Van Lommen G, de Bruyn M, Schroven M, Verschueren W, Jansses W, Verrelst J, Leysen J (1995) The discovery of a series of new non-indole 5-HT1D agonists. Bioorgan Med Chem Lett 5:2649–2654
Villalón CM, Centurión D, Luján-Estrada M, Terrón JA, Sánchez-López A (1997) Mediation of 5-HT-induced external carotid vasodilatation in GR 127935-pretreated vagosympathectomized dogs by the putative 5-HT7 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 120:1319–1327
Watts SW, Cohen ML (1999) Vascular 5-HT receptors: Pharmacology and pathophysiology of 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7 receptors. Neurotransmiss 15:3–15
Wolff MC, Benvenga MJ, Calligaro DO, Fuller RW, Gidda JS, Hemrick-Luecke S, Lucot JB, Nelson DL, Overshiner CD, Leander JD (1997) Pharmacological profile of LY301317, a potent and selective 5-HT1A agonist. Drug Develop Res 40:17–34
References
Artais I, Romero G, Zazpe A, Monge A, Caldero JM, Roca J, Lasheras B, del Rio J (1995) The pharmacology of VA21B7: An atypical 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like properties in animal models. Psychopharmacology 117:137–148
Bradley PB (1991) Serotonin: Receptors and subtypes. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 9–22
Briley M, Chopin P, Moret C (1991) The role of serotonin in anxiety: Behavioural approaches. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 56–73
Cao B J, Rodgers RJ (1998) Comparative effects of novel 5-HT1A receptor ligands, LY293284, LY315712 and LY297996 on plusmaze anxiety in mice. Psychopharmacology 139:185–194
Cowen PJ (1991) Serotonin receptor subtypes: Implications for psychopharmacology. Br J Psychiatry 159 (Suppl 12):7–14
Deakin JFW (1991) Serotonin subtypes and affective disorders. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 161–178
Dourish CT, Hutson PH, Curzon G (1986) Putative anxiolytics 8-OH-DPAT, buspirone and TVX Q 7821 are agonists at 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe nucleus. TIPS 7:212–214
Dugovic C, Leysen JE, Wauquier A (1991) Serotonin and sleep in the rat: the role of 5-HT2 receptors. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 77–88
Fabre V, Boni C, Mocaer E, Lesourd M, Hamon M, Laporte AM (1997) [3H]Alnespirone: A novel specific radioligand for 5-HT1A receptors in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 337:297–308
Fletcher A, Pike VW, Cliffe IA (1995) Visualization and characterization of 5-HT receptors and transporters in vivo and in man. Semin Neurosci 7:421–431
Fozard JR (1984) MDL 72222: a potent and highly selective antagonist at neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 326:36–44
Frazer A, Maayani S, Wolfe BB (1990) Subtypes of receptors for serotonin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:307–348
Fuller RW (1990) Serotonin receptors and neuroendocrine responses. Neuropsychopharmacol 3:495–502
Glennon RA (1991) Serotonin receptors and site-selective agents. J Physiol Pharmacol 42:49–60
Göthert M (1990) Presynaptic serotonin receptors in the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 604:102–112
Gozlan H, El Mestikawy S, Pichat L, Glowinsky J, Hamon M (1983) Identification of presynaptic serotonin autoreceptors using a new ligand: 3H-PAT. Nature 305:140–142
Gozlan H, Thibault S, Laporte AM, Lima L, Hamon M (1995) The selective 5-HT1A antagonist radioligand [3H]WAY-100635 labels both G-protein-coupled and free 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain membranes. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 288:173–186
Grahame-Smith DG (1991) The neurophamacology of 5-HT in anxiety. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 46–55
Griebel G (1996) Variability in the effects of 5-HT-related compounds in experimental models of anxiety: Evidence for multiple mechanisms of 5-HT in anxiety or never ending story? Pol J Pharmacol 48:129–136
Griebel G, Misslin R, Pawlowski M, Lemaître BG, Guillaumet G, Bizot-Espiard J (1992) Anxiolytic-like effects of a selective 5-HT1A agonist, S20244, and its enantiomers in mice. NeuroReport 3:84–86
Hall MD, El Mestikawy S, Emerit MB, Pichat L, Hamon M, Gozlan H (1985) [3H]-8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin binding to pre-and postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine sites in various regions of rat brain. J Neurochem 44:1685–1696
Handley SL (1991) Serotonin in animal models of anxiety: The importance of stimulus and response. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 89–115
Handley SL, McBlane JM (1993) 5-HT drugs in animal models of anxiety. Psychopharmacology 112:13–20
Hascoet M, Bourin M, Todd KG, Couetoux du Tertre A (1994) Anti-conflict effect of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: A new model for evaluating anxiolytic-like activity. J Psychopharmacol 8:227–237
Heuring RE, Peroutka SJ (1987) Characterization of a novel 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine binding site subtype in bovine brain membranes. J Neurosci 7:894–903
Hume SP, Ashworth S, Opacka-Juffry J, Ahier RG, Lammertsma AA, Pike VW, Cliffe IA, Fletcher A, White AC (1995) Evaluation of [O-methyl-3H]WAY-100635 as an in vivo radiolig-and for 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 271:515–523
Iversen SD (1984) 5-HT and anxiety. Neuropharmacol 23:1553–1560
Jenck F, Bos M, Wichmann J, Stadler H, Martin JR, Moreau JL (1998) The role of 5-HT2C receptors in affective disorders. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 7:1587–1599
Jerning E, Svantesson GT, Mohell N (1998) Receptor binding characteristics of [3H]NAD-299, a new selective HT1A receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 360:219–225
Khawaja X (1995) Quantitative autoradiographic characterization of the binding of [3H]WAY-100635, a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Brain Res 673:217–225
Khawaja X, Ennis C, Minchin MCW (1997) Pharmacological characterization of recombinant human 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors using a novel antagonist ligand [3H]WAY-100635. Life Sci 60:653–665
Kennett GA, Bright F, Trail B, Blackburn TB, Sanger GJ (1997) Anxiolytic-like actions of the selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonists SB204070A and SB207266A in rats. Neuropharmacol 36:707–712
Kleven MS, Assié MB, Koek W (1997) Pharmacological characterization of in vivo properties of putative mixed 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A/2C antagonist anxiolytics. II. Drug discrimination and behavioral observation studies in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:747–759
Kung HF, Kung MP, Clarke W, Maayani S, Zhuang ZP (1994a) A potential 5-HT1A receptor antagonist: p-MPPI. Life Sci 55:1459–1462
Kung M P, Zhuang Z P, Frederick D, Kung HF (1994b) In vivo binding of [123I]4-(2′-Methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′-(N-2″-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]-ethyl-piperazine, p-MPPI, to 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain. Synapse 18:359–366
Kung MP, Frederick D, Mu M, Zhuang ZP, Kung HF (1995) 4-(2′-Methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′-(n-2″-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]-ethyl-piperazine ([125I]p-MPPI) as a new selective radioligand on serotonin-1A sites in rat brain: In vitro binding and autoradiographic studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272:429–437
Laporte AM, Lima L, Gozlan H, Hamon M (1994) Selective in vivo labelling of brain HT1A receptors by [3H]WAY-100635 in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 271:505–514
Larkman PM Rainnie DG, Kelly JS (1991) Serotonin receptor electrophysiology and the role of potassium channels in neuronal excitability. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 41–64
Meert TF, Awouters F (1991) Serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists: a preclinical evaluation of possible therapeutic effects. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 65–76
Middlemiss DN, Fozard JR (1983) 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin discriminates between subtypes of the 5-HT1 recognition site. Eur J Pharmacol 90:151–153
Misslin R, Griebel G, Saffroy-Spittler M, Vogel E (1990) Anxiolytic and sedative effects of 5-HT1A ligands, 8-OH-DPAT and MDL 73005EF, in mice. NeuroReport 1:267–270
New JS (1990) The discovery and development of buspirone: a new approach to the treatment of anxiety. Med Res Rev 10:283–326
Newman ME, Lerer B, Shapira B (1992) 5-HT-1A receptor-mediated effects of antidepressants. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 17:1–19
Newman-Tancredi A, Verrièle L, Chaput C, Millan MJ (1998a) Labelling of recombinant human and native rat serotonin HT1A receptors by a novel, selective radioligand, [3H]S 15535: Definition of its binding profile using agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 357:205–217
Newman-Tancredi A, Chaput C, Touzart M, Verrièle L, Millan MJ (1998b) Parallel evaluation of 5-HT1A receptor localization and functionality: autoradiographic studies with [35S]-GTPγS and the novel, selective radioligand [3H]S 15535. In: Martin GR, Eglen RM, Hoyer D, Hamblin MW, Yocca F (eds) Advances in Serotonin Research. Molecular Biology, Signal Transduction, and Therapeutics. Ann New York Acad Sci 861:263–264
Pazos A, Hoyer D, Palacios JM (1984) The binding of serotonergic ligands to the porcine choroid plexus: characterization of a new type of serotonin recognition site. Eur J Pharmacol 106:539–546
Pedigo NW, Yammamura HI, Nelson DL (1981) Discrimination of multiple [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites by the neuroleptic spiperone in rat brain. J Neurochem 36:220–226
Peroutka SJ (1985) Selective interaction of novel anxiolytics with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors. Biol Psychiatry 20:971–979
Peroutka SJ (1986) Pharmacological differentiation and characterization of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C binding sites in rat frontal cortex. J Neurochem 47:29–540
Peroutka SJ (1988) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes: molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization Trends Neurosci 11:496–500
Pike VW, Halldin C, McCarron JA, Lundkvist C, Hirani E, Olsson H, Hume SP, Karlsson P, Osman S, Swahn CG, Hall H, Wikstrom H, Mensonidas M, Poole KG, Farde L (1998) [Carbonyl11C]-Desmethyl-WAY 100635 (DWAY) is a potent and selective radioligand for central 5-HT1A receptors in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Nucl Med 25:338–346
Raymond JR, El Mestikawy S, Fargin A (1992) The 5-HT1A receptor: from molecular characteristics to clinical correlates. In: Brann MR (ed) Molecular Biology of G-Protein-coupled receptors. Birkhäuser Boston Basel Berlin pp 113–141
Roca J, Artaiz I, del Rio J (1995) 5-HT3 Receptor antagonists in development of anxiolytics. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 4:333–342
Sanell J, Halldin C, Hall H, Thorberg SO, Werner T, Sohn D, Sedvall G, Farde L (1999) Radiosynthesis and autoradiographic evaluation of [11C]NAD-299, a radioligand for visualisation of the 5-HT1A receptor. Nucl Med Biol 26:159–164
Saxena PR, Lawang A (1985) A comparison of cardiovascular and smooth muscle effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-carboxamidotryptamine, a selective agonist of 5-HT1 receptors. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 277:235–252
Schlegel JR, Peroutka SJ (1986) Nucleotide interactions with 5-HT1A binding sites directly labeled by [3H]-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]-8-OH-DPAT). Biochem Pharmacol 35:1943–1949
Stanhope KJ, Dourish CT (1996) Effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists, partial agonists and a silent antagonists on the performance of the conditioned emotional response test in the rat. Psychopharmacology 128:293–303
Sundaram H, Turner JD, Strang PG (1995) Characterization of recombinant serotonin 5-HT1A receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells: The agonist [3H]lisuride labels free receptor and receptor coupled to G protein. J Neurochem 65:1909–1016
Traber J, Glaser T (1987) 5-HT1A receptor-related anxiolytics. TIPS 8:432–437
Verge D, Daval G, Marcinkiewicz M, Patey A, El Mestikawy H, Gozlan Hamon M (1986) Quantitative autoradiography of multiple 5-HT1 receptor subtypes in the brain of control of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats. J Neurosci 6:3474–3482
Yocca FD, Hyslop DK, Smith DW, Maayani S (1987) BMY 7378, a buspirone analog with high affinity, selectivity and low intrinsic activity at the 5-HT1A receptor in rat and guinea pig hippocampal membranes. Eur J Pharmacol 137:293–294
References
Boulenguez P, Chauveau J, Segu L, Morel A, Lanoir J, Delaage M (1992) Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of serotonin-O-carboxymethylglycyl[125I]iodotyrosinamide, a new radioligand probe for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D binding sites. J Neurochem 58:951–959
Domenech T, Beleta J, Palacios JM (1997) Characterization of human serotonin 1D and 1B receptors using [3H]-GR-125743, a novel radiolabelled serotonin 5-HT1D/1B receptor antagonist. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 356:328–334
Hartig PR, Branchek TA, Weinshank RL (1992) A subfamily of 5-HT1D receptor genes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:152–159
Hoyer D, Engel G, Kalkman HO (1985) Molecular pharmacology of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 recognition sites in rat and pig brain membranes: radioligand binding studies with [3H]5-HT, [3H]8OH-DPAT, (−)I[125I]iodocyanopindolol, [3H]mesulergine and [3H]ketanserin. Eur J Pharmacol 118:13–23
Hoyer D, Schoeffter P, Waeber C, Palacios JM (1990) Serotonin 5-HT1D receptors. Ann NY Acad Sci 600:168–181
Humphrey PPA, Feniuk W, Marriott AS, Tanner RJN, Jackson MR, Tucker ML (1991) Preclinical studies on the anti-migraine drug, Sumatriptan. Eur Neurol 31:282–290
Jenck F, Moreau JL, Mutel V, Martin JR, Haefely WE (1993) Evidence for a role of 5-HT1C receptors in the antiserotoninergic properties of some antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 231:223–229
Jenck F, Moreau JL, Mutel V, Martin JR (1994) Brain 5-HT1C receptors and antidepressants. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 18:563–574
Koe BK, Lebel LA, Fox CB, Macor JE (1992) Characterization of [3H]CP-96,501 as a selective radioligand for the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor: Binding studies in rat brain membranes. J Neurochem 58:1268–1276
Lebel LA, Koe BK (1992) Binding studies with the 5-HT1B receptor agonist [3H]CP-96,501 in brain tissues. Drug Dev Res 27:253–264
Mahle CD, Nowak HP, Mattson RJ, Hurt SD, Yocca FD (1991) [3H]-carboxamidotryptamine labels multiple high affinity 5-HT1D-like sites in guinea pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol 205:323–324
Massot O, Rousselle JC, Grimaldi B, Cloët-Tayarani I, Fillion MP, Plantefol M, Bonnin A, Prudhomme N, Fillion G (1998) Molecular, cellular and physiological characteristics of 5-HT-moduline, a novel endogenous modulator of 5-HT1B receptor subtype. In: Martin GR, Eglen RM, Hoyer D, Hamblin MW, Yocca F (eds) Advances in Serotonin Research. Molecular Biology, Signal Transduction, and Therapeutics. Ann New York Acad Sci 861:174–182
Middlemiss DN (1984) Stereoselective blockade at [3H]5-HT binding sites and at the 5-HT autoreceptor by propranolol. Eur J Pharmacol 101:289–293
Middlemiss DN, Fozard JR (1983) 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl-amino)-tetralin discriminates between subtypes of the 5-HT1 recognition site. Eur J Pharmacol 90:151–153
Nowak HP, Mahle CD, Yocca FD (1993) [3H]-carboxamidotryptamine labels 5-HT1D binding sites in bovine substantia nigra. Br J Pharmacol 109:1206–1211
Palacios JM, Waeber C, Bruinvels AT, Hoyer D (1992) Direct visualisation of serotonin1D receptors in the human brain using a new iodinated ligand. Mol Brain Res 346:175–179
Pedigo NW, Yammamura HI, Nelson DL (1981) Discrimination of multiple [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites by the neuroleptic spiperone in rat brain. J Neurochem 36:220–226
Peroutka SJ (1986) Pharmacological differentiation and characterization of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C binding sites in rat frontal cortex. J Neurochem 47:529–540
Peroutka SJ (1988) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes: molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization. TINS 11:496–500
Peroutka S, Snyder SH (1979) Multiple serotonin receptors: differential binding of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide and [3H]spiroperidol. Mol Pharmacol 16:687–699
Schlicker E, Werner U, Hamon M, Gozlan H, Nickel B, Szelenyi I, Göthert M (1992) Anpirtoline, a novel highly potent 5-HT1B receptor agonist with antinociceptive/antidepressant-like actions in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 105:732–738
Segu L, Chauveau J, Boulenguez P, Morel A, Lanoir J, Delaage M (1991) Synthesis and pharmacological study of radioiodinated serotonin derivative specific for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D binding sites in the central nervous system. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 312:655–661
References
Azukawa S, Miyata K, Fukutomi H (1995) Characterization of [3H]YM060, a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor radioligand, in the cerebral cortex of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 281:37–42
Barnes JM, Barnes NM, Champaneria S, Costall B (1990) Characterization and autoradiographic localization of 5-HT3 receptor recognition sites identified with [3H]-(S)-zacopride in the forebrain of the rat. Neuropharmacol 29:1037–1045
Barnes JM, Barnes NM, Costall B, Jagger SM, Naylor RJ, Robertson DW, Roe SY (1992) Agonist interactions with 5-HT3 receptor recognition sites in the rat entorhinal cortex labelled by structurally diverse radioligands. Br J Pharmacol 105:500–504
Barnes NM, Costall B, Naylor RJ (1988) [3H]Zacopride: Ligand for the identification of 5-HT3 recognition sites. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:548–551
Bonhaus DW, Loury DN, Jakeman LB, To Z, deSouza A, Eglen RM, Wong EHF (1993) [3H]BIMU-1, a 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor ligand in NG 108 cells, selectively labels sigma-2 binding sites in guinea pig hippocampus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:961–970
Bönisch H, Barann M, Graupner J, Göthert M (1993) Characterization of 5-HT3 receptors of N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells by the use of the influx of the organic cation [14C]-guanidinium. Br J Pharmacol 108:436–442
Butler A, Hill JM, Ireland SJ, Jordan CD, Tyres MB (1988) Pharmacological properties of GR38032F, a novel antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 94:397–412
Costall B, Naylor RJ, Tyers MB (1988) Recent advances in the neuropharmacology of 5-HT3 agonists and antagonists. Rev Neuroscience 2:41–65
Costall B, Naylor RT, Tyers MB (1990) The psychopharmacology of 5-HT3 receptors. Pharmac Ther 47:181–202
Davies PA, Pistis M, Hanna MC, Peters JA, Lambert JJ, Hales TG, Kirkness EF (1999) The 5-HT3B subunit is a major determinant of serotonin receptor function. Nature 397:359–363
Dunn RW, Carlezon WA Jr., Corbett R (1991) Preclinical anxiolytic versus antipsychotic profiles of the 5-HT3 antagonists ondansetron, zacopride, 3α-tropanyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic ester, and 1αH, 3αH, 5αH-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dihydrochlorobenzoate. Drug Dev Res 23:289–300
Emerit MB, Riad M, Fattacini CM, Hamon M (1993) Characteristics of [14C]guanidium accumulation in NG 108-15 cells exposed to serotonin 5-HT3 receptor ligands and substance P. J Neurochem 60:2059–2067
Gehlert DR, Schober DA, Gackenheimer SL, Mais DE, Ladouceur G, Robertson DW (1993) Synthesis and evaluation of [125I]-(S)-iodozacopride, a high affinity radioligand for 5-HT3 receptors. Neurochem Int 23:373–383
Hewlett WA, Trivedi BL, Zhang ZJ, de Paulis T, Schmidt DE, Lovinger DM, Sib Ansari M, Ebert MH (1999) Characterization of (S)-des-4-amino-3-[125I]iodozacopride ([125I]DAIZAC), a selective high affinity ligand for 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors. J Pharm Exp Ther 288:221–231
Hovius R, Schmid EL, Tairi AP, Blasey H, Bernard AR, Lundstrom K, Vogel H (1999) Fluorescence techniques for fundamental and applied studies of membrane protein receptors: The serotonin 5-HT3 receptor. J Recept Signal Transduction 19:533–545
Hoyer D (1990) Serotonin 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and 5-HT-M receptors. Neuropsychopharmacol 3:371–383
Hoyer D, Neijt HC (1988) Identification of serotonin 5-HT3 recognition sites in membranes of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells by radioligand binding. Mol Pharmacol 33:303–309
Hoyer D, Clarke DE, Fozard JR, Hartig PR, Martin GR, Mylecharane EJ, Saxena PR, Humphrey PP (1994) VII. International Union of Pharmacology Classification of Receptors for 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin). Pharmacol Rev 46:157–203
Jansen FP, Wu TS, Voss HP, Steinbusch HWM, Vollinga RC, Rademaker B, Bast A, Timmerman H (1994) Characterization of the binding of the first selective radiolabelled histamine H3 receptor antagonist, [125I]iodophenpropit. Br J Pharmacol 113:355–362
Kilpatrick GJ, Jones BJ, Tyers MB (1987) Identification and distribution of 5-HT3 receptors in rat brain using radioligand binding. Nature 330:746–748
Kilpatrick GJ, Jones BJ, Tyers MB (1989) Binding of the 5-HT3 ligand, [3H]-GR 65630, to rat area postrema, vagus nerve and the brains of several species. Eur J Pharmacol 159:157–164
Kilpatrick GJ, Bunce KT, Tyer MB (1990) 5-HT3 Receptors. Med Res Rev 10:441–475
Kooyman AR, Zwart R, Vanderheijden PML, van Hooft JA, Vijverberg HPM (1994) Interaction between enatiomers of mianserin and ORG3770 at 5-HT3 receptors in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Neuropharmacol 33:501–507
Leurs R, Vollinga RC, Timmerman H (1995) The medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potentials of ligands of the histamine H3 receptor. Progr Drug Res 45:107–165
Leurs R, Blandina P, Tedford C, Timmerman H (1998) Therapeutic potentials of histamine H3 receptor agonists and antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:177–183
Ligneau X, Garbag M, Vizueta ML, Diaz J, Purand K, Stark H, Schunack W, Schwartz JC (1994) [125I]Iodoproxyfan, a new antagonist to label and visualize cerebral histamine H3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:452–459
Martin GR, Humphrey PPA (1994) Classification review. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacol 33:261–273
Mason NS, Hewlett WA, Ebert MH, Schmidt DE, de Paulis T (1996) Labeling of (S)-Des-4-amino-3-[125I]iodozacopride (DAIZAC), a high affinity radioligand for the 5-HT3 receptor. J Label Compd Radiopharm 38:955–961
Miller K, Weisberg E, Fletcher PW, Teitler M (1992) Membrane bound and solubilized 5-HT3 receptors: Improved radioligand binding assays using bovine area postrema or rat cortex and the radioligands [3H]-GR 65630, [3H]-BRL43694, and [3H]-Ly278584. Synapse 11:58–66
Peroutka SJ (1988) 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes: Molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization. Trends Neuroscience 11:496–500
Peroutka SJ (1991) Serotonin receptor subtypes and neuropsychiatric diseases: Focus on 5-HT1D and 5-HT3 receptor agents. Pharmacol Rev 43:579–586
Perry DC (1990) Autoradiography of [3H]quipazine in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 187:75–85
Pinkus LM, Sarbin NS, Barefoot DS, Gordon JC (1989) Association of [3H]zacopride with 5-HT3 binding sites. Eur J Pharmacol 168:355–362
Reiser G, Hamprecht B (1989) Substance P and serotonin act synergistically to activate a cation permeability in a neuronal cell line. Brain Res 479:40–48
Robertson DW, Bloomquist W, Cohen ML, Reid LR, Schenk K, Wong DT (1990) Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of tritium-labeled 1-methyl-N-[8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, a useful radioligand for 5-HT3 receptors. J Med Chem 33:3176–3181
Saxena PR (1994) Modern 5-HT receptor classification and 5-HT based drugs. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 3:513–523
Stark H, Schlicker E, Schunack W (1996) Development of histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Drugs Future 21:507–520
Steward LJ, Ge J, Bentley KR, Barber PC, Hope FG, Lambert FJ, Peters JA, Blackburn TP, Barnes NM (1995) Evidence that the atypical 5-HT3 receptor ligand, [3H]-BRL46470, labels additional 5-HT3 binding sites compared to [3H]-granisetron. Br J Pharmacol 116:1781–1788
Tairi AP, Hovius R, Pick H, Blasey H, Bernard A, Surprenant A, Lundstrom K, Vogel H (1998) Ligand binding to the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor studied with a novel fluorescent ligand. Biochemistry 37:15850–15864
Watling KJ (1989) 5-HT3 Receptor agonists and antagonists. Neurotransmission 3:1–4
Watling KJ, Aspley S, Swain CJ, Saunders J (1988) [3H]Quaternised ICS 205-930 labels 5-HT3 receptor binding sites in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 149:397–39
References
Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Schwartz JC (1985) Autoregulation of histamine release in brain by presynaptic H3-receptors. Neurosci 15:533–562
Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Lancelot JC, Lecomte JM, Pollard H, Robba M, Schunack W, Schwartz JC (1987) Highly potent and selective ligands for histamine H3-receptors. Nature 327:117–123
Arrang JM, Roy J, Morgat JL, Schunack W, Schwartz JC (1990) Histamine H3-receptor binding sites in rat brain membranes: modulation by guanine nucleotides and divalent cations. Eur J Pharmacol 188:219–227
Haaksma EEJ, Leurs R, Timmerman H (1990) Histamine receptors: subclasses and specific ligands. Pharmac Ther 47:73–104
Hew KWS, Hodgkinson CR, Hill SJ (1990) Characterization of histamine H3-receptors in guinea-pig ileum with H3-selective ligands. Br J Pharmacol 101:621–624
Hill SJ (1990) Distribution, properties, and functional characteristics of three classes of histamine receptor. Pharmacol Rev 42:45–83
Hill SJ (1992) Histamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Neurotransmiss 8 (1):1–5
Hill SJ, Ganellin CR, Timmerman H, Schwartz JC, Shankley NP, Young JM, Schunack W, Levi R, Haas HL (1997) International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 49:253–278
Jansen FP, Rademaker B, Bast A, Timmerman H (1992) The first radiolabeled histamine H3 receptor antagonist, [125I]iodophenpropit: saturable and reversible binding to rat cortex membranes. Eur J Pharmacol 217:203–205
Korte A, Myers J, Shih NY, Egan RW, Clark MA (1990) Characterization and tissue distribution of H3 histamine receptors in guinea pigs by α-methylhistamine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168:979–986
Leurs R, van der Goot H, Timmerman H (1991) Histaminergic agonists and antagonists. Recent developments. Adv Drug Res 20:217–304
Leurs R, Blandina P, Tedford C, Timmerman H (1998) Therapeutic potential of histamine H3 receptor agonists and antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:177–183
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275
Schlicker E, Betz R, Göthert M (1988) Histamine H3-receptormediated inhibition of serotonin release in the rat brain cortex. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 337:588–590
Timmerman H (1990) Histamine H3 ligands: just pharmacological tools or potential therapeutic agents? J Med Chem 33:4–11
Van der Goot H, Schepers MJP, Sterk GJ, Timmerman H (1992) Isothiourea analogues of histamine as potent agonists or antagonists of the histamine H3-receptor. Eur J Med Chem 27:511–517
Van der Werf JF, Timmerman H (1989) The histamine H3 receptor: a general presynaptic regulatory system? Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:159–162
West RE Jr., Zweig A, Shih NY, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Clark MA (1990) Identification of two H3-histamine receptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol 38:610–613
References
Bastian JW, Krause WE, Ridlon SA, Ercoli N (1959) CNS drug specificity as determined by the mouse intravenous pentylenetetrazole technique. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 127:75–80
Domino EF (1964) Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 313–324
Lippa AS, Priscilla A, Nash, BA, Greenblatt EN (1979) Pre-clinical neuro-psychopharmacological testing procedures for anxiolytic drugs. In: Fielding St, Lal H (eds) Anxiolytics, Futura Publishing Comp. Inc., New York, pp 41–81
Löscher W, Hönack D, Fassbender CP, Nolting B (1991) The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. III. Pentylentetrazole seizure models. Epilepsy Res 8:171–189
Starzl TE, Niemer WT, Dell M, Forgrave PR (1953) Cortical and subcortical electrical activity in experimental seizures induced by Metrazol. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 12:262–276
References
Bigler ED (1977) Comparison of effects of bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin with those of pentylenetetrazol on photically evoked afterdischarges. Epilepsia 18:465–470
Costa E, Guidotti A, Mao CC (1975) New concepts in the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Life Sci. 17:167–186
Lambert DM, Poupaert JH, Maloteaux JM, Dumont P (1994) Anticonvulsant activities of N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine after parenteral administration. Neuro Report 5:777–780
McAllister KH (1992) N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and channel blockers have different effects upon a spinal seizure model in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 211:105–108
References
Buckett WR (1981) Intravenous bicuculline test in mice: Characterisation with Gabaergic drugs. J Pharmacol Meth 5:35–41
Costa E, Guidotti A, Mao CC, Suria A (1975) New concepts in the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Life Sci 17:167–186
Enna SJ, Möhler H (1987) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and their association with benzodiazepine recognition sites. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press New York, pp 265–272
Usunoff G, Atsev E, Tchavdarov D (1969) On the mechanisms of picrotoxin epileptic seizure (macro-and micro-electrode investigations). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 27:444
References
Costa E, Guidotti A, Mao CC (1975) Evidence for involvement of GABA in the action of benzodiazepines: Studies on rat cerebellum. In: Costa E, Greengard P (eds) Mechanisms of Action of Benzodiazepines. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, Vol 14. Raven Press, New York, pp 113–151
References
Litchfield J, Wilcoxon F (1949) A simplified method of evaluating dose effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:99–113
Dunn R, Fielding S (1987) Yohimbine-induced seizures in mice: A model predictive of potential anxiolytic and GABA-mimetic agents. Drug Dev Res 10:177–188
Dunn RW, Corbett R (1992) Yohimbine-induced convulsions involve NMDA and GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacol 31:389–395
Dunn RW, Corbett R, Martin LL, Payack JF, Laws-Ricker L, Wilmot CA, Rush DK, Cornfeldt ML, Fielding S (1990) Preclinical anxiolytic profiles of 7189 and 8319, novel non-competitive NMDA antagonists. Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant, Anxiety, and Stroke Therapy, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp 495–512
References
Brady JV, Nauta WJH (1953) Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: Affective changes following septal forebrain lesions in the albino rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 46:339–346
Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1977) Aggressive behavior in the rat. Behav Biol 21:197–224
Chen G, Bohner B, Bratten AC (1963) The influence of certain central depressants on fighting behavior of mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 142:30–34
Heise GA, Boff E (1961) Taming action of chlordiazepoxide. Fed Proc 20:393–397
Irwin S, Kinohi R, Van Sloten M, Workman MP (1971) Drug effects on distress-evoked behavior in mice: Methodology and drug class comparisons. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 20:172–185
Kruk MR, van der Poel AM, de Vos-Frerichs TP (1979) The induction of aggressive behaviour by electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus of male rats. Behaviour 70:292–322
Mos J, Olivier B (1991) Concepts in animal models for pathological aggressive behaviour in humans. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 297–316
Randall LO, Heise GA, Schalleck W, Bagdon RE, Banziger R, Boris A, Moe A, Abrams WB (1961) Pharmacological and clinical studies on Valium(T.M.). A new psychotherapeutic agent of the benzodiazepine class. Current Ther Res 9:405–425
Rudzik AD, Hester JB, Tang AH, Straw RN, Friis W (1973) Triazolobenzazepines, a new class of central nervous system-depressant compounds. In: Garattini S, Mussini E, Randall LO (eds) The Benzodiazepines, Raven Press New York, pp 285–297
Tedeschi RE, Tedeschi DH, Mucha A, Cook L, Mattis PA, Fellows EJ (1959) Effects of various centrally acting drugs on fighting behavior of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:28–34
Tedeschi DH, Fowler PJ, Miller RB, Macko E (1969) Pharmacological analysis of footshock-induced fighting behaviour. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation Amsterdam, pp 245–252
Ulrich R, Symannek B (1969) Pain as a stimulus for aggression In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation Amsterdam, pp 59–69
References
Anrade ML, Benton D, Brain PF, Ramirez JM, Walmsley SV (1988) A reexamination of the hypoglycemia-aggression hypothesis in laboratory mice. Intern J Neuroscience 41:179–186
Caharperntier J (1969) Analysis and measurement of aggressive behaviour in mice. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 86–100
Davbanzo JP (1969) Observations related to drug-induced alterations in aggressive behaviour. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 263–272
Francès H (1988) New animal model of social behavioral deficit: Reversal by drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:467–470
Francès H, Monier C (1991) Tolerance to the behavioural effect of serotonergic (5-HT1B) agonists in the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit test. Neuropharmacol 30:623–627
Francès H, Khidichian F, Monier C (1990) Increase in the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit by agonists at 5-HT1A receptors. Neuropharmacol 29:103–107
Hoffmeister F, Wuttke W (1969) On the actions of psychotropic drugs on the attack-and aggressive-defensive behaviour of mice and cats. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 273–280
Krsiak M (1974) Behavioral changes and aggressivity evoked by drugs in mice. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 7:237–257
Krsiak M (1975) Timid singly-house mice: their value in prediction of psychotropic activity of drugs. Br J Pharmacol 55:141–150
Krsiak M (1979) Effects of drugs on behaviour of aggressive mice. Br J Pharmacol 65:525–533
Krsiak M, Janku I (1969) The development of aggressive behaviour in mice by isolation. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam pp 101–105
Lagerspetz KMJ (1969) Aggression and aggressiveness in laboratory mice. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 77–85
Le Douarec JC, Broussy L (1969) Dissociation of the aggressive behaviour in mice produced by certain drugs. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 281–295
McMillen BA, Scott SM, Williams HL, Sanghera MK (1987) Effects of gespirone, an aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drug, on aggressive behavior and brain monoaminergic neurotrans-mission. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 335:454–464
McMillen BA, Wooten MH, King SW, Scott SM, Williams HL (1992) Interaction between subchronic administration of alprazolam and aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drugs in aggressive mice. Biogenic Amines 9:131–140
Oliver B, Mos J (1992) Rodent models of aggressive behavior and serotonergic drugs. Progr Neuro-Psychopharm Biol Psychiat 16:847–870
Olivier B, van Dalen D (1982) Social behaviour in rats and mice: an ethologically based model for differentiating psychoactive drugs. Aggress Behav 8:163–168
Sánchez C, Arnt J, Moltzen EK (1996) The antiaggressive potency of (−)-penbutolol involves both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and β-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 297:1–8
Scriabine A, Blake M (1962) Evaluation of centrally acting drugs in mice with fighting behavior induced by isolation. Psychopharmacologia 3:224–226
Valzelli L (1967) Drugs and aggressiveness. In: Garratini S, Shore PA (eds) Advances in Pharmacology, Vol. 5, pp 79–108, Academic Press, New York
Valzelli L (1969) Aggressive behaviour induced by isolation. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 70–76
White SM, Kucharik RF, Moyer JA (1991) Effects of serotoninergic agents on isolation-induced aggression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:729–736
Yen CY, Stanger RL, Millman N (1959) Ataractic suppression of isolation-induced aggressive behavior. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 123:179–185
References
Brain PF, Howell PA, Benton D, Jones SE (1979) Studies on responses by “residents” rats housed in different ways to intruders of differing endocrine status. J Endocrinol 81:135–136
Flannelly K, Lore R (1975) Dominace-subordinance in cohabitating pairs of adult rats: Effects on aggressive behavior. Aggress Behav 1:331–340
Mos J, Olivier B, Poth M, van Aken H (1992) The effects of intraventricular administration of eltoprazine, 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin on resident intruder aggression in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 212:295–298
Muehlenkamp F, Lucion A, Vogel WH (1995) Effects of selective serotonergic agonists on aggressive behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50:671–674
Sijbesma H, Schipper J, de Kloet ER, Mos J, van Aken H, Olivier B (1991) Postsynaptic 5-HT1 receptors and offensive aggression in rats: A combined behavioural and autoradiographic study with eltoprazine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:447–458
References
Baenninger LP (1970) Social dominance orders in the rat: “Spontaneous” food and water competition. J Physiol Psychol 71:202–209
Muehlenkamp F, Lucion A, Vogel WH (1995) Effects of selective serotonergic agonists on aggressive behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50:671–674
Syme GJ (1974) Competitive orders a measures of social dominance. Anim Behav 22:931–940
References
Kruk MR, Zethof T (1987) Postpartum aggression in rats does not influence threshold currents for EBS-induced aggression. Brain Res 404:263–266.
Mos J, Olivier B, Van Oorschot R (1984) Different test situations for measuring offensive aggression in male rats do not result in the same wound pattern. Physiol Behav 32:453–456
Mos J, Olivier B, Lammers JHCM, van der Poel AM, Kruk MR, Zethof T (1987a) Postpartum aggression in rats does not influence threshold currents for EBS-induced aggression. Brain Res 404:263–266
Mos J, Olivier B, van Oorschot R (1987b) Maternal aggression towards different sized male opponents: effect of chlordiazepoxide treatment of the mothers and d-amphetamine treatment of the intruders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26:577–584
Mos J, Olivier B, van Oorschot R, van Aken H, Zethof T (1989) Experimental and ethological aspect of maternal aggression in rats: five years of observations. In: Blanchard RJ, Brain PF, Blanchard DC, Parmigiani S (eds) Ethoexperimental Approaches to the Study of Behavior. Kluver Acad Publ, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp 385–398
Mos J, Olivier B, van Oorschot R (1990) Behavioural and neuropharmacological aspects of maternal aggression in rodents. Aggress Behav 16:145–163
Olivier B (1981) Selective antiaggressive properties of DU27725: ethological analysis of intermale and territorial aggression in the male rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14, Suppl 1:61–77
Olivier B, Mos J (1986) A female aggression paradigm for use in psychopharmacology: maternal agonistic behavior in rats. In: Brain PF, Ramirez JM (eds) Cross-Disciplinary Studies on Aggression. University of Seville Press, Seville, pp 73–111
Olivier B, Mos J (1992) Rodent models of aggressive behavior and serotonergic drugs. Progr Neuro-Psychopharm Biol Psychiat 16:847–870
Olivier B, Mos J, van Oorschot R (1985) Maternal aggression in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide and fluprazine. Psychopharmacology 86:68–76
Olivier B, Rasmussen D, Raghoebar M, Mos J (1990) Ethopharmacology: A creative approach to identification and characterization of novel psychotropics. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 8:11–29
Olivier B, Mos J, van Oorschot R, Hen R (1995) Serotonin receptors and animal models of aggressive behavior. Pharmacopsychiat 28, Suppl.: 80–90
Palanza P, Rodgers RJ, Ferrari PF, Parmigiani S (1996) Effects of chlordiazepoxide on maternal aggression in mice depend on experience of resident and sex of intruder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:175–182
References
Glusman M (1974) The hypothalamic 'savage’ syndrome. Res Publ Ass Nerv Ment Dis 52:52–92
Malick JB (1970) Effects of selected drugs on stimulus-bound emotional behaviour elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in the cat. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 186:137–141
Murasaki M, Hara T, Oguchi T, Inami M, Ikeda Y (1976) Action of enpiprazole on emotional behaviour induced by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats. Psychopharmacologia 49:271–274
Pieri L (1983) Preclinical pharmacology of midazolam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:17S–27S
Siegel A, Schubert K (1995) Neurotransmitters regulating feline aggression. Rev Neurosci 6:47–61
Siegel A, Shaikh MB (1997) The neural bases of aggression and rage in the cat. Aggression Violent Behav 1:241–271
Siegel A, Schubert K, Shaikh MB (1997) Neurotransmitters regulating defensive rage behavior in the cat. Neurosci Biobeh Rev 21:733–742
Siegel A, Schubert KL, Shaikh MB (1998) Neurotransmitters regulating defensive rage behavior in the cat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:733–742
Siegel A, Roeling TAP, Gregg TR, Kruk MR (1999) Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:359–389
References
Barnes NM, Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, Krähling H, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM, Williams TJ (1991) The effects of umespirone as a potential anxiolytic and antipsychotic agent. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:89–96
Barnes NM, Cheng CHK, Costall B, Ge J, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ (1992a) Profiles of R(+)/S(−)-Zacopride and anxiolytic agents in a mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 218:91–100
Barnes NM, Costal B, Ge J, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ (1992b) The interaction of R(+)-and S(−)-azcopride with PCPA to modify rodent aversive behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 218:15–25
Blumstein LK, Crawley JN (1983) Further characterisation of a simple, automated exploratory model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18:37–40
Broekkamp CLE, Berendsen HHG, Jenk F, van Delft AML (1989) Animal models for anxiety and response to serotonergic drugs. Psychopathology 22(Suppl 1):2–12
Costall B, Hendrie CA, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ (1987) Actions of sulpiride and tiapride in a simple model of anxiety in mice. Neuropharmacol 26:195–200
Costall B, Kelley ME, Naylor RJ, Onaivi ES (1988) Actions of buspirone in a putative model of anxiety in the mouse. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:494–500
Costall B, Jones BJ, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM (1989) Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:777–785
Crawley JN (1981) Neuropharmacologic specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:695–699
Crawley J, Goodwin KK (1980) Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:167–170
Griebel G (1995) 5-Hydroxytryptamine-interacting drugs in animal models of anxiety disorders: more than 30 years research. Pharmac Ther 65:319–395
Kilfoil T, Michel A, Montgomery D, Whithing RL (1989) Effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs on exploratory activity in a simple model of anxiety in mice. Neuropharmacol 28:901–905
Kauppila T, Tanila H, Carlson S, Taira T (1991) Effects of atipamezole, a novel α 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, in openfield, plus-maze, two compartment exploratory, and forced swimming tests in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 205:177–182
Manser CE, Elliott H, Morriss TH, Broom DM (1996) The use of a novel operant test to determine the strength of preference for flooring in laboratory rats. Labor Animals 30:1–6
Sanchez C (1995) Serotonergic mechanisms involved in the exploratory behaviour of mice in a fully automated two-compartment black and white test box. Pharmacol Toxicol 77:71–78
Schipper J, Tulp MThM, Berkelmans B, Mos J, Van der Heijden JAM, Olivier B (1991) Preclinical pharmacology of Flesinoxan: A potential anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. Human Psychopharmacol 6:53–61
Treit D (1985) Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Reviews 9:203–222
References
Borsini F, Lecci A, Volterra G, Meli A (1989) A model to measure anticipatory anxiety in mice? Psychopharmacology 98:207–211
Lecci A, Borsini F, Mancinelli A, D'Aranno V, Stasi MA, Volterra G, Meli A (1990a) Effects of serotoninergic drugs on stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) in mice. J Neur Transmiss 82:219–230
Lecci A, Borsini F, Volterra G, Meli A (1990b) Pharmacological validation of a novel animal model of anticipatory anxiety in mice. Psychopharmacology 101:255–261
Tulp M, Olivier B, Schipper J, van der Pel G, Mos J, van der Heyden J (1991) Serotonin reuptake blockers: Is there preclinical evidence for their efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Human Psychopharmacol 6:S63–S71
Van der Heyden JASM, Zethof TKK, Olivier B (1997) Stress-induced hyperthermia in singly housed mice. Physiol Behav 62:463–470
Zelthof TJJ, van der Heyden JAM, Olivier B (1991) A new animal model for anticipatory anxiety? In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 65–68
Zelthof TJJ, van der Heyden JAM, Tolboom JTBM, Olivier B (1995) Stress-induced hyperthermia as a putative anxiety model. Eur J Pharmacol 294:125–135
References
Angelis L, File SE (1979) Acute and chronic effects of three benzodiazepines in the social interaction test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 64:127–129
Barnes NM, Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, Krähling H, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM, Williams TJ (1991) The effects of umespirone as a potential anxiolytic and antipsychotic agent. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:89–96
Blackburn TP, Baxter GS, Kennett GA, King FD, Piper DC, Sanger GJ, Thomas DR, Upton N, Wood MD (1993) BRL 46470A: A highly potent, selective and long acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like properties. Psychopharmacology 110:257–264
Carlsson M, Carlsson A (1990) Interactions between glutaminergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia: implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Trends Neural Sci 13:272–276
Corbett R, Dunn RW (1991) Effects of HA-966 on conflict, social interaction, and plus maze behaviors. Drug Dev Res 24:201–205
Corbett R, Fielding S, Cornfeldt M, Dunn RW (1991) GABAmimetic agents display anxiolytic-like effects in the social interaction and elevated plus maze procedures. Psychopharmacology 104:312–316
Corbett R, Hartman H, Kerman LL, Woods AT, Strupczewski JT, Helsley GC, Conway PC, Dunn RW (1993) Effects of atypical antipsychotic agents on social behavior in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:9–17
Corbett R, Camacho F, Woods AT, Kerman LL, Fishkin RJ, Brooks K, Dunn RW (1995) Antipsychotic agents antagonize non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced behaviors. Psychopharmacology 120:67–74
Costall B, Naylor RJ (1992) Anxiolytic potential of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol 70:157–162
Costall B, Naylor RJ (1995) Behavioural interactions between 5-hydroxytryptophan, neuroleptic agents and 5-HT receptor antagonists in modifying rodent response to adverse situations. Br J Pharmacol 116:2989–2999
Costall B, Kelly ME, Onaivi ES, Naylor RJ (1990) The effect of ketotifen in rodent models of anxiety and on the behavioural consequences of withdrawing from treatment with drugs of abuse. Naunyn-Schmiederg's Arch Pharmacol 341:547–551
Costall B, Domeney AM, Hughes J, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Woodruff GN (1991) Anxiolytic effects of CCKB antagonists. Neuropeptides 19/Suppl:65–73
Dunn RW, Corbett R, Martin LL, Payack JF, Laws-Ricker L, Wilmot CA, Rush DK, Cornfeldt ML, Fielding S (1990) Preclinical anxiolytic profiles of 7189 and 8319, novel non-competitive NMDA antagonists. Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant, Anxiety, and Stroke Therapy, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp 495–512
File SE (1980) The use of social interactions as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity of chloridazepoxide-like drugs. J Neurosci Meth 1:219–238
File SE, Hyde RJ (1979) A test of anxiety that distinguishes between the actions of benzodiazepines and those of other minor tranquilizers and stimulants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11:65–69
File SE, Johnston AL (1989) Lack of effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the social interaction and elevated plus-maze tests in the rat. Psychopharmacology 99:248–251
Gardner C, Guy A (1984) A social interaction model of anxiety sensitive to acutely administered benzodiazepines. Drug Dev Res 4:207–216
Gheusi G, Bluthe RM, Goodall G, Dantzer R (1994) Ethological study of the effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on social recognition in rats. Psychopharmacology 114:644–650
Hughes J, Boden P, Costall B, Domeney A, Kelly E, Horwell DC, Hunter JC, Pinnock RD, Woodruff GN (1990) Development of a class of selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonists having a potent anxiolytic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6728–6732
Kennett GA (1992) 5-HT1C Receptors antagonists have anxiolytic-like actions in the rat social interaction model. Psychopharmacology 107:379–384
Kennett GA, Whitton P, Shah K, Curzon G (1989) Anxiogenic-like effects of mCPP and TFMPP in animal models are opposed by 5-HT1C receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 164:445–454
Kennett GA, Wood MD, Glen A, Grewal S, Forbes I, Gadre A, Blackburn TP (1994) In vivo properties of SB 200646A, a 5-HT2C/2B receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 111:797–802
Kennett GA, Bailey F, Piper DC, Blackburn TP (1995) Effect of SB 200646A, a 5-HT2C/5-HT2B receptor antagonist, in two conflict models of anxiety. Psychopharmacology 118:178–182
Kennett GA, Bright F, Trail B, Baxter GS, Blackburn TP (1996a) Effects of the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist, BW 723C86, on three rat models of anxiety. Br J Pharmacol 117:1443–1448
Kennett GA, Wood MD, Bright F, Cilia J, Piper DC, Gager T, Thomas D, Baxter GS, Forbes IT, Ham P, Blackburn TP (1996b) In vitro and in vivo profile of SE 206553, a potent 5-HT2C/5-HT2B receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like properties. Br J Pharmacol 117:427–434
Kennett GA, Wood MD, Bright F, Trail B, Riley G, Holland V, Avenell KY, Stean TT, Upton N, Bromidge S, Forbes IT, Brown AM, Middlemiss DN, Blackburn TP (1997a) SE 242084, a selective and brain penetrant 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacol 36:609–620
Kennett GA, Bright F, Trail B, Blackburn TP, Sanger GJ (1997b) Anxiolytic-like actions of the 5-HT4 receptor antagonists SB 204070A and SB 207266A in rats. Neuropharmacol 36:707–712
Sams-Dodd F (1995) Automation of the social interaction test by a video-tracking system: behavioural effects of repeated phencyclidine treatment. J Neurosci Meth 59:157–167
Sams-Dodd F (1997) Effect of novel antipsychotic drugs on phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behaviour and social isolation in the rat social interaction test. Behav Pharmacol 8:196–215
Singh L, Field MJ, Hughes J, Menzies R, Oles RJ, Vass CA, Woodruff GN (191) The behavioural properties of CI-998, a selective cholecystokininB receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 104:239–245
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt, ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
Treit D (1985) Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Reviews 9:203–222
Volke V, Soosaar A, Koks S, Bourin M, Mannisto PT, Vasar E (1997) 7-Nitroindazole, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, has anxiolytic-like properties in exploratory models of anxiety. Psychopharmacology 131:399–405
Winslow JT, Camacho F (1995) Cholinergic modulation of a decrement in social investigation following repeated contacts between mice. Psychopharmacology 121:164–172
Wonwitdecha N, Marsden CA (1996) Social isolation increases aggressive behaviour and alters the effects of diazepam in the rat social interaction test. Behav Brain Res 75:27–32
Woodall KL, Domeney AM, Kelly ME (1996) Selective effects of 8-OH-DPAT on social competition in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:169–173
References
Brett RR, Pratt JA (1990) Chronic handling modifies the anxiolytic effect of diazepam in the elevated plus-maze. Eur J Pharmacol 178:135–138
Corbett R, Fielding St, Cornfeldt M, Dunn RW (1991) GABAmimetic agents display anxiolytic-like effects in the social interaction and elevated plus maze procedures. Psychopharmacology 104:312–316
Danks AM, Oestreicher AB, Spruijt Gispen WH, Isaakson RL (1991) Behavioral and anatomical consequences of unilateral fornix lesions and the administration of nimodipine. Brain Res 557:308–312
Di Cicco D, Antal S, Ammassari-Teule M (1991) Prenatal exposure to gamma/neutron irradiation: sensorimotor alterations and paradoxical effects on learning. Teratology 43:61–70
Dunn RW, Carlezon WA, Corbett R (1991) Preclinical anxiolytic versus antipsychotic profiles of the 5-HT3 antagonists ondansetron, zacopride, 3α-tropanyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid ester, and 1αH, 3α, 5αH-Tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate. Drug Dev Res 23:289–300
File SE, Mabbutt PS, Hitchcott, PH (1990) Characterisation of the phenomenon of “one-trial tolerance” to the anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology 102:98–101
Handley SL, McBlane JW (1993) An assessment of the elevated X-maze for studying anxiety and anxiety-modulating drugs. J Pharm Toxicol Meth 29:129–138
Harro J, Pöld M, Vasar E (1990) Anxiogenic-like action of caerulein, a CCK-8 receptor agonist, in the mouse: influence of acute and subchronic diazepam treatment. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 341:62–67
Kauppila T, Tanila H, Carlson S, Taira T (1991) Effects of atipamezole, a novel α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, in open-field, plus-maze, two compartment exploratory, and forced swimming tests in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 205:177–182
Lapin IP (1995) Only controls: effect of handling, sham injection, and intraperitoneal injection of saline on behavior of mice in an elevated plus-maze. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 34:73–77
Montgomery KC (1958) The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behaviour. J Comp Physiol Psychol 48:254–260
Munn NL (1950) The role of sensory processes in maze behavior. In: Handbook of Psychological Research in the Rat. Houghton Mifflin Comp., Boston, pp 181–225
Pellow S (1986) Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in a novel test of anxiety: Are exploratory models of anxiety in rodents valid? Meth and Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 8:557–565
Pellow S, File SE (1986) Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects on exploratory activity in an elevated plus-maze: a novel test of anxiety in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:525–529
Pellow S, Chopin Ph, File SE, Briley M (1985) Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Meth 14:149–167
Pokk P, Liljequist S, Zharkovsky A (1996) Ro 15-4513 potentiates, instead of antagonizes, ethanol-induced sleep in mice exposed to small platform stress. Eur J Pharmacol 317:15–20
Silverman P (1978) Approach to a conditioned stimulus: mazes. In: Animal behaviour in the laboratory. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 110–119
Toubas PL, Abla KA, Cao W, Logan LG, Seale TW (1990) Latency to enter a mirrored chamber: a novel behavioral assay for anxiolytic agents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:121–126
References
Bane A, Rojas D, Indermaur K, Bennett T, Avery D (1996) Adverse effects of dextromorphan on the spatial learning of rats in the Morris water maze. Eur J Pharmacol 302:7–12
Connor DJ, Langlais PJ, Thal LJ (1991) Behavioral impairments after lesions in the nucleus basalis by ibotenic acid and quisqualic acid. Brain Res 555:84–90
McNaughton N, Morris RGM (1987) Chlordiazepoxide, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, impairs place navigation in rats. Behav Brain Res 24:39–46
Morris R (1984) Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Meth 11:47–60
Morris RGM (1981) Spatial localization does not require the presence of local cues. Learn Motiv 12:239–260
Morris RGM, Anderson E, Lynch GS, Baudry M (1986) Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5. Nature: 319:774–776
Rowan MJ, Culle WK, Moulton B (1990) Buspirone impairment of performance of passive avoidance and spatial learning tasks in the rat. Psychopharmacology 100:393–398
References
Emmanouil D, Quock RM (1990) Effects of benzodiazepine antagonist, inverse agonist and antagonist drugs in mouse staircase test. Psychopharmacology 102:95–97
Houri D (1985) Staircase test of central nervous system drugs. Pharmacometrics 30:467–479
Keane PE, Simiand J, Morre M, Biziere K (1988) Tetrazepam: A benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine activities. I. Psychopharmacological profile in rodents. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 245:692–698
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, Avril I, Doumont G (1988) Antagonism by exifone, a new cognitive enhancing agent, of the amnesias induced by four benzodiazepines in mice. Psychopharmacology 95:291–297
Simiand J, Keane PE, Morre M (1984) The staircase test in mice: A simple and efficient procedure for primary screening of anxiolytic agents. Psychopharmacology 84:48–53
Simiand J, Keane PE, Barnouin MC, Keane M, Soubrié P, Le Fur G (1993) Neurospychopharmacological profile in rodents of SR 57746A, a new, potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 7:413–427
Steru L, Thierry B, Chermat R, Millet B, Simon P, Porsolt RD (1987) Comparing benzodiazepines using the staircase test in mice. Psychopharmacology 92:106–109
Thiébot MH, Soubrié P, Simon P, Boissier JR (1973) Dissociation de deux composantes du comportement chez le Rat sous l'effet de psychotropes. Application à l'etude des anxiolytiques. Psychopharmacologia 31:77–90
References
Pollard GT, Howard JL (1991) Cork gnawing in the rat as a screening method for buspirone-like anxiolytics. Drug Dev Res 22:179–187
Pollard GT, Nanry KP, Howard JL (1992) Effects of tandospirone in three behavioral tests for anxiolytics. Eur J Pharmacol 221:297–305
References
Gardner CR (1985) Distress vocalisation in rat pups: A simple screening method for anxiolytic drugs. J Pharmacol Meth 14:181–187
Insel TR, Winslow JT (1991) Rat pup ultrasonic vocalizations: an ethologically relevant behaviour response to anxiolytics. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 15–36
Lister RG (1990) Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders. Pharmac Ther 46:321–340
Schipper J, Tulp MThM, Berkelmans B, Mos J, Van der Heijden JAM, Olivier B (1991) Preclinical pharmacology of flesinoxan: A potential anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. Human Psychopharmacol 6:53–61
Tulp M, Olivier B, Schipper J, van der Poel G, Mos J, van der Heyden J (1991) Serotonin reuptake blockers: Is there preclinical evidence for their efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Hum Psychopharmacol 6:S63–S71
van der Poel AM, Molewijk E, Mos J, Olivier B (1991) Is clonidine anxiogenic in rat pups? In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 107–116
References
Didriksen M, Olsen GM, Christensen AV (1993) Effect of clozapine upon schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) resembles neither the actions of dopamine D1 nor D2 receptor blockade. Psychopharmacol (Berlin) 113:28–34
Falk JL (1971) The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior. Physiol Behav 6:577–588
Pellon R, Blackman DE (1992) Effects of drugs on the temporal distribution of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43:689–695
Pitman RK (1989) Animal models of compulsive behavior. Biol Psychiatry 26:189–198
Woods A, Smith C, Szewczak M, Dunn RW, Cornfeldt M, Corbett R (1993) Selective re-uptake inhibitors decrease schedule-induced polydipsia in rats: a potential model for obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology 112:195–198
Woods-Kettelberger AT, Smith CP, Corbett R, Szewczak MR, Roehr JE, Bores GM, Klein JT, Kongsamut S (1996) Besipirdine (HP 749) reduces schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Brain Res Bull 41:125–130
Yadin E, Friedman E, Bridger WH (1991) Spontaneous alternation behavior: An animal model for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:311–315
References
Aron C, Simon P, Larousse C, Boissier JR (1971) Evaluation of a rapid technique for detecting minor tranquilizers. Neuropharmacol 10:459–469
Boissier JR, Simon P, Aron C (1968) A new method for rapid screening of minor tranquilizers in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 4:145–151
Hascoe M, Bourin M, du Tertre C (1997) Influence of prior experience on mice behavior using the four-plate test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:1131–1138
Lenègre A, Chermat R, Avril I, Stéru L, Porsolt RD (1988) Specificity of Piracetam's anti-amnesic activity in three models of amnesia in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:625–629
Simon P (1970) Les Anxiolytiques. Possibilités d'étude chez l'animal. Actualités pharmacol. 23:47–78
Stephens DN, Schneider HH, Kehr W, Andrews JS, Rettig K-J, Turski L, Schmiechen R, Turner JD, Jensen LH, Petersen EN, Honore T, Bondo Jansen J (1990) Abecarnil, a metabolically stable, anxioselective β-carboline acting at benzodiazepine receptors. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 253:334–343
References
Conti LH, Maciver CR, Ferkany JW, Abreu ME (1990) Foot-shock-induced freezing behavior in rats as a model for assessing anxiolytics. Psychopharmacology 102:492–497
De Vry J; Benz U, Traber J (1993) Shock-induced ultrasonic vocalization in young adult rats: a model for testing putative anti-anxiety drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 249:331–339
Kaltwasser MT (1990) Startle-inducing stimuli evoke ultrasonic vocalization in the rat. Physiol Behav 48:13–17
Miczek KA, Tornatzky W, Vivian J (1991) Ethology and neuropharmacology: Rodent ultrasounds. In: Oliver B, Mos J, Sangar J (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 409–427
Nielsen CK, Sánchez C (1995) Effect of chronic diazepam treatment on footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalization in adult male rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 77:177–181
Schreiber R, Melon C, De Vry J (1998) The role of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the anxiolytic effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the rat ultrasonic vocalization test. Psychopharmacol 135:383–391
Tonoue T, Ashida A, Makino H, Hata H (1986) Inhibition of shock-elicited ultrasonic vocalization by opioid peptides in the rat: A psychotropic effect. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11:177–184
References
Ogawa N, Kuwahara K (1966) Psychophysiology of emotion: communication of emotion. Japan J Psychosom Med 6:352–357
Ogawa N, Hara C, Ishikawa M (1990) Characteristic of sociopsychological stress induced by the communication box method in mice and rats. In: Manninen O (ed) Environmental Stress, ACES Publishing Ltd., Tampele, pp 417–427
Ogawa N, Hara C, Takaki S (1993) Anxiolytic activity of SC-48274 compared with those of buspirone and diazepam in experimental anxiety models. Japan J Pharmacol 61:115–121
References
Aulakh CS, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Murphy DL (1995) Long-term antidepressant treatments alter 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor mediated hyperthermia in Fawn-Hooded rats. Eur J Pharmacol 282:65–70
Beckett SRG, Aspley S, Graham M, Marsden CA (1996) Pharmacological manipulation of ultrasound induced defense behaviour in the rat. Psychopharmacology 127:384–390
Bilkei-Gorzo A, Gyertyan I, Szabados T (1996) mCPP-induced anxiety — A potential new method for screening anxiolytic drugs. Neurobiology 4:253–255
Bilkei-Gorzo A, Gyertyan I, Levay G (1998) mCPP-induced anxiety in the light-dark box in rats — A new method for screening anxiolytic activity. Psychopharmacology 136:291–298
Curzon G, Gibson EL, Kennedy AJ, Kennett GA, Sarna GS, Whitton P (1991) Anxiogenic and other effects of mCPP, a 5-HT1C agonist. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 154–167
Czyrak A, Skuza G, Rogóz Z, Frankiewicz T, Maij J (1994) Pharmacological action of zotepine and other antipsychotics on central 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 44:113–118
Dryden S, Wang Q, Frankish HM, Williams G (1996) Differential effects of the 5-HT1B/2C receptor agonist mCPP and the 5-HT1A agonist flexinoxan on neuropeptide Y in the rat: Evidence that NPY may mediate serotonin's effects on food intake. Peptides 17:943–949
Gibson EL, Barnfield AMC, Curzon G (1996) Dissociation of effects of chronic diazepam treatment and withdrawal on hippocampal dialysate 5-HT and mCPP-induced anxiety in rats. Behav Pharmacol 7:185–193
Griebel G, Misslin R, Pawloaski M, Vogel E (1991) m-Chlorophenylpiperazine enhances neophobic and anxious behaviour in mice. NeuroReport 2:627–629
Kennett GA, Whitton P, Shah K, Curzon G (1989) Anxiogenic-like effects of mCPP and TFMPP in animal models are opposed by 5-HT1C receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 164:445–454
Kennett GA, Wood MD, Bright F, Cilia J, Piper DC, Gager T, Thomas D, Baxter GS, Forbes LT, Ham P, Blackburn TP (1996) In vitro and in vivo profile of SB 206553, a potent 5-HT2C/5-HT2B receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like properties. Br J Pharmacol 117:427–434
Kennett GA, Wood MD, Bright F, Trail B, Riley G, Holland V, Avenell KY, Stean T, Upton N, Bromidge S, Forbes IT, Brown AM, Middlemiss DN, Blackburn TP (1997a) SB 242084, a selective and brain penetrant 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacol 36:609–620
Kennett GA, Ainsworth K, Trail B, Blackburn TP (1997b) BW 723C86, a 5-HT2B receptor agonist, causes hyperphagia and reduced grooming in rats. Neuropharmacol 36:233–239
Meert TF, Melis W, Aerts N, Clinke G (1997) Antagonism of meta-chlorphenylpiperazine-induced inhibition of exploratory activity in an emergence procedure, the open field test, in rats. Behav Pharmacol 8:353–363
Robertson DW, Blooquist W, Wong DT, Cohen ML (1992) MCPP but not TFMPP is an antagonist at cardiac 5-HT3 receptors. Life Sci 50:599–605
Rocha B, di Scala G, Jenk F, Moreau JL, Sandner G (1993) Conditioned place aversion induced by 5-HT1C receptor antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 4:101–106
Samanin R, Mennini T, Ferraris A, Bendotti C, Borsini F, Garattini S (1979) m-Chlorophenylpiperazine: A central serotonin agonist causing powerful anorexia in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 308:159–163
Wallis CJ, Lal H (1998) A discriminative stimulus produced by 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine (mCPP) as a putative animal model of anxiety. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 22:547–565
Yamada J, Sugimoto Y, Yoshikawa T, Horisaka K (1996) Effects of adrenomedullation and adrenalectomy on the 5-HT2 receptor agonists DOI-and mCPP-induced hypophagia in rats. Neurosci Lett 209:113–116
References
Acri JB, Grunberg NE, Morse DA (1991) Effects of nicotine on the acoustic startle reflex amplitude in rats. Psychopharmacology 104:244–248
Astrachan DI, Davis M (1981) Spinal modulation of the acoustic startle response: the role of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Brain Res 206:223–228
Cadet JL, Kuyatt B, Fahn S, De Souza EB (1987) Differential changes in 125I-LSD-labeled 5-HT-2 serotonin receptors in discrete regions of brain in the rat model of persistent dyskinesias induced by iminodipropionitrile (IDPN): evidence from autoradiographic studies. Brain Res 437:383–386
Davis M (1980) Neurochemical modulation of sensory-motor reactivity: Acoustic and tactile startle reflexes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4:241–263
Davis M (1982) Agonist-induced changes in behavior as a measure of functional changes in receptor sensitivity following chronic antidepressant treatment. Science 18:137–147
Davis M (1986) Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Behav Neurosci 100:814–824
Davis M (1992) The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:35–41
Davis M, Astrachan DI, Kass E (1980) Excitatory and inhibitory effects of serotonin on sensomotoric reactivity measured with acoustic startle. Science 209:521–523
Hijzen TH, Woudenberg F, Slangen JL (1990) The long-term effects of diazepam and pentylenetetrazol on the potentiated startle response. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:35–38
Hijzen TH, Houtzager SWJ, Joordens RJE, Olivier B, Slangen JL (1995) Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs. Psychopharmacol 118:150–154
Keith VA, Mansbach RS, Geyer MA (1991) Failure of haloperidol to block the effects of phencyclidine and dizocilpine on prepulse inhibition of startle. Biol Psychiatry 30:557–566
Mansbach RS, Markou A, Patrick GA (1994) Lack of altered startle response in rats following termination of self-administered or noncontingently infused cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:453–458
Rigdon GC, Viik K (1991) Prepulse inhibition as a screening test for potential antipsychotics. Drug Dev Res 23:91–99
Schulz DW, Mansbach RS, Sprouse J, Braselton JP, Collins J, Corman M, Dunaikis A, Faraci S, Schmidt AW, Seeger T, Seymour P, Tingley III FD, Winston EN, Chen YL, Heym J (1996) CP-154-526: A potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of corticotropin releasing factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 93:10477–10482
Sipes TE, Geyer MA (1995) DOI disruption of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat is mediated by 5-HT2A and not by 5-HT2C receptors. Behav Pharmacol 6:839–842
Taylor MK, Ison JR, Schwarzkopf SB (1995) Effects of single and repeated exposure to apomorphine on the acoustic startle reflex and its inhibition by a visual prepulse. Psychopharmacology 120:117–127
Vale AL, Green S (1996) Effects of chlordiazepoxide, nicotine and d-amphetamine in the rat potentiated startle model of anxiety. Behav Pharmacol 7:138–143
Varty GB, Higgins GA (1994) Differences between three rat strains in sensitivity to prepulse inhibition of an acoustic startle response: influence of apomorphine and phencyclidine pretreatment. J Psychopharmacol 8:148–156
Vivian JA, Farrell WJ, Sapperstein SB, Miczek KA (1994) Diazepam withdrawal: effects of diazepam and gespirone on acoustic startle-induced 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. Psychopharmacology 114:101–108
Walker DL, Davis M (1997) Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats. Biol Psychiatry 42:461–471
Weiss GT, Davis M (1976) Automated system for acquisition and reduction of startle response data. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 4:713–720
Young BJ, Helmstetter FJ, Rabchenuk SA, Leaton RN (1991) Effects of systemic and intra-amygdaloid diazepam on long-term habituation of acoustic startle in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:903–909
Zajaczkowski W, Górka Z (1993) The effects of single and repeated administration of MAO inhibitors on acoustic startle response in rats. Pol J Pharmacol 45:157–166
References
Miklya I, Knoll J (1988) A new sensitive method which unlike the VOGEL test detects the anxiolytic effect of tofisopam. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 40:561–572
Patel J, Malick JB (1982) Pharmacological properties of tracazolate: a new non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 78:323
Patel JB, Martin C, Malick JB (1983) Differential antagonism of the anticonflict effects of typical and atypical anxiolytics. Eur J Pharmacol 86:295–298
Przegalinski E, Chojnacka-Wojcik E, Filip M (1992) Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors is responsible for the anticonflict effect of ipsapirone in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 44:780–782
Sanger DJ, Joly D, Zivkovic B (1985) Behavioral effects of nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs: A comparison of CGS 9896 and zopiclone with chlordiazepoxide. J Pharm Exp Ther 232:831–837
Uyeno ET, Davies MF, Pryor GT, Loew GH (1990) Selective effect on punished versus unpunished responding in a conflict test as the criterion for anxiogenic activity. Life Sci 47:1375–1382
Vogel JR, Beer B, Clody DE (1971) A simple and reliable conflict procedure for testing anti-anxiety agents. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 21:1–7
References
Bodnoff SR, Suranyi-Cadotte B, Aitken DH, Quirion R, Meaney MJ (1988) The effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in an animal model of anxiety. Psychopharmacology 95:298–302
Bodnoff SR, Suranyi-Cadotte B, Quirion R, Meaney MJ (1989) A comparison of the effects of diazepam versus typical and atypical anti-depressant drugs in an animal model of anxiety. Psychopharmacology 97:277–279
Borsini F, Brambilla A, Cesana R, Donetti A (1993) The effect of DAU 6215, a novel 5-HT-5 antagonist, in animal models of anxiety. Pharmacol Res 27:151–164
Cooper SJ, Crummy YMT (1978) Enhanced choice of familiar food in a food preference test after chlordiazepoxide administration. Psychopharmacology 59:51–56
Fletcher PJ, Davies M (1990) Effects of 8-OH-DPAT, buspirone and ICS 205–930 on feeding in a novel environment: comparison with chlordiazepoxide and FG 7142. Psychopharmacology 102:301–308
Porschel BPH (1971) A simple and specific screen for benzodiazepine-like drugs. Psychopharmacologia 19:193–198
Shephard RA, Broadhurst PL (1982) Hyponeophagia and arousal in rats: effects of diazepam, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, d-amphetamine and food deprivation. Psychopharmacology 78:368–378
Soubrie P, Kulkarni S, Simon P, Boissier JR (1975) Effets des anxiolytiques sur la prise de norriture de rats et de souris places en situation nouvelle ou familière. Psychopharmacologia 45:203–210
References
Meert TF, Colpaert FC (1986) The shock probe conflict procedure. A new assay responsive to benzodiazepines, barbiturates and related compounds. Psychopharmacol 88:445–450
References
Beckett SRG, Marsden CA (1995) Computer analysis and quantification of periaqueductal grey-induced defence behavior. J Neurosci Meth 58:157–161
Beckett SRG, Aspley S, Graham M, Marsden CA (1996) Pharmacological manipulation of ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Psychopharmacol 127:384–390
Molewijk HE, van der Poel AM, van der Heyden JAM, Olivier B (1995) Conditioned ultrasonic distress vocalization in adult male rats as a behavioural paradigm for screening anti-panic drugs. Psychopharmacology 117:32–40
References
Blanchard DC, Hori K, Rodgers RJ, Hendrie CA, Blanchard RJ (1989) Differential effects of benzodiazepines and 5-HT1A agonists on defensive patterns of wild rattus. In: Bean, Cools, Archer (eds) Behavioural Pharmacology of 5-HAT. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 145–147
Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1989) Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system. J Comp Physiol 103:70–82
Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC, Flannely KJ, Hori K (1986a) Ethanol changes patterns of defensive behaviour in wild rats. Physiol Behav 38:645–650
Blanchard RJ, Flannely HJ, Blanchard DC (1986b) Defensive behaviours of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. J Comp Physiol 100:101–107
Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, Tom P, Rodgers RJ (1990) Diazepam changes risk assessment in an anxiety/defense test battery. Psychopharmacology 101:511–518
Blanchard DC, Shepherd JK, Rodgers RJ, Blanchard RJ (1992) Evidence for differential effects of 8-OH-DPAT on male and female rats in the anxiety/defense test battery. Psychopharmacology 106:531–539
Griebel G, Sanger DJ, Perrault G (1997) Genetic differences in the mouse defense battery. Aggress Behav 23:19–31
Griebel G, Curet O, Perrault G, Sanger DJ (1998a) Behavioral effects of phenelzine in an experimental model for screening anxiolytic and anti-panic drugs. Neuropharmacol 37:927–935
Griebel G, Perrault G, Sanger DJ (1998b) Characterization of the behavioral profile of the non-peptide CRF receptor antagonist CP-154,526 in anxiety models of rodents. Comparison with diazepam and buspirone. Psychopharmacology 138:55–66
References
Barnes NM, Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, Krahling H, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM, Williams TJ (1991) The effects of umespirone as a potential anxiolytic and antipsychotic agent. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:89–96
Borsini F, Brambilla A, Cesana R, Donetti A (1993) The effect of DAU 6215, a novel 5HAT-3 antagonist in animal models of anxiety. Pharmacol Res 27:151–164
Cilia J, Piper DC (1997) Marmoset conspecific confrontation: an ethologically-based model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:85–91
Costall B, Domeney AM, Naylor RJ, Tyers MB (1987) Effects of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, GR38032F, on raised dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic system of the rat and marmoset brain. Br. J Pharmacol 92:881–894
Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelley ME, Naylor RJ (1988) Zacopride: Anxiolytic profile in rodent and primate models of anxiety. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:302–305
Costall B, Domeney AM, Farre AJ, Kelly ME, Martinez L, Naylor RJ (1992) Profile of action of a novel 5-hydroxytrptamine1A receptor ligand E-4424 to inhibit aversive behavior in the mouse, rat and marmoset. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:90–98
Jones BJ, Costall B, Domeney AM, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Oakley NR, Tyers MB (1988) The potential anxiolytic activity of GR38032F, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 93:985–993
Stevenson MF, Poole TB (1976) An ethogram of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): general behavioural repertoire. Anim Behav 24:428–451
References
Aguiar MS, Brandão ML (1994) Conditioned place aversion produced by microinjection of substance P into the periaqueductal gray of rats. Behav Pharmacol 5:369–373
Aguiar MS, Brandão ML (1996) Effects of microinjections of the neuropeptide substance P in the dorsal periaqueductal gray on the behavior of rats in the plus-maze test. Physiol Behav 60:1183–1186
Audi EA, de Aguiar JC, Graeff FG (1988) Mediation by serotonin of the antiaversive effect of zimelidine and propranolol injected into the dorsal midbrain central grey. J Psychopharmacol 2:26–32
Audi EA, de Oliveira RMW, Graeff FG (1991) Microinjection of propranolol into the dorsal periaqueductal gray causes an anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze antagonized by ritanserin. Psychopharmacology 105:553–557
Beckett S, Marsden CA (1997) The effect of central and systemic injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT and the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635 on periaqueductal grey-induced defensive behaviour. J Psychopharmacol 11:35–40
Brandão ML (1993) Involvement of opioid mechanisms in the dorsal periaqueductal gray in drug abuse. Rev Neurosci 4:397–405
Brandão ML, Lopez-Garcia JA, Roberts HMT (1991) Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in the antiaversive action of 5-HT in the dorsal periaqueductal grey. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 75–79
Bovier P, Broekkamp CLE, Lloyd KG (1982) Enhancing GABAergic transmission reverses the aversive state in rats induced by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey region. Brain Res 248:331–320
Broekkamp CL, Dortmans C, Berendsen HHG, Jenk F (1991) Pharmacology of fear, induced by periaqueductal gray stimulation in the rat. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 69–74
Clarke A, File SA (1982) Effects of ACTH, benzodiazepines and 5-HT antagonists on escape from periaqueductal grey stimulation in the rat. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 6:27–35
De Araujo JE, Huston JP, Brandão ML (1998) Aversive effects of the C-fragment of substance P in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter. Exp Brain Res 123:84–89
Graeff FG (1991) Neurotransmitters in the dorsal periaqueductal grey and animal models of panic anxiety. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 288–312
Graeff FG, Brandão ML, Audi EA, Schütz MTB (1986) Modulation of the brain aversive system by GABAergic and serotoninergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 21:65–72
Graeff FG, Audi EA, Almeida SS, Graeff EO, Hunziker MHL (1990) Behavioral effects of 5-HT receptor ligands in the aversive brain stimulation, elevated plus-maze and learned helplessness tests. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:501–506
Graeff FG, Silveira MCL, Nogueira RL, Audi EA, Oliveira RMW (1993) Role of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic. Behav Brain Res 58:123–131
Graeff FG, Viana MB, Mora PO (1997) Dual role of 5-HT in defense and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:791–799
Jenck F, Broekkamp CLE, von Delft AML (1989) Effects of serotonin receptor antagonists on PAG stimulation induced aversion: different contribution of 5-HT1, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. Psychopharmacology 97:489–495
Jenck F, Martin JR, Moreau JL (1996) Behavioral effects of CCKB receptor ligands in a validated simulation of panic anxiety in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 6:291–298
Jenck F, Moreau JL, Berendsen HHG, Boes M, Broekkamp CLE, Martin JR, Wichmann J, von Delft AML (1998) Antiaversive effects of 5-HT2c receptor agonists and fluoxetine in a model of panic-like anxiety. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 8:161–168
Melo LL, Brandão ML (1995) Involvement of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors of the inferior colliculus in aversive states induced by exposure of rats to the elevated plus-maze test. Behav Pharmacol 6:413–417
Motta V, Penha K, Brandão ML (1995) Effects of microinjections of m and k receptor agonists into the dorsal periaqueductal gray of rats submitted to the plus maze test. Psychopharmacology 120:470–474
Nogueira RL, Graeff FG (1991) 5-HT mediation of the antiaversive effect of isomoltane injected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey. Behav Pharmacol 2:73–77
Nogueira RL, Graeff FG (1995) Role of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the modulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray generated aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:1–6
Paxinos G, Watson C (1982) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Academic Press, New York
Schütz MTB, de Aguiar JC, Graeff FG (1985) Anti-aversive role of serotonin in dorsal periaqueductal grey matter. Psychopharmacology 85:340–345
References
Balfour DJK (1990) A comparison of the effects of nicotine and(+)-amphetamine on rat behavior in an unsignalled Sidman avoidance schedule. J Pharm Pharmacol 42:257–260
Duffield PH, Jamieson DD, Duffield AM (1989) Effect of aqueous and lipid-soluble extracts of Kava on the conditioned avoidance in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 301:81–90
Galizio M, Journey JW, Royal SA, Welker JA (1990) Variable-interval schedules of time-out from avoidance: Effects of anxiolytic and antipsychotic drugs in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37:235–238
Heise GA, Boff E (1962) Continuous avoidance as a base-line for measuring behavioral effects of drugs. Psychopharmacologia 3:264–282
Patel JB, Migler B (1982) A sensitive and selective monkey conflict test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:645–549
Szewczak MR, Corbett R, Rush DK, Wilmot CA, Conway PG, Strupczewski JT, Comfeldt M (1995) The pharmacological profile of iloperidone, a novel atypical antipsychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1404–1413
Shekar A, Hingtgen JN, DiMicco JA (1987) Selective enhancement of shock avoidance responding elicited by GABA blockade in the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Brain Res 420:118–128
Sidman M (1953a) Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no enteroceptive warning signal. Science 118:157–158
Sidman M (1953b) Two temporal parameters of the maintenance of avoidance behavior by the white rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 46:253–261
Wadenberg ML, Young KA, Trompler RA, Zavodny RA, Richter TJ, Hicks OB (1998) A novel computer-controlled conditioned avoidance apparatus for rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 38:211–215
References
Barrett JE (1991) Animal behavior models in the analysis and understanding of anxiolytic drugs acting on serotonin receptors. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 37–52
Barrett JE, Gleeson S, Nader MA, Hoffmann SM (1989) Anticonflict effects of the 5-HT1A compound flesinoxan. J Psychopharmacol 3:64–69
Barrett JE, Gamble EH, Zhang L, Guardiola-Lemaître B (1994) Anticonflict and discriminative stimulus effect in the pigeon of a new methoxy-chroman 5-HT1A agonist, (+)S 20244 and its enantiomers (+)S 20499 and (−)S 20500. Psychopharmacol 116:73–78
Bignami G (1988) Pharmacology and anxiety: Inadequacies of current experimental approaches and working models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:771–774
Broersen LM, Woudenberg F, Slangen JL (1991) The lack of tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines in the Geller/Seifter conflict test. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 97–101
Chipkin RE, Iorio LC, Coffin VL, McQuade RD, Berger JG, Barnett A (1988) Pharmacological profile of SCH39166: A dopamine D1 selective benzonaphthazepine with potential antipsychotic activity. J Pharmacol Exper. Ther 247:1093–1102
Commissaris RL, Fontana DJ (1991) A potential animal model for the study of antipanic treatments. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 59–53
Cook L, Davidson AB (1973) Effects of behaviorally active drugs in a conflict-punishment procedure in rats. In: Garattini S, Mussini E, Randall LO (eds) The Benzodiazepines, Raven Press, New York, pp 327–345
Cook L, Sepinwall J (1975) Behavioral analysis of the effects and mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines. In: Costa E, Greengard P (eds) Mechanisms of Action of Benzodiazepines. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–28
Davidson AB, Cook L (1969) Effects of combined treatment with trifluoperazine-HCl and amobarbital on punished behavior in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 15:159–168
Ervin GN, Cooper BR (1988) Use of conditioned taste aversion as a conflict model: Effects of anxiolytic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:137–146
Ervin GN, Soroko FS, Cooper BR (1987) Buspirone antagonizes the expression of conditioned taste aversion in rats. Drug Dev Res 11:87–95
Geller I, Seifter J (1960) The effects of meprobamate, barbiturates, d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 1:482–492
Geller I, Kulak JT, Seifter J (1962) The effects of chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine on a punishment discrimination. Psychopharmacologia 3:374–385
Gleeson S, Ahlers ST, Mansbach RS, Foust JM, Barrett JE (1989) Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs: VI. Effects on punished responding of drugs interacting with serotonin receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 250:809–817
Hanson HM, Stone CA (1964) Animal techniques for evaluating antianxiety drugs. In: Nodine JN, Siegler PE (eds) Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Year Book Medical Publ., Chicago, pp 317–324
Howard JL, Pollard GT (1990) Effects of buspirone in the Geller-Seifter conflict test with incremental shock. Drug Dev Res 19:37–49
Iorio LC, Barnett A, Billard W, Gold EH (1986) Benzodiazepines: Structure-activity relationships between D1 receptor blockade and selected pharmacological effects. In: Breese GR, Creese I (eds) Neurobiology of central D1-dopamine receptors. pp 1–14, Plenum Press, New York
Iversen S (1983) Animal models of anxiety. In: Trimble RM (ed) Benzodiazepines Divided. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp 87–99
Koene P, Vossen JMH (1991) Drug effects on speed of conflict resolution in the Skinnerbox. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 53–59
Keane PE, Siminand J, Morre M, Biziere K (1988) Tetrazepam: A benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine activities. I. Psychopharmacological profile in rodents. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 245:692–698
Mc Millan DE (1973) Drugs and punished responding. I: Rate-dependent effects under multiple schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 19:133–145
Morse WH (1964) Effect of amobarbital and chlorpromazine on punished behavior in the pigeon. Psychopharmacologia 6:286–294
Mos J, van Hest A, van Drimmelen M, Herremans AHJ, Olivier B (1997) The putative 5-HT1A receptor antagonist DU125530 blocks the discriminative stimulus of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist flesinoxan in pigeons. Eur J Pharmacol 325:145–153
Patel JB, Migler B (1982) A sensitive and selective monkey conflict test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:645–649
Pollard GT, Nanry KP, Howard JL (1992) Effects of tandospirone in three behavioral tests for anxiolytics. Eur J Pharmacol 221:297–305
Prado de Carvalho L, Venault P, Potier MC, Dodd RH, Brown CL, Chapoutier G, Rossier RH (1986) 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-amino-β-carboline, a selective antagonist of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. Eur J Pharmacol 129:232–233
Schipper J, Tulp MThM, Berkelmans B, Mos J, Van der Heijden JAM, Olivier B (1991) Preclinical pharmacology of Flesinoxan: A potential anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. Human Psychopharmacol 6:53–61
Silverman P (1978) Operant conditioning. In: Animal behaviour in the laboratory. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 141–178
Simiand J, Keane PE, Barnouin MC, Keane M, Soubrié P, Le Fur G (1993) Neurospychopharmacological profile in rodents of SR57746A, a new, potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 7:413–427
Slangen JL (1991) Drug discrimination and animal models. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 359–373
Thiébot MH, Dangoumau L, Richard G, Puech AJ (1991) Safety signal withdrawal: a behavioral paradigm sensitive to both “anxiolytic” and “anxiogenic” drugs under identical experimental conditions. Psychopharmacology 103:415–424
van Heest A, Slangen JL, Olivier B (1991) Is the conditioned taste aversion procedure a useful tool in the drug discrimination research? In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 399–405
Wuttke W, Kelleher RT (1970) Effects of some benzodiazepines on punished and unpunished behavior in the pigeon. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 172:397–405
References
Broekkamp CL, Rijk HW, Joly-Gelouin D, Lloyd KL (1986) Major tranquillizers can be distinguished from minor tranquillizers on the basis of effects on marble burying and swim-induced grooming in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 126:223–229
Craft RM, Howard JL, Pollard GT (1988) Conditioned defensive burying as a model for identifying anxiolytics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30:775–780
deBoer SF, Slangen JL, van der Gugten J (1990) Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels during active and passive shock-prod avoidance behavior in rats: Effects of chlordiazepoxide. Physiol Behav 47:1089–1098
deBoer SF van der Gugten J, Slangen Jl (1991) Behavioural and hormonal indices of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug action in the shock prod defensive burying/avoidance paradigm. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Diamant M, Croiset G, de Zwart N, de Wied D (1991) Shock-prod burying test in rats: autonomic and behavioral responses. Physiol Behav 50:23–31
Fernandez-Guasti A, Lopez-Rubalcava C (1998) Modification of the anxiolytic action of 5-HT1A compounds by GABA-benzodiazepine agents in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 60:27–32
Gacsályi I, Schmidt E, Gyertyán I, Vasar E, Lang A, Haapalinna A, Fekete M, Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Tuomainen P, Männistö P (1997) Receptor binding profile and anxiolytic-type activity of deramciclane (EGIS-3886) in animal models. Drug Dev Res 40:333–348
Njung'e K, Handley SL (1991a) Evaluation of marble-burying behavior as a model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:63–67
Njung'e K, Handley SL (1991b) Effects of 5-HT uptake inhibitors, agonists and antagonists on the burying of harmless objects by mice; a putative test for anxiolytic agents. Br J Pharmacol 104:105–112
Pinel JPJ, Treit D (1978) Burying as a defensive response in rats. J Compar Physiol Psychol 92:708–712
Pinel JPJ, Treit D (1983) The conditioned defensive burying paradigm and behavioral neuroscience. In: Robinson T (ed) Behavioral approaches to brain research. pp 212–234. Oxford Press
Treit D (1985) Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:203–222
Treit D, Pinel JPJ, Fibiger HC (1981) Conditioned defensive burying: A new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:619–626
Wiersma A, Bohus B, Koolhaas JM, Nobel A, (1996) Corticotropin-releasing hormone microinfusion of in the central amygdala enhances active behavior responses in the conditioned defensive burying paradigm. Stress 1:113–122
References
Agüero A, Amedo M, Gallo M, Puerto A (1993) The functional relevance of the lateral parabrachial nucleus in lithium chloride-induced aversion learning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:973–978
Agüero A, Gallo M, Arnedo M, Molina F, Puerto A (1996) Effects of lesions of the medial parabrachial nucleus (PBNm): Taste discrimination and lithium-chloride-induced aversion learning after delayed and contiguous interstimulus intervals. Psychobiology 24:265–280
Bardo MT, Valone JM (1994) Morphine-conditioned analgesia using a taste cue: Dissociation of taste aversion and analgesia. Psychopharmacology 114:269–274
Bevins RA, Delzer TA, Bardo MT (1996) Characterization of the conditioned taste aversion produced by 7-OH-DPAT in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:695–599
Bienkowski P, Kuca P, Piasecki J, Kostowski W (1997) 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, does not influence ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion and conditioned place aversion. Alcohol 14:63–69
Brockwell NT, Eikelboom R, Beninger RJ (1991) Caffeine-induced place and taste conditioning: Production of dose-dependent preference and aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:513–517
Davies BT, Wellman PJ (1990) Conditioned taste reactivity in rats after phenylpropanolamine, d-amphetamine or lithium chloride. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:973–977
De Beun R, Lohmann A, de Vry J (1996) Conditioned taste aversion and place preference induced by the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:657–663
Ervin GN, Birkemo LS, Johnson MF, Conger LK, Mosher JT, Menius JA Jr. (1995) The effects of anorectic and aversive agents on deprivation-induced feeding and taste aversion conditioning in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:1203–1210
Exton MS, von Horsten S, Voge J, Westermann J, Schult M, Nagel E, Schedlowski M (1998) Conditioned taste aversion produced by cyclosporine A: concomitant reduction of lymphoid organ weight and splenocyte proliferation. Physiol Behav 63:241–247
Gauvin DV, Holloway FA (1992) Ethanol tolerance developed during intoxicated operant performance in rats prevents subsequent ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion. Alcohol 9:167–170
Glowa JR, Shaw AE, Riley AL (1994) Cocaine-induced conditioned taste aversion: Comparisons between effects in LEW/N and F344/N rat strains. Psychopharmacology 114:229–232
June HL, June PL, Domangue KR, Hicks LH, Lummis GH, Lewis MJ (1992) Failure of Ro15-4513 to alter an ethanol-induced taste aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:455–460
Land CL, Riccio DC (1997) D-Cycloserine, a positive modulator of the NMDA receptor, enhances acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion. Psychobiology 25:210–216
Lin HQ, McGregor IS, Atrens DM, Christie MJ, Jackson DM (1994) Contrasting effects of dopamine blockade on MDMA and d-amphetamine conditioned taste aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:369–374
Lipinski WJ, Rusiniak KW, Hilliard M, Davis RE (1995) Nerve growth factor facilitates conditioned taste aversion learning in normal rats. Brain Res 692:143–153
McAllister KHM, Pratt JA (1998) GR205171 blocks apomorphine and amphetamine-induced conditioned taste aversions. Eur J Pharmacol 353:141–148
Mele PC, McDonough JR, McLean DB, O'Halloran KP (1992) Cisplatin-induced conditioned taste aversion: attenuation by dexamethasone but not by zacopride or GR38032F. Eur J Pharmacol 218:229–236
Miller JS, Kelly KS, Neisewander JL, McCoy DF, Bardo MT (1990) Conditioning of morphine-induced taste aversion and analgesia. Psychopharmacology 101:472–480
Mosher JT, Hohnson MF, Birkemo LS, Ervin GN (1996) Several roles of CCKA and CCKB receptor subtypes in CCK-8-induced and LiCl-induced taste aversion conditioning. Peptides 17:483–488
Mucha RF (1997) Preference for tastes paired with a nicotine antagonist in rats chronically treated with nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56:175–179
Neisewander JL, McDougall SA, Bowling SL, Bardo MT (1990) Conditioned taste aversion and place preference with buspirone and gespirone. Psychopharmacology 100:485–490
Parker LA (1994) Aversive taste reactivity: Reactivity to quinine predicts aversive reactivity to lithium-paired sucrose solution. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:73–75
Parker LA, Gillies T (1995) THC-induced place and taste aversions in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Neurosci 109:71–78
Rabin BM, Hunt WA (1992) Relationship between vomiting and taste aversion learning in ferrets: studies with ionizing radiation, lithium chloride, and amphetamine. Behav Neural Biol 58:83–93
Rudd JA, Ngan MP, Wai MK (1998) 5-HT3 receptors are not involved in conditioned taste aversions induced by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, ipecacuanha or cisplatin. Eur J Pharmacol 352:143–149
Shoaib M, Stolerman IP (1996) The NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK801) attenuates tolerance to nicotine in rats. J Psychopharmacol 10:214–218
Sobel BFX, Wetherington CL, Riley AL (1995) The contribution of within-session averaging of drug-and vehicle-appropriate responding to the graded dose-response function in drug discriminating learning. Behav Pharmacol 6:348–358
Swank MW, Schafe GE, Bernstein IL (1995) c-Fos induction in response to taste stimuli previously paired with amphetamine or LiCl during taste aversion learning. Brain Res 673:251–261
Thiele TE, Roitman MF, Bernstein IL (1996) c-Fos induction in rat brainstem in response to ethanol-and lithium chloride-induced conditioned taste aversions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:1023–1028
Turenne SD, Miles C, Parker LA, Siegel S (1996) Individual differences in reactivity to the rewarding/aversive properties of drugs: assessment by taste and place conditioning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:511–516
Van Haaren F, Hughes CE (1990) Cocaine-induced conditioned taste aversions in male and female Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37:693–696
Willner J, Gallagher M, Graham PW, Crooks GB Jr. (1992) N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist D-APV selectively disrupts taste-potentiated odor aversion learning. Behav Neurosci 106:315–323
Yamamoto T (1993) Neural mechanisms of taste aversion learning. Neurosci Res 16:181–185
References
deBoer SF, deBeun R, Slangen JL, van der Gugten J (1990a) Dynamics of plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations during reinforced and extinguished operant behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 47:691–698
deBoer SF, Slangen JL, van der Gugten J (1990b) Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels during active and passive shock-prod avoidance behavior in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide. Physiol Behav 47:1089–1098
Krieman MJ, Hershock DM, Greenberg IJ, Vogel WH (1992) Effects of adinazolam on plasma catecholamine, heart rate and blood pressure responses in stressed and non-stressed rats. Neuropharmacol 31:33–38
Livesey GT, Miller JM, Vogel WH (1985) Plasma norepine-phrine, epinephrine and corticosterone stress responses to restraint in individual male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 62:51–56
Natelson BH, Creighton D, McCarty R, Tapp WN, Pittman D, Ottenweller JE (1987) Adrenal hormonal indices of stress in laboratory rats. Physiol Behav 39:117–125
Taylor J, Harris N, Krieman M, Vogel WH (1989) Effects of buspirone on plasma catecholamines, heart rate and blood pressure in stressed and non-stressed rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:349–353
Vogel WH, Miller J, DeTurck KH, Routzahn BK (1984) Effects of psychoactive drugs on plasma catecholamines during stress in rats. Neuropharmacology 23:1105–1109
References
Aulakh CS, Wozniak KM, Hill JL, DeVane CL, Tolliver TJ, Murphy DL (1988) Differential neuroendocrine responses to the 5-HT agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine in fawn-hooded rats relative to Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Neuroendocrinol 48:401–406
Aulakh CS, Hill JL, Murphy DL (1993) Attenuation of hypercortisolemia in fawn-hooded rats by antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 240:85–88
Broqua P, Baudrie V, Laude D, Chaouloff F (1992) Influence of the novel antidepressant tianeptine on neurochemical, neuroendocrinological, and behavioral effects of stress in rats. Biol Psychiatry 31:391–400
Groenink L, Van der Gugten J, Mos J, Maes RAA, Olivier B (1995) The corticosterone-enhancing effects of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, (S)-UH301, are not mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 272:177–183
Koenig JI, Gudelsky GA, Meltzer HY (1987) Stimulation of corticosterone and ß-endorphin secretion in the rat by selective 5-HT receptor subtype activation. Eur J Pharmacol 137:1–8
Korte SM, Smit J, Bouws GAH, Koolhaas JM, Bohus B (1991) Neuroendocrine evidence for hypersensitivity in serotonergic neuronal system after psychological stress of defeat. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 199–203
Nash JF, Meltzer HY, Gudelsky GA (1988) Antagonism of serotonin receptor mediated neuroendocrine and temperature responses by atypical neurolpetics in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 151:463–469
Rittenhouse PA, Bakkum EA, O'Connor PA, Carnes M, Bethea CL, van de Kar LD (1992) Comparison of neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of ipsapirone, a 5-HT1A agonist, in three stress paradigms: immobilization, forced swim and conditioned fear. Brain Res 580:205–214
References
File SE, Hitcott PK (1991) Benzodiazepine dependence. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 237–255
References
Boisse NR, Periana RM, Guarino JJ, Kruger HS, Samorski GM (1986) Pharmacological characterization of acute chlordiazepoxide dependence in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239:775–783
Bonnafous C, Lefevre P, Bueno L (1995) Benzodiazepine-with-drawal-induced gastric emptying disturbances in rats: Evidence for serotonin receptor involvement. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:995–1000
File SE (1985) Tolerance to the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:113–121
France CP, Gerak LR (1997) Discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil in Rhesus monkeys treated chronically with chlordiazepoxide. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56:447–455
Gallaher EJ, Henauer SA, Jacques CJ, Hollister LE (1986) Benzodiazepine dependence in mice after ingestion of drug-containing food pellets. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237:462–467
Goudie AJ, Leathley MJ, Cowgill J (1994) Assessment of the benzodiazepine-like dependence potential in rats of a putative 5-HT1A agonist anxiolytic S-20499. Behav Pharmacol 5:131–140
Lamb RJ, Griffiths RR (1984) Precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal in baboons after chronic dosing with lorazepam and CGS 9896. Drug Alc Depend 14:11–17
Lukas SE, Griffiths RR (1982) Precipitated withdrawal by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (Ro 15-1788) after 7 days of diazepam. Science 217:1161–1163
Löscher W, Hönack D, Faßbender CP (1989) Physical dependence on diazepam in the dog: precipitation of different abstinence syndromes by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15-1788 and ZK 93426. Br J Pharmacol 97:843–852
McNicholas LF, Martin WR, Sloan JW, Wala E (1988) Precipitation of abstinence in nordiazepam-and diazepam-dependent dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:221–224
Nath C, Patnaik GK, Saxena RC, Gupta MB (199/) Evaluation of inhibitory effect of diphenhydramine on benzodiazepine dependence in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 41:42–46
Nutt DJ, Costello MJ (1988) Rapid induction of lorazepam dependence with flumazenil. Life Sci 43:1045–1053
Patel JB, Rinarelli CA, Malick JB (1988) A simple and rapid method of inducing physical dependence with benzodiazepines in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:753–754
Piot O, Betschart J, Stutzmann JM, Blanchard JC (1990) Cyclopyrrolones, unlike some benzodiazepines, do not induce physical dependence in mice. Neurosci Lett 117:140–143
Ryan GP, Boisse NR (1983) Experimental induction of benzodiazepine tolerance and physical dependence. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 226:100–107
Stephens DN, Schneider HH (1985) Tolerance to the benzodiazepine diazepam in an animal model of anxiolytic activity. Psychopharmacol 87:322–327
Treit D (1985) Evidence that tolerance develops to the anxiolytic effect of diazepam in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22:383–387
Vellucci SV, File SE (1979) Chordiazepoxide loses its anxiolytic action with long-term treatment. Psychopharmacology 62:61–65
Yanagita T (1983) Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys. Pharmacology 27, Suppl 2:216–227
References
Cotman CW, Iversen LL (1987) Excitatory amino acids in the brainfocus on NMDA receptors. Trends in Neurosci 10:263–265
Fisher RS (1989) Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Res Rev 14:245–278
Gale K (1992) GABA and epilepsy: Basic concepts from preclinical research. Epilepsia 33 (Suppl. 5):S3–S12
Hout J, Raduoco-Thomas S, RaduocoThomas C (1973) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of experimentally induced seizures. In: Anticonvulsant Drugs, Vol 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, pp 123–185
Koella WP (1985) Animal experimental methods in the study of antiepileptic drugs. In: Frey HH, Janz D (eds) Antiepileptic Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol 74, pp 283–339, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg
Löscher W, Schmidt D (1988) Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res 2:145–181
MacDonald RL, McLean MJ (1986) Anticonvulsant drugs: Mechanisms of action. Adv Neurol 44:713–736
Meldrum BS (1986) Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of epilepsy. In: Meldrum BS, Porter RJ (eds) New Anticonvulsant Drugs. John Libbey, London Paris, pp 17–30
Meldrum BS (1989) GABAergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol 27:3S–11S
Porter RJ, Rogawski MA (1992) New antiepileptic drugs: From serendipity to rational discovery. Epilepsia 33, (Suppl. 1):S1–S6
Rogawski MA, Porter RJ (1990) Antiepileptic drugs: Pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 42:223–286
Rump S, Kowalczyk M (1987) Effects of antiepileptic drugs in electrophysiological tests. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 39:557–566
Swinyard EA (1973) Assay of antiepileptic drug activity in experimental animals: standard tests. In: Anticonvulsant Drugs, Vol 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, pp 47–65
Toman JEP, Everett GM (1964) Anticonvulsants. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. pp 287–300. Academic Press, London and New York
Woodbury DM (1972) Applications to drug evaluations. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 557–583
Watkins JC, Olverman HJ (1987) Agonists and antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:265–272
References
Fonnum F (1987) Biochemistry, anatomy, and pharmacology of GABA neurons. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 173–182
Lloyd KG, Morselli PL (1987) Psychopharmacology of GABAergic drugs. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York pp 183–195
References
Brehm L et al. (1979) GABA uptake inhibitors and structurally related “pro-drugs”. In: Krogsgaard-Larsen P et al. (eds) GABA-Neurotransmitters. pp 247–261, Academic Press, New York
Fjalland B (1978) Inhibition by neuroleptics of uptake of 3H GABA into rat brain synaptosomes. Acta Pharmacol et Toxicol 42:73–76 (1978)
Gray EG, Whittaker VP (1962) The isolation of nerve endings from brain: an electron microscopic study of cell fragments derived by homogenization and centrifugation. J Anat (Lond) 96:79–88
Iversen LL, Bloom FE. (1972) Studies of the uptake of 3H-GABA and 3H-glycine in slices and homogenates of rat brain and spinal cord by electron microscopic autoradiography. Brain Res 41:131–143
Korgsgaard-Larsen P (1985) GABA agonist and uptake inhibitors. Research Biochemicals Incorporated — Neurotransmissions, Vol 1
Meldrum B et al. (1982) GABA-uptake inhibitors as anticonvulsant agents. In: Okada Y, Roberts E (eds) Problems in GABA Research from Brain to Bacteria. pp 182–191, Excerpta Medica, Princeton
Roberts E (1974) γ-aminobutyric acid and nervous system function — a perspective. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:2637–2649
Roskoski R (1978) Net uptake of L-glutamate and GABA by high affinity synaptosomal transport systems. J Neurochem 31:493–498
Ryan L, Roskoski R (1977) Net uptake of γ-aminobutyric acid by a high affinity synaptosomal transport system. J Pharm Exp Ther 200:285–291
Snodgrass SR GABA and GABA neurons: Controversies, problems, and prospects. In: Receptor Site Analysis, NEN, pp 23–33
Tapia R (1975) Blocking of GABA uptake. In: Iversen I, Iversen S, Snyder S (eds) Handbook of Psychopharmacology. 4:33–34, Plenum Press, New York
References
Falch E, Larsson OM, Schousboe A, Krogsgard-Larsen P (1990) GABA-A agonists and GABA uptake inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 21:169–188
Huger FP, Smith CP, Chiang Y, Glamkowski EJ, Ellis DB (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 2. in vitro profile. Drug Dev Res 11:169–175
Lajtha A, Sershen H (1975) Inhibition of amino acid uptake by the absence of Na+ in slices of brain. J Neurochem 24:667–672
Lüddens H, Korpi ER (1995) Biological function of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity. J Psychiat Res 29:77–94
Möhler H (1992) GABAergic synaptic transmission. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 42:211–214
Nilsson M, Hansson E, Rönnbäck L (1990) Transport of valproate and its effects on GABA uptake in astroglial primary culture. Neurochem Res 15:763–767
Nilsson M, Hansson E, Rönnbäck L (1992) Interactions between valproate, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA with respect to uptake in astroglial primary cultures. Neurochem Res 17:327–332
Roskoski R (1978) Net uptake of L-glutamate and GABA by high affinity synaptosomal transport systems. J Neurochem 31:493–498
Suzdak PD, Jansen JA (1995) A review of the preclinical pharmacology of tiagabine: a potent and selective anticonvulsant GABA uptake inhibitor. Epilepsia 36:612–626
Taylor CP (1990) GABA receptors and GABAergic synapses as targets for drug development. Drug Dev Res 21:151–160
Taylor CP, Vartanian MG, Schwarz RD, Rock DM, Callahan MJ, Davis MD (1990) Pharmacology of CI-966:a potent GABA uptake inhibitor, in vitro and in experimental animals. Drug Dev Res 21:195–215
Walton NY, Gunnawan S, Treiman DM (1994) Treatment of experimental status epilepticus with the GABA uptake inhibitor, tiagabine. Epilepsy Res 19:237–244
References
Becker J, Li Z, Noe CR (1998) Molecular and pharmacological characterization of recombinant rat/mice N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 256:427–435
Bettler B, Mulle C (1995) Review: Neurotransmitter receptors. II. AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacol 34:123–139
Carlsson M, Carlsson A (1990) Interactions between glutaminergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia — implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 13:272–276
Carter C, Rivy JP, Scatton B (1989) Ifenprodil and SL 82.0715 are antagonists at the polyamine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 164:611–612
Chimirri A, Gitto R, Zappala M (1999) AMPA receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 9:557–570
Chittajallu R, Braithwaite SP, Clarke VRJ, Henley JM (1999) Kainate receptors: subunits, synaptic localization and function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:26–35
Clarke VRJ, Ballyk BA, Hoo KH, Mandelzys A, Pellizari A, Bath CP, Thomas J, Sharpe EF, Davies CH, Ornstein PL, Schoepp DD, Kamboj RK, Collingridge GL, Lodges D, Bleakman D (1997) A hippocampal GluR5 kainate receptor regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission. Nature 389:599–603
Collingridge GL, Lester RAJ (1989) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 40:143–210
Cotman CW, Iversen LL (1987) Excitatory amino acids in the brain-focus on NMDA receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:263–265
Cunningham MD, Ferkany JW, Enna SH (1994) Excitatory amino acid receptors: a gallery of new targets for pharmacological intervention. Life Sci 54:135–148
Danysz W, Parsons CG (1998) Glycine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: Physiological significance and possible therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Rev 50:597–664
Davies J, Evans RH, Herrling PL, Jones AW, Olverman HJ, Pook P, Watkins JC (1986) CPP, a new potent and selective NMDA antagonist. Depression of central neuron responses, affinity for [3H]D-AP5 binding sites on brain membranes and anticonvulsant activity. Brain Res 382:169–173
Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF (1999) The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 51:7–61
Dunn RW, Corbett R, Martin LL, Payack JF, Laws-Ricker L, Wilmot CA, Rush DK, Cornfeldt ML, Fielding S (1990) Preclinical anxiolytic profiles of 7189 and 8319, novel non-competitive NMDA antagonists. Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant, Anxiety, and Stroke Therapy, pp 495–512. Wiley-Liss, Inc
Ferkany J, Coyle JT (1986) Heterogeneity of sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid uptake mechanisms in rat brain. J Neurosci Res 16:491–503
Fleck AW, Bahring R, Patneau DK, Mayer ML (1996) AMPA receptor heterogeneity in rat hippocampal neurons revealed by differential sensitivity to cyclothiazide. J Neurophysiol 75:2322–2333
Fletcher EJ, Lodge D (1995) New developments in the molecular pharmacology of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate and kainate receptors. Pharmacol Ther 70:65–89
Foster AC, Fagg GE (1984) Acidic amino acid binding sites in mammalian neuronal membranes: Their characteristics and relationship to synaptic receptors. Brain Res Rev 7:103–164
Foster AC, Fagg GE (1987) Comparison of L-[3H]glutamate, D-[3H]aspartate, DL-[3H]AP5 and [3H]NMDA as ligands for NMDA receptors in crude postsynaptic densities from rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 133:291–300
Gallo V, Ghiani CA (2000) Glutamate receptors in glia: new cells, new inputs and new functions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:252–258
Harris EW, Ganong AH, Monaghan DT, Watkins JC, Cotman CW (1986) Action of 3-((±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP): a new and highly potentantagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus. Brain Res 382:174–177
Hatt H (1999) Modification of glutamate receptor channels: Molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Naturwissensch 86:177–186
Herrling PL (1994) Clinical implications of NMDA receptors. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 376–394
Honoré T, Lauridsen J, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1982) The binding of [3H]AMPA, a structural analogue of glutamic acid to rat brain membranes. J Neurochem 38:173–178
Honoré T, Davies SN, Drejer J, Fletchner EJ, Jacobsen P, Lodge D, Nielsen FE (1988) Quinoxalidine diones: Potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists. Science 241:701–703
Iversen LL; Kemp JA (1994) Non-competitive NMDA antagonists as drugs. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 469–486
Jones SM, Snell LD, Johnson KM (1989) Characterization of the binding of radioligands to the N-methyl-D-aspartate, phenylcyclidine and glycine receptors in buffy coat membranes. J Pharmacol Meth 21:161–168
Kemp JA, Foster AC, Wong EHF (1987) Non-competitive antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:294–298
Kohara A, Okada M, Tsutsumi R, Ohno K, Takahashi M, Shimizu-Sasamata M, Shishikura JI, Inami H, Sakamoto S, Yamaguchi T (1998) In vitro characterization of YM872, a selective, potent and highly water-soluble α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate receptor antagonist. J Pharm Pharmacol 50:795–801
Kodama M, Yamada M, Sato K, Kitamura Y, Koyama F, Sato T, Morimoto K, Kuroda S (1999) Effects of YM90K, a selective AMP receptor antagonist, on amgdala-kindling and long-term hippocampal potentiation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 374:11–19
Lees GJ (2000) Pharmacology of AMPA/kainate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Drug 59:33–78
Lehmann J, Schneider J, McPherson S, Murphy DE, Bernard P, Tsai C, Bennett DA, Pastor G, Steel DJ, Boehm C, Cheney DL, Liebman JM, Williams M, Wood PL (1987) CPP, a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptor antagonist: characterization in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240:737–746
Lehmann J, Hutchison AJ, McPherson SE, Mondadori C, Schmutz M, Sinton CM, Tsai C, Murphy DE, Steel DJ, Williams M, Cheney DL, Wood PL (1988) CGS 19755, a selective and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate type excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:65–75
London ED, Coyle JT (1979) Specific binding of [3H]kainic acid to receptor sites in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 15:492–505
Loscher W (1998) Pharmacology of glutamate receptor antagonists in the kindling model of epilepsy. Progr Neurobiol 54:721–741
Mayer ML, Westbrook GL (1987) The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system. Progr Neurobiol 28:197–276
Mayer ML, Benveniste M, Patneau DK (1994) NMDA receptor agonists and competitive antagonists. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 132–146
Meldrum BS (1998) The glutamate synapse as a therapeutic target: Perspectives for the future. Prog Brain Res 116:441–458
Meldrum BS (2000) Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 130, (4S Suppl):1007S–1015S
Meldrum BS, Chapman AG (1994) Competitive NMDA antagonists as drugs. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 457–468
Monaghan DT, Buller AL (1994) Anatomical, pharmacological, and molecular diversity of native NMDA receptor subtypes. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 158–176.
Monaghan DT, Cotman CW (1982) The distribution of [3H]kainic acid binding sites in rat CNS as determined by autoradiography. Brain Res 252:91–100
Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW (1989) The excitatory amino acid receptors: Their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 29:365–402
Mukhin A, Kovaleva ES, London ED (1997) Two affinity states of N-methyl-D-aspartate recognition sites: Modulation by cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:945–954
Murphy DE, Schneider J, Boehm C, Lehmann J, Williams M (1987a) Binding of [3H]3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid to rat brain membranes: A selective, high-affinity ligand for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240:778–784
Murphy DE, Snowhill EW, Williams M (1987b) Characterization of quisqualate recognition sites in rat brain tissue using DL-[3H]α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and a filtration assay. Neurochem Res 12:775–782
Murphy DE, Hutchinson AJ, Hurt SD, Williams M, Sills MA (1988) Characterization of the binding of [3H]-CGS 19755, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist with nanomolar affinity in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 95:932–938
Mutel V, Trube G, Klingelschmidt A, Messer J, Bleuel Z, Humbel U, Clifford MM, Ellis GJ, Richards JG (1998) Binding characteristics of a potent AMPA receptor antagonist [3H]Ro 48-8587 in rat brain. J Neurochem 71:418–426
Nakanishi S (1992) Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implication for brain function. Science 258:593–603
Nielsen EO, Varming T, Mathiesen C, Jensen LH, Moller A, Gouliaev AH, Watjen F, Drejer J (1999) SPD 502: A water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1492–1501
Olney JW (1990) Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:47–71
Olsen RW, Szamraj O, Houser CR (1987) [3H]AMPA binding to glutamate receptor subpopulations in rat brain. Brain Res 402:243–254
Olverman JH, Monaghan DT, Cotman CW, Watkins JC (1986) [3H]CPP, a new competitive ligand for NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 131:161–162
Parsons CG, Danysz W, Quack G (1998) Glutamate in CNS disorders as a target for drug development. Drug News Perspect 11:523–569
Piotrovsky LB, Garyaev AP, Poznyakova LN (1991) Dipeptide analogues of N-acetylaspartylglutamate inhibit convulsive effects of excitatory amino acids in mice. Neurosci Lett 125:227–230
Rogawski MA, Porter RJ (1990) Antiepileptic drugs: Pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with considerations of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 42:223–286
Tauboll E, Gjerstad L (1998) Effects of antiepileptic drugs on the activation of glutamate receptors. Prog Brain Res 116:385–393
Thomsen C (1997) The L-AP4 receptor. Gen Pharmacol 29:151–158
Toms NJ, Reid ME, Phillips W, Kemp MC, Roberts PJ (1997) A novel kainate receptor ligand [3H]-(2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate. Pharmacological characterization in rabbit brain membranes. Neuropharmacology 36:1483–1488
Wahl P, Frandsen A, Madsen U, Schousboe A, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1998) Pharmacology and toxicology of ATOA, an AMPA receptor antagonist and a partial agonist at GluR5 receptors. Neuropharmacology 37:1205–1210
The NMDA receptor concept: origins and development. In: Collingridge GL, Watkins JC (eds) The NMDA Receptor. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, pp 1–30
Watkins JC, Olverman HJ (1987) Agonists and antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:265–272
Worms P, Willigens MT, Lloyd KG (1981) The behavioral effects of systemically administered kainic acid: a pharmacological analysis. Life Sci 29:2215–2225
Willis CL, Wacker DA, Bartlett RD, Bleakman D, Lodge D, Chamberlin AR, Bridges RJ (1997) Irreversible inhibition of high affinity [3H]kainate binding by a photoactivatable analogue: (2′S,3′S,4′R)-2′-carboxy-4′-(2-diazo-1-oxo-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-3′-pyrrolidinyl acetate. J Neurochem 68:1503–1510
Young AB, Fagg GE (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain: membrane binding and receptor autoradiographic approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:126–133
Zeman S, Lodge D (1992) Pharmacological characterization of non-NMDA subtypes of glutamate receptor in the neonatal rat hemidissected spinal cord in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 106:367–372
Zhou L-L, Gu Z Q, Costa AM, Yamada KA, Mansson PE, Giordano T, Skolnick P, Jones KA (1997) (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid (SYM 2081): A selective, high affinity ligand for kainate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:422–427
References
Abe T, Sugihara H, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1992) Molecular characterization of a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 coupled to inositol phosphate/Ca2+ signal transduction. J Biol Chem 267:13361–13368
Bashir ZI, Bortolotto ZA, Davies CH, Berretta M, Irving AJ, Seal AJ, Henley AM, Jane DE, Watkins JC, Collingridge GL (1993) Induction of LTP in the hippocampus needs synaptic activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. Nature 363:347–350
Chenard BL, Menniti FS (1999) Antagonists selective for NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit. Curr Pharm Res 5:381–404
Cotman CW, Iversen LL (1987) Excitatory amino acids in the brainfocus on NMDA receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:263–265
Dannhardt G, von Gruchalla M, Elben U (1994) Tools for NMDA-receptor elucidation: Synthesis of spacer-coupled MK-801 derivatives. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 4:12–15
Dunn RW, Corbett R, Martin LL, Payack JF, Laws-Ricker L, Wilmot CA, Rush DK, Cornfeldt ML, Fielding S (1990) Preclinical anxiolytic profiles of 7189 and 8319, novel non-competitive NMDA antagonists. Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant, Anxiety, and Stroke Therapy, pp 495–512. Wiley-Liss, Inc
Ebert B, Madsen U, Lund TM, Lenz SM, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1994) Molecular pharmacology of the AMPA agonist, (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [(S)-APPA] and the AMPA antagonist, (R)-APPA. Neurochem Int 24:507–515
Fischer G, Mutel V, Trube G, Malherbe P, Kew JNC, Mohacsi E, Heitz MP, Kemp JA (1997) Ro 25-6981, a highly potent and selective blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors containing the NRB2 subunit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1285–1292
Goldman ME, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Paul SM (1985) Differentiation of [3H]phencyclidine and (+)−[3H]SKF-10,047 binding sites in rat cerebral cortex. FEBS Lett 190:333–336
Grimwood S, Le Bourdellès B, Atack JR, Barton C, Cockettt W, Cook SM, Gilbert E, Hutson PH, McKernan RM, Myers J, Ragan CI, Wingrove PB, Whiting PJ (1996) Generation and characterization of stable cell lines expressing recombinant human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes. J Neurochem 66:2239–2247
Hansen JJ, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1990) Structural, conformational, and stereochemical requirements of central excitatory amino acid receptors. Med Res Rev 10:55–94
Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, Sakurada K, Kadotani H, Yokoi M, Akazawa C, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Masu M, Nakanishi S (1993) Molecular characterization of the family of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. J Biol Chem 268:2836–2843
Iversen LL (1994) MK-801 (Dizocilpine maleate) — NMDA receptor antagonist. Neurotransmiss 10:1:1–4
Javitt DC, Zukin SR (1989) Biexponential kinetics of [3H]MK-801 binding: Evidence for access to closed and open N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels. Mol Pharmacol 35:387–393
Johnson KM, Jones SM (1990) Neuropharmacol of phencyclidine: Basic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:707–750
Keinänen K, Wisden W, Sommer B, Werner P, Herb A, Verdoorn TA, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH (1990) A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 249:556–560
Kemp JA, Foster AC Wong EHF (1987) Non-competitive antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:294–298
Kew JNC, Trube G, Kemp JA (1998) State-dependent NMDA receptor antagonism by Ro 8-4304, a novel NR2B selective, non-competitive, voltage-independent antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 123:463–472
Kutsuwada T, Kashiwabuchi N, Mori H, Sakimura K, Kushyia E, Araki K, Meguro H, Masaki H, Kumanishi T, Arakawa M, Mishina M (1992) Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature 358:36–41
Loo P, Braunwalder A, Lehmann J, Williams M (1986) Radioligand binding to central phencyclidine recognition sites is dependent on excitatory amino acid receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 123:467–468
Loo PS, Braunwalder AF, Lehmann J, Williams M, Sills MA (1987) Interaction of L-glutamate and magnesium with phencyclidine recognition sites in rats brain: evidence for multiple affinity states of the phencyclidine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Mol Pharmacol 32:820–830
Maragos WF, Chu DCM, Greenamyre T, Penney JB, Young AB (1986) High correlation between the localization of [3H]TCP binding and NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 123:173–174
Masu M, Tanabe Y, Tsuchida K, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S (1991) Sequence and expression of a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Nature 349:760–765
Meguro H, Mori H, Araki K, Kushiya E, Katsuwada T, Yamazaki M, Kumanishi T, Arakawa M, Sakimura K, Mishina M (1992) Functional characterization of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs. Nature 357:70–74
Monyer H, Sprengel R, Schoepfer R, Herb A, Higuchi M, Lomeli H, Burnashev N, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH (1992) Heteromeric NMDA receptors: Molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science 256:1217–1221
Moriyoshi K, Masu M, Ishii T, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature 354:31–37
Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi N (1993) Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate. J Biol Chem 268:11868–11873
Nowak G, Remond A, McNamara M, Paul IA (1995) Swim stress increases the potency of glycine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J Neurochem 64:925–927
Reyes M, Reyes A, Opitz T, Kapin MA, Stanton PK (1998) Eliprodil, a non-competitive, NR2B-selective NMDA antagonist, protects pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slides from hypoxic/ischemic damage. Brain Res 782:212–218
Reynolds IJ, Miller RJ (1988) Multiple sites for the regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Mol Pharmacol 33:581–584
Rogawski MA, Porter RJ (1990) Antiepileptic drugs: Pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with considerations of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Reviews 42:223–286
Sacaan AI, Johnson KM (1989) Spermine enhances binding to the glycine site associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Mol Pharmacol 36:836–839
Schoepp D, Bockaert J, Sladeczek F (1990) Pharmacological and functional characteristics of metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:508–515
Sills MA, Fagg G, Pozza M, Angst C, Brundish DE, Hurt SD, Wilusz EJ, Williams M (1991) [3H]CGP 39653: a new N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist radioligand with low nanomolar affinity in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 192:19–24
Simon RP, Swan JH, Griffiths T, Meldrum BS (1984) Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain. Science 226:850–852
Snell LD, Morter RS, Johnson KM (1987) Glycine potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced [3H]TCP binding to rat cortical membranes. Neurosci Lett 83:313–320
Snell LD, Morter RS, Johnson KD (1988) Structural requirements for activation of the glycine receptor that modulates the N-methyl-D-aspartate operated ion channel. Eur J Pharmacol 156:105–110
Sugihara H, Moriyoshi K, Ishii T, Masu M, Nakanishi S (1992) Structures and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185:826–832
Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1993) Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. J Neurosci 13:1372–1378
Thedinga KH, Benedict MS, Fagg GE (1989) The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex: a stoechiometric analysis of radioligand binding domains. Neurosci Lett 104:217–222
Thomson AM (1989) Glycine modulation of the NMDA receptor/channel complex. Trends in Neurosci 12:349–353
Vignon J, Chicheportiche R, Chicheportiche M, Kamenka JM, Geneste P, Lazdunski M (1983) [3H]TPC: a new tool with high affinity to the PCP receptor in rat brain. Brain Res 280:194–197
Watkins JC, Olverman HJ (1987) Agonists and antagonists for excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends Neurosci 10:265–272
Watkins JC, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Honoré T (1990) Structure-activity relationships in the development of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and competitive antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:25–33
Williams K, Romano C, Molinoff PB (1989) Effects of polyamines on the binding of [3H]MK-801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: pharmacological evidence for the existence of a polyamine recognition site. Mol Pharmacol 36:575–581
Wong EHF, Kemp JA (1991) Sites for antagonism on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel complex. Ann Rev Pharmac Toxic 31:401–425
Wong EHF, Knight AR, Woodruff GN (1988) [3H]MK-801 labels a site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel complex in rat brain membranes. J Neurochem 50:274–281
Yoneda Y, Ogita K (1991) Neurochemical aspects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Neurosci Res 10:1–33
References
Acher FC, Tellier FJ, Azerad R, Brabet IN, Fagni L, Pin JPR (1997) Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of aminocyclopentanetricarboxylic acids: New tools to discriminate between metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. J Med Chem 40:3119–3129
Alexander S, Peters J, Mathie A, MacKenzie G, Smith A (2001) TiPS Nomenclature Supplement
Annoura H, Fukunaga A, Uesugi M, Tatsuoka T, Horikawa Y (1996) A novel class of antagonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors, 7-(hydroxyimino)-cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 6:763–766
Attwell PJE, Singh-Kent N, Jane D, Croucher MJ, Bradford HF (1998) Anticonvulsant and glutamate release-inhibiting properties of the highly potent metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (2S, 2'R,3'R)-2-(2′3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (DCG-IV). Brain Res 805:138–143
Bedingfield JS, Jane DE, Kemp MC, Toms NJ, Roberts PJ (1996) Novel potent selective phenylglycine antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 309:71–78
Berridge MJ, Downes CP, Hanley MR (1982) Lithium amplifies agonist-dependent phosphatidylinositol responses in brain and salivary glands. Biochem J 206:587–595
Brauner-Osborne H, Nielsen B, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1998) Molecular pharmacology of homologues of ibotenic acid at cloned metabotropic glutamic acid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 350:311–316
Bruno V, Battaglia G, Copani A, Casabona G, Storto M, di Giorgi-Gerevini V, Ngomba R, Nicoletti F (1998) Metabotropic glutamate receptors and neurodegeneration. Prog Brain Res 116:209–221
Cartmell J, Adam G, Chaboz S, Henningsen R, Kemp JA, Klingelschmidt A, Metzler V, Monsma F, Schaffhauser H, Wichmann J, Mutel V (1998) Characterization of [3H]-(2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine ([3H]-DCGIV) binding to metabotropic mGlu2 receptor transfected cell membranes. Br J Pharmacol 123:497–504
Christoffersen GRJ, Christensen LH, Hammer P, Vang M (1999) The class I metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, AIDA, improves short-term and impairs long-term memory in a spatial task for rats. Neuropharmacol 38:817–823
Conn PJ, Pin JP (1997) Pharmacology and function of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37:205–237
DeBlasi A, Conn PJ, Pin JP, Nicolette F (2001) Molecular determinants of metabotropic glutamate signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:114–120
Doherty AJ, Palmer MJ, Henley JM, Collingridge GL, Jane DE (1997) (R,S)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) activates mGlu5, but not mGlu1, receptors expressed in CHO cells and potentiates NMDA responses in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacol 36:265–267
Eriksen L, Thomsen C (1995) [3H]-L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate labels a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR4a. Br J Pharmacol 116:3279–3287
Gasparini F, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Lukic S, Leonhardt T, Inderbitzin W, Laurie D, Sommer B, Varney MA, Hess SD, Johnson EC, Kuhn R, Urwyler S, Sauer D, Portet C, Schmutz M, Nicoletti F, Flor PJ (1999) (R,S)-4-Phosphonophenylglycine, a potent and selective group III metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, is anticonvulsive and neuroprotective in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1678–1687
Helton DR, Tizzano JP, Monn JA, Schoepp DD, Kallman MJ (1998) Anxiolytic and side-effect profile of LY354740: A potent and highly selective, orally active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:651–660
Hollmann M, Heinemann S (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Ann Rev Neurosci 17:31–108
Ishida M, Akagi H, Shimamoto K, Ohfune Y, Shinozaki H (1990) A potent metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist: electrophysiological actions of a conformationally restricted glutamate analogue in the rat spinal cord and Xenopus oocytes. Brain Res 537:311–314
Ishida M, Saitoh T, Nakamura Y, Kataoka K, Shinozaki H (1994) A novel metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist: (2S,1'S,2'R,3'R)-2-(carboxy-3-methoxymethylcyclopropyl)-glycine (cis-MCG-I). Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 268:267–270
Jane D, Doherty A (2000) Muddling through the mGlu maze? Tocris Review No.13
Jane DE, Jones PLSJ, Pook PCK, Tse HW, Watkins JC (1994) Actions of two new antagonists showing selectivity for different sub-types of metabotropic glutamate receptor in the neonatal spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 112:809–816
Kingston AE, Ornstein PL, Wright RA, Johnson BG, Mayne NG, Burnett JP, Belagaje R, Wu S, Schoepp DD (1998) LY341495 is a nanomolar potent and selective antagonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacol 37:1–12
Knöpfel T, Kuhn R, Allgeier H (1995) Metabotropic glutamate receptors: Novel targets for drug development. J Med Chem 38:1417–1425
Knöpfel T, Madge T, Nicoletti F (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 6:1061–1067
Konieczny J, Ossowska K, Wolfarth S, Pilc A (1998) LY354740, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist with potential antiparkinsonian properties in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358:500–502
Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Hansen MM, Kress TJ, Wepsiec JP, Harkness AR, Grutsch JL Jr., Wright PA, Johnson PG, Andis SL, Kingston A, Tomlinson R, Lewis R, Griffey KR, Tizzano JP, Schoepp DD (1999) Synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]-hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): Identification of two new potent, selective, and systemically active agonists for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem 42:1027–1040
Nakanishi S, Masu M (1994) Molecular diversity and function of glutamate receptors. Ann Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 23:319–348
Nicoletti F, Bruno V, Copani A, Casabona G, Knöpfel T (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptors: A new target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders? Trends Neurosci 19:267–271
Okamaoto N, Hori S, Akazawa C, Hayashi Y, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1994) Molecular characterization of a new metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7 coupled to inhibitory cyclic AMP signal transduction. J Biol Chem 269:1231–1236
Ornstein PL, Arnold MB, Bleisch TJ, Wright RA, Wheeler WJ, Schoepp DD (1998) [3H]LY341495, a highly potent, selective and novel radioligand for labeling group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 8:1919–1922
Pin JP, Duvoisin R (1995) The metabotropic glutamate receptors: Structure and functions. Neuropharmacol 34:1–26
Porter RHP, Briggs RSJ, Roberts PJ (1992) L-Aspartate-β-hydroxamate exhibits mixed agonist/antagonist activity at the glutamate metabotropic receptor in rat neonatal cerebrocortical slices. Neurosci Lett 144:87–89
Riedel G, Reymann KG (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning and memory. Acta Physiol Scand 157:1–19
Schaffhauser H, Richards JG, Cartmell J, Chaboz S, Kemp JA, Klingelschmidt A, Messer J, Stadler H, Woltering T, Mutel V (1998) In vitro binding characteristics of a new selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor radioligand, [3H]LY354740, in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 53:228–233
Schoepp DD, Conn PJ (1993) Metabotropic glutamate receptors in brain function and pathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:13–20
Skerry TM, Genever PG (2001) Glutamate signalling in non-neuronal tissues. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:174–181
Tanabe Y, Masu M, Ishii T, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S (1992) A family of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuron 8:169–179
Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1993) Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression pattern of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. J Neurosci 13:1372–1378
Thomsen C, Dalby NO (1998) Roles of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in modulation of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure activity in mice. Neuropharmacol 37:1465–1473
Thomsen C, Mulvihill ER, Haldeman B, Pickering DS, Hampson DR, Suzdak PD (1993) A pharmacological characterization of the mGluR1α subtype of the metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed in a cloned baby hamster kidney cell line. Brain Res 619:22
Thomsen C, Boel E, Suzdak PD (1994) Action of phenylglycine analogs at subtypes of the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. Eur J Pharmacol 267:77–84
Thomsen C, Bruno V, Nicoletti F, Marinozzi M, Pelliciari R (1996) (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2′-carboxy-3′-phenylcyclopropyl)-glycine, a potent and selective antagonist of type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pharmacol 50:6–9
Varney MA, Suto CM (2000) Discovery of subtype-selective metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands using functional HTS assays. Drug Disc Today: HTS Suppl 1:20–26
Watkins J, Collingridge G (1994) Phenylglycine derivatives as antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:333–342
References
Arriza JL, Fairman WA, Wadiche JI, Murdoch GH, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1994) Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J Neurosci 14:5559–5569
Arunlakshana O, Schild HO (1959) Some quantitative uses of drug antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 14:48–58
Robinson MB, Sinor JD, Dowd LA, Kerwin JF Jr. (1993) Subtypes of sodium-dependent high-affinity L-[3H]glutamate transport activity. Pharmacologic specificity and regulation by sodium and potassium. J Neurochem 60:1657–179
Seal RP, Amara SG (1999) Excitatory amino acid transporters: A family in Flux. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39:431–456
Vandenberg RJ (1998) Molecular pharmacology and physiology of glutamate transporters in the central nervous system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25:393–400
Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Amara SG, Kavanaugh MP (1995) Constitutive ion fluxes and substrate binding domains of human glutamate transporters. J Biol Chem 270:17668–17671
Vandenberg RJ, Mitrovic AD, Chebib M, Balcar VJ, Johnston GAR (1997) Contrasting modes of action of methylglutamate derivatives on the excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2. Molec Pharmacol 51:809–815
Woodhull AM (1973) Ion blockage of sodium channels in nerve. J Gen Physiol 61:667–708
References
Casida JE, Palmer CJ, Cole LM (1985) Bicycloorthocarboxylate convulsants. Potent GABAA receptor antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 28:246–253
Gee KW, Lawrence LJ, Yamamura HI (1986) Modulation of the chloride ionophore by benzodiazepine receptor ligands: influence of gamma-aminobutyric acid and ligand efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 30:218–225
Macksay G, Ticku MK (1985a) Dissociation of [35S]-t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding differentiates convulsant and depressant drugs that modulate GABAergic transmission. J Neurochem 44:480–486
Macksay G, Ticku MK (1985b) GABA, depressants and chloride ions affect the rate of dissociation of [35S]-t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding. Life Sci 37:2173–2180
Olsen RW, Yang J, King RG, Dilber A, Stauber GB, Ransom RW (1986) Barbiturate and benzodiazepine modulation of GABA receptor binding and function. Life Sci 39:1969–1976
Squires RF, Casida JE, Richardson M, Saederup E (1983) [35S]t-Butylbicyclophorothionate binds with high affinity to brain specific sites coupled to γ-aminobutyric acid-A and ion recognition sites. Mol Pharmacol 23:326–336
Supavilai P, Karabath M (1984) [35S]-t-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding sites are constituents of the γ-aminobutyric acid benzodiazepine receptor complex. J Neurosci 4:1193–1200
Trifiletti RR, Snowman AM, Snyder SH (1984) Anxiolytic cyclopyrrolone drugs allosterically modulate the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to the benzodiazepine/γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor/chloride anionophore complex. Mol Pharmacol 26:470–476
Trifiletti RR, Snowman AM, Snyder SH (1985) Barbiturate recognition site on the GABA/Benzodiazepine receptor complex is distinct from the picrotoxin/TBPS recognition site. Eur J Pharmacol 106:441–447
References
Baron BM, Harrison BL, Miller FP, McDonald IA, Salituro FG, Schmidt CJ, Sorensen SM, White HS, Palfreyman MG (1990) Activity of 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid, a potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site. Mol Pharmacol 38:554–561
Baron BM, Siegel BW, Harrison BL, Gross RS, Hawes C, Towers P (1996) [3H]MDL 105,519, a high affinity radioligand for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine recognition site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:62–68
Bonhaus DW, Burge BC, McNamara JO (1978) Biochemical evidence that glycine allosterically regulates an NMDA receptor-coupled ion channel. Eur J Pharmacol 142:489–490
Bonhaus DW, Yeh G-C, Skaryak L, McNamara JO (1989) Glycine regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-gatedion channel in hippocampal membranes. Mol Pharmacol 36:273–279
Chazot PL, Reiss C, Chopra B, Stephenson FA (1998) [3H]MDL 105,519 binds with equal high affinity to both assembled and unassembled NR1 subunits of the NMDA receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 353:137–140
Cotman CW, Monaghan DT, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J (1987) Anatomical organization of excitatory amino acid receptors and their pathways. Trends Neurosci 10:273–280
Danysz W, Wroblewski JT, Brooker G, Costa E (1989) Modulation of glutamate receptors by phencyclidine and glycine in the rat cerebellum: cGMP increase in vivo. Brain Res 479:270–276
Foster AC, Kemp JA, Leeson PD, Grimwood S, Donald AE, Marshall GR, Priestley T, Smith JD, Carling RW (1992) Kynurenic acid analogues with improved affinity and selectivity for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor from rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 41:914–922
Hargreaves RJ, Rigby M, Smith D, Hill RG (1993) Lack of effect of L-687,414 ((+)-cis-4-methyl-HA-966), an NMDA receptor antagonist acting at the glycine site, on cerebral glucose metabolism and cortical neuronal morphology. Br J Pharmacol 110:36–42
Hofner G, Wanner KT (1997) Characterization of the binding of [3H]MDL 105,519, a radiolabelled antagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine site to pig cortical brain membranes. Neurosci Lett 226:79–82
Jansen KLR, Dragunow M, Faull RLM (1989) [3H]Glycine binding sites, NMDA and PCP receptors have similar distributions in the human hippocampus: an autoradiographic study. Brain Res 482:174–1178
Kessler M, Terramani T, Lynch B, Baudry M (1989) A glycine site associated with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors: characterization and identification of a new class of antagonists. J Neurochem 52:1319–1328
Monahan JB, Corpus VM, Hood WF, Thomas JW, Compton RP (1989) Characterization of a [3H]glycine recognition site as a modulatory site of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J Neurochem 53:370–375
Oliver MW, Kessler M, Larson J, Schottler F, Lynch G (1990) Glycine site associated with the NMDA receptor modulates long-term potentiation. Synapse 5:265–270
Ransom RW, Deschenes NL (1988) NMDA-induced hippocampal [3H]norepinephrine release is modulated by glycine. Eur J Pharmacol 156:149–155
Rao TS, Cler JA, Emmet MR, Mick SJ, Iyengar S, Wood PL (1990) Glycine, glycinamide, and D-serine act as positive modulators of signal transduction at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in vivo: differential effects on mouse cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels. Neuropharmacol 29:1075–1080
Reynolds IJ, Murphy SN, Miller RJ (1987) 3H-labeled MK-801 binding to the excitatory amino acid receptor complex from rat brain is enhanced by glycine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7744–7748
Sacaan AI, Johnson KM (1989) Spermine enhances binding to the glycine site associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Mol Pharmacol 36:836–839
Snell LD, Morter RS, Johnson KM (1987) Glycine potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate induced [3H]TCP binding to rat cortical membranes. Neurosci Lett 83:313–317
Snell LD, Morter RS, Johnson KM (1988) Structural requirements for activation of the glycine receptor that modulates the N-methyl-D-aspartate operated ion channel. Eur J Pharmacol 156:105–110
Thomson AM (1989) Glycine modulation of the NMDA receptor/channel complex. Trends Neuroscience 12:349–353
White HS, Harmsworth WL, Sofia RD, Wof HH (1995) Felbamate modulates the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor. Epilepsy Res 20:41–48
References
Betz H, Kuhse J, Schmieden V, Laube B, Harvey R (1998) Structure, diversity and pathology of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358, Suppl 2, R 570
Braestrup C, Nielsen M, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (1986) Glycine antagonists structurally related to 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol inhibit binding of [3H]strychnine to rat brain membranes. J Neurochem 47:691–696
Bristow DR, Bowery NG, Woodruff GN (1986) Light microscopic autoradiographic localisation of [3H]glycine and [3H]strychnine binding sites in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 126:303–307
Bruns RF, Welbaum BEA (1985) A sodium chloride shift method to distinguish glycine agonists from antagonists in [3H]strychnine binding. Fed Proc 44:1828
Graham D, Pfeiffer F, Simler R, Betz H (1985) Purification and characterization of the glycine receptor of pig spinal cord. Biochemistry 24:990–994
Johnson G, Nickell DG, Ortwine D, Drummond JT, Bruns RF, Welbaum BE (1989) Evaluation and synthesis of aminohydroxyisoxazoles and pyrazoles as potential glycine agonists. J Med Chem 32:2116–2128
Johnson G, Drummond JT, Boxer PA, Bruns RF (1992) Proline analogues as agonists at the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor. J Med Chem 35:233–241
Kishimoto H, Simon JR, Aprison MH (1981) Determination of the equilibrium constants and number of glycine binding sites in several areas of the rat central nervous system, using a sodium-independent system. J Neurochem 37:1015–1024
Lambert DM, Poupaert JH, Maloteaux JM, Dumont P (1994) Anticonvulsant activities of N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine after parenteral administration. NeuroReport 5:777–780
Marvizón JCG, Vázquez J, Calvo MG, Mayor F Jr., Gómez AR, Valdivieso F, Benavides J (1986) The glycine receptor: Pharmacological studies and mathematical modeling of the allosteric interaction between the glycine-and strychnine-binding sites. Mol Pharmacol 30:590–597
Saitoh T, Ishida M, Maruyama M, Shinozaki H (1994) A novel antagonist, phenylbenzene-ω-phosphono-a-amino acid, for strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in the rat spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 113:165–170
Schmieden V, Jezequel S, Beth H (1996) Novel antagonists of the inhibitory glycine receptor derived from quinolinic acid compounds. Mol Pharmacol 48:919–927
Simmonds MA, Turner JP (1985) Antagonism of inhibitory amino acids by the steroid derivative RU5135. Br J Pharmacol 84:631–635
Young AB, Snyder SH (1974) Strychnine binding in rat spinal cord membranes associated with the synaptic glycine receptor: co-operativity of glycine interactions. Mol Pharmacol 10:790–809
References
Alger BE (1984) Hippocampus. Electrophysiological studies of epileptiform activity in vitro. In: Dingledine R (ed) Brain Slices. Plenum Press, New York, London, pp 155–199
Alger BE, Nicoll RA (1982) Pharmacological evidence of two kinds of GABA receptor on rat hippocampal pyramidal cells studied in vitro. J Physiol 328:125–141
Alger BE, Dhanjal SS, Dingledine R, Garthwaite J, Henderson G, King GL, Lipton P, North A, Schwartzkroin PA, Sears TA, Segal M, Whittingham TS, Williams J (1984) Brain Slice methods. In: Dingledine R (ed) Brain Slices. Plenum Press, New York, London, pp 381–437
Bernard C, Wheal HV (1995) Plasticity of AMP and NMDA receptor mediated epileptiform activity in a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 21:95–107
Bingmann D, Speckmann EJ (1986) Actions of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on CA3 neurons in hippocampal slices of guinea pigs. Exp Brain Res 64:94–104
Blanton MG, Turco JJL, Kriegstein AR (1989) Whole cell recording from neurons in slices of reptilian and mammalian cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Meth 30:203–210
Coan EJ, Saywood W, Collingridge GL (1987) MK-801 blocks NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and long term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci Lett 80:111–114
Crain SM (1972) Tissue culture models of epileptiform activity. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 291–316
Dingledine R, Dodd J, Kelly JS (1980) The in vitro brain slice as a useful neurophysiological preparation for intracellular recording. J Neurosci Meth 2:323–362
Fisher RS (1987) The hippocampal slice. Am J EEG Technol 27:1–14
Fisher RS, Alger BE (1984) Electrophysiological mechanisms of kainic acid-induced epileptiform activity in the rat hippocampal slice. J Neurosci 4:1312–1323
Fredholm BB, Dunwiddie TV, Bergman B, Lindström K (1984) Levels of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in slices of rat hippocampus. Brain Res 295:127–136
Gähwiler BH (1988) Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue. Trends Neurol Sci 11:484–490
Harrison NL, Simmonds MA (1985) Quantitative studies on some antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Br J Pharmacol 84:381–391
Langmoe IA, Andersen P (1981) The hippocampal slice in vitro. A description of the technique and some examples of the opportunities it offers. In: Kerkut GA, Wheal HV (eds) Electrophysiology of Isolated Mammalian CNS Preparations. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 51–105
Liu FC, Takahashi H, Mc Kay RDG, Graybiel AM (1995) Dopaminergic regulation of transcription factor expression in organotypic cultures of developing stratum. J Neurosci 15:2367–2384
Misgeld U (1992) Hippocampal slices. In: Kettenmann H, Grantyn R (eds) Practical Electrophysiological Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 41–44
Mosfeldt Laursen A (1984) The contribution of in vitro studies to the understanding of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 69:367–375
Müller CM (1992) Extra-and intracellular voltage recording in the slice. In: Kettenmann H, Grantyn R (eds) Practical Electrophysiological Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 249–295
Oh DJ, Dichter MA (1994) Effect of a γ-aminobutyric acid up-take inhibitor, NNC-711, on spontaneous postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: implications for antiepileptic drug development. Epilepsia 35:426–430
Okada Y, Ozawa S (1980) Inhibitory action of adenosine on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the guinea pig in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 68:483–492
Oliver AP, Hoffer BJ, Wyatt RJ (1977) The hippocampal slice: a model system for studying the pharmacology of seizures and for screening of anticonvulsant drugs. Epilepsia 18:543–548
Pandanaboina MM, Sastry BR (1984) Rat neocortical slice preparation for electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. J Pharmacol Meth 11:177–186
Saltarelli MD, Lowenstein PR, Coyle JT (1987) Rapid in vitro modulation of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat striatal slices. Eur J Pharmacol 135:35–40
Schlicker E, Fink K, Zentner J, Göthert M (1996) Presynaptic inhibitory serotonin autoreceptors in the human hippocampus. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 354:393–396
Schwartzkroin PA (1975) Characteristics of CA1 neurons recorded intracellularly in the hippocampal in vitro slice preparation. Brain Res 85:423–436
Siggins GR, Schubert P (1981) Adenosine depression of hippocampal neurons in vitro: an intracellular study of dose-dependent actions on synaptic and membrane potentials. Neurosci Lett 23:55–60
Skrede KK, Westgard RH (1971) The transverse hippocampal slice: A well-defined cortical structure maintained in vitro. Brain Res 35:589–659
Stoppini L, Buchs PA, Muller D (1991) A simple method for oganotypic cultures of nervous tissue. J Neurosci Meth 37:173–182
Stuart GJ, Dodt HU, Sakmann B (1993) Patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of neurons in brain slices using infrared video microscopy. Pflügers Arch 423:511–518
Teyler TT (1980) Brain slice preparation: Hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 5:391–40
References
Banker GA, Cowan WM (1977) Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture. Brain Res 126:397–425
Chen Q-X, Stelzer A, Kay AR, Wong RKS (1990) GABAA receptor function is regulated by phosphorylation in acutely dissociated guinea-pig hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 420:207–221
Caulfield MP, Brown DA (1992) Cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit Ca current in NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 106:231–232
Delmas P, Brown DA, Dayrell M, Abogadie FC, Caulfield MP, Buckley NJ (1998) On the role of endogenous G-protein βγ subunits in N-type Ca2+ current inhibition by neurotransmitters in rat sympathetic neurones. J Physiol 506:319–329
Gola M, Niel JP (1993) Electrical and integrative properties of rabbit sympathetic neurons re-evaluated by patch-clamping non-dissociated cells. J Physiol 460:327–349
Gola M, Niel JP, Bessone R, Fayolle R (1992) Single channel and whole cell recordings from non dissociated sympathetic neurones in rabbit coeliac ganglia. J Neurosci Meth 43:13–22
Gonzales F, Farbman AI, Gesteland RC (1985) Cell and explant culture of olfactory chemoreceptor cells. J Neurosci Meth 14:77–90
Jirikowski G, Reisert I, Pilgrim C (1981) Neuropeptides in dissociated cultures of hypothalamus and septum; quantification of immunoreactive neurons. Neurosci 6:1953–1960
Kay AR, Wong RKS (1986) Isolation of neurons suitable for patch-clamping from adult mammalian central nervous systems. J Neurosci Meth 16:227–238
McGivern JG, Patmore L, Sheridan RD (1995) Actions of the novel neuroprotective agent, lifarizine (RS-87476), on voltage-dependent sodium currents in the neuroblastoma cell line, NIE-115. Br J Pharmacol 114:1738–1744
McLarnon JG (1991) The recording of action potential currents as an assessment for drug actions on excitable cells. J Pharmacol Meth 26:105–111
McLarnon JG, Curry K (1990) Single channel properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel using NMDA and NMDA agonists: On-cell recordings. Exp Brain Res 82:82–88
Neher E, Sakmann B (1976) Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres. Nature 260:799–802
Sakmann B, Neher E (1983) Single Channel Recording. Plenum Press, New York
Smith PA (1995) Methods for studying neurotransmitter transduction mechanisms. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:63–73
Stolc S (1994) Pyridoindole stobadine is a nonselective inhibitor of voltage-operated ion channels in rat sensory neurons. Gen Physiol Biophys 13:259–266
References
Banker GA, Cowan WM (1977) Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture. Brain Res 126:397–425
Chen Q-X, Stelzer A, Kay AR, Wong RKS (1990) GABAA receptor function is regulated by phosphorylation in acutely dissociated guinea-pig hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 420:207–221
Caulfield MP, Brown DA (1992) Cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit Ca current in NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 106:231–232
Delmas P, Brown DA, Dayrell M, Abogadie FC, Caulfield MP, Buckley NJ (1998) On the role of endogenous G-protein βγ subunits in N-type Ca2+ current inhibition by neurotransmitters in rat sympathetic neurones. J Physiol 506:319–329
Gola M, Niel JP (1993) Electrical and integrative properties of rabbit sympathetic neurons re-evaluated by patch-clamping non-dissociated cells. J Physiol 460:327–349
Gola M, Niel JP, Bessone R, Fayolle R (1992) Single channel and whole cell recordings from non dissociated sympathetic neurones in rabbit coeliac ganglia. J Neurosci Meth 43:13–22
Gonzales F, Farbman AI, Gesteland RC (1985) Cell and explant culture of olfactory chemoreceptor cells. J Neurosci Meth 14:77–90
Jirikowski G, Reisert I, Pilgrim C (1981) Neuropeptides in dissociated cultures of hypothalamus and septum; quantification of immunoreactive neurons. Neurosci 6:1953–1960
Kay AR, Wong RKS (1986) Isolation of neurons suitable for patch-clamping from adult mammalian central nervous systems. J Neurosci Meth 16:227–238
McGivern JG, Patmore L, Sheridan RD (1995) Actions of the novel neuroprotective agent, lifarizine (RS-87476), on voltage-dependent sodium currents in the neuroblastoma cell line, NIE-115. Br J Pharmacol 114:1738–1744
McLarnon JG (1991) The recording of action potential currents as an assessment for drug actions on excitable cells. J Pharmacol Meth 26:105–111
McLarnon JG, Curry K (1990) Single channel properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel using NMDA and NMDA agonists: On-cell recordings. Exp Brain Res 82:82–88
Neher E, Sakmann B (1976) Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres. Nature 260:799–802
Sakmann B, Neher E (1983) Single Channel Recording. Plenum Press, New York
Smith PA (1995) Methods for studying neurotransmitter transduction mechanisms. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:63–73
Stolc S (1994) Pyridoindole stobadine is a nonselective inhibitor of voltage-operated ion channels in rat sensory neurons. Gen Physiol Biophys 13:259–266
References
Araujo DM, Cotman CW (1993) Trophic effects of interleukin-4,-7, and-8 on hippocampal neuronal cultures: potential involvement of glial-derived factors. Brain Res 600:49–55
Banker GA, Cowan WM (1977) Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture. Brain Res 126:397–425
Brewer GJ (1997) Isolation and culture of adult hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Meth 71:143–155
Brewer GJ (1999) Regeneration and proliferation of embryonic and adult rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Exp Neurol 159:237–247
Brewer GJ, Deshmane S, Ponnusamy E (1998) Precocious axons and improved survival of rat hippocampal neurons on lysine-alanine polymer substrate. J Neurosci Meth 85:13–20
Canals S, Casarejos MJ, Rodríguez-Martin E, de Bernardo S, Mena MA (2001) Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of nitric oxide on fetal midbrain cultures. J Neurochem 76:56–68
Chaudieu I, Privat A (1999) Neuroprotection of cultured foetal rat hippocampal cells against glucose deprivation: are GABAergic neurons less vulnerable or more sensitive to TCP protection? Eur J Neurosci 11:2413–2321
Ehret A, Haaf A, Jeltsch H, Heinrich B, Feuerstein TJ, Jakisch R (2001) Modulation of electrically evoked acetylcholine release in cultured septal neurones. J Neurochem 76:555–564
Flavin MP, Ho LT (1999) Propentofylline protects neurons in culture from death triggered by macrophage or microglia secretory products. J Neurosci Res 56:54–59
Hampson RE, Mu J, Deadwyler SA (2000) Cannabinoid and kappa opioid receptors reduced potassium K current via activation of Gs proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 84:2356–2364
Jirikowski G, Reisert I, Pilgrim Ch (1981) Neuropeptides in dissociated cultures of hypothalamus and septum: quantitation of immunoreactive neurons. Neuroscience 6:1953–1960
Li YX, Zhang Y, Lester HA, Schuman EM, Davidson N (1998) Enhancement of neurotransmitter release induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 18:10231–10240
López E, Arce C, Vicente S, Oset-Gasque MJ, González MP (2001) Nicotinic receptors mediate the release of amino acid neurotransmitters in cultured cortical neurons. Cerebral Cortex 11:158–163
May PC, Robison PM, Fuson KS (1999) Stereoselective neuroprotection by a novel 2,3-benzodiazepine non-competitive AMPA antagonist against non-NMDA receptor mediated excitotoxicity in primary rat hippocampal culture. Neurosci Lett 262:219–221
Mitoma J, Ito M, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y (1998) Bipotential roles of ceramide in the growth of hippocampal neurones: Promotion of cell survival and dendritic outgrowth in dose-and developmental stage-dependent manners. J Neurosci Res 51:712–722
Noh K-M, Koh J-Y (2000) Induction and activation by zinc of NADPH oxidase in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci 20: RC111:1–5
Novitskaya V, Grigorian M, Kriajevska M, Tarabykina S, Bronstein I, Berezin V, Bock E, Lukanidin E (2000) Oligomeric forms of the metastasis-related Mts1 (S100A4) protein stimulate neuronal differentiation in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 275:41278–41286
Pickard L, Noël J, Henley JM; Collingridge GL, Molnar E (2000) Developmental changes in synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptor distribution and AMPA receptor subunit composition in living hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 20:7922–7931
Semkowa I, Wolz P, Krieglstein J (1998) Neuroprotective effect of 5-HT1A receptor agonist, Bay X 3702, demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 359:251–260
Semkowa I, Häberlein C, Krieglstein J (1999) Ciliary neurotrophic factor protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic damage. Neurochem Int 35:1–10
Sinor JD, Du S, Venneti S, Blitzblau RC, Leszkiewicz DN, Rosenberg PA, Aizenman E (2000) NMDA and glutamate evoke excitotoxicity at distinct cellular locations in rat cortical neurones in vitro. J Neurosci 20:8831–8837
Skaper SD, Facci L, Milani L, Leon A, Toffano G (1990) Culture and use of primary and clonal neural cells. In: Conn PM (ed) Methods in Neuroscience, Vol 2, Academic Press, San Diego, pp 17–33
Skaper SD, Leon A, Facci L (1993) Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates sensitivity of cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurones to glutamate cytotoxicity: interaction with ganglioside GM1. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 71:1–8
Skaper SD, Facci L, Kee WJ, Strijbos PJLM (2001) Potentiation by histamine of synaptically mediated excitotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurones: a possible role for mast cells. J Neurochem 76:47–55
Tang DG, Tokumoto YM, Apperly JA, Lloyd AC, Raff MC (2001) Lack of replicative senescence in cultured rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Science 291:868–871
Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS, Gage FH, Weissman IL (2000) Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14720–14725
Vergun O, Sobolevsky AI, Yelshansky MV, Keelan J, Khodorov BI, Duchen MR (2001) Exploration of the role of reactive oxygen species in glutamate neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons in culture. J Physiol 531:147–163
Yamagishi S, Yamada M, Ishikawa Y, Matsumoto T, Ikeuchi T, Hatanaka H (2001) p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates low potassium-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. J Biol Chem 276:5129–5133
References
Cashin CH, Jackson H (1962) An apparatus for testing anticonvulsant drugs by electroshock seizures in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:445–475
Kitano Y, Usui C, Takasuna K, Hirohashi M, Nomura M (1996) Increasing-current electroshock seizure test: a new method for assessment of anti-and pro-convulsant activities of drugs in mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 35:25–29
Löscher W, Stephens DN (1988) Chronic treatment with diazepam or the inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist FG 7142 causes different changes in the effects of GABA receptor stimulation. Epilepsy Res. 2:253–259
Rastogi SA, Ticku MK (1985) Involvement of a GABAergic mechanism in the anticonvulsant effect of phenobarbital against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 222:141–146
Sohn YJ, Levitt B, Raines A (1970) Anticonvulsive properties of diphenylthiohydantoin. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 188:284–289
Swinyard EA (1972) Electrically induced convulsions. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 433–458
Swinyard EA, Brown WC, Goodman LS (1952) Comparative assays of antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106:319–330
Toman JEP (1964) Animal techniques for evaluating anticonvulsants. In: Nodin JH and Siegler PE (eds) Animal and Clinical Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Year Book Med Publ, vol 1: 348–352
Toman JEP; Everett GM (1964) Anticonvulsants. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 287–300
Turner RA (1965) Anticonvulsants. Academic Press, New York, London, pp 164–172
Woodbury LA, Davenport VO (1952) Design and use of a new electroshock seizure apparatus and analysis of factors altering seizure threshold and pattern. Arch int Pharmacodyn 92:97–107
References
Hahn F, Oberdorf A (1960) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Krampfwirkung von Begrimid, Pentetrazol und Pikrotoxin. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 135:9–30
Leander JD, Lawson RR, Ornstein PL, Zimmerman DM (1988) N-methyl-D-aspartic acid induced lethality in mice: selective antagonism by phencyclidine-like drugs. Brain Res 448:115–120
Pollack GM, Shen DD (1985) A timed intravenous pentylenetetrazol infusion seizure model for quantitating the anticonvulsant effect of valproic acid in the rat. J Pharmacol Meth 13:135–146
Shouse MN, Siegel JM, Wu MF, Szymusiak R, Morrison AR (1989) Mechanism of seizure suppression during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in cats. Brain Res 505:271–282
Snead III OC (1988) γ-Hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures: Further characterization and comparison with other absence models. Epilepsia 29:361–368
Stone WE (1972) Systemic chemical convulsants and metabolic derangements. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 407–432
Testa R, Graziani L, Graziani G (1983) Do different anticonvulsant tests provide the same information concerning the profiles of antiepileptic activity? Pharmacol Res Commun 15:765–774
Toussi HR, Schatz RAS, Waszczak BL (1987) Suppression of methionine sulfoximine seizures by intranigral γ-vinyl GABA injection. Eur J Pharmacol 137:261–264
Tursky WA, Cavalheiro EA, Coimbra C, da Penha Berzaghi M Ikonomidou-Turski C, Turski L (1987) Only certain antiepileptic drugs prevent seizures induced by pilocarpine. Brain Res Rev 12:281–305
References
Buckett WR (1981) Intravenous bicuculline test in mice: Characterisation with GABAergig drugs. J Pharmacol Meth 5:35–41
Clineschmidt BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR (1982) Anticonvulsant activity of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties. Drug Dev Res 2:123–134
Czuczwar SJ, Frey HH, Löscher W (1985) Antagonism of N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid-induced convulsions by antiepileptic drugs and other agents. Eur J Pharmacol 108:273–280
Lloyd KG, Morselli PL (1987) Psychopharmacology of GABAergic drugs. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York pp 183–195
Mecarelli O, de Feo MR, Rina MF, Ricci GF (1988) Effects of Progabide on bicuculline-induced epileptic seizures in developing rats. Clin Neuropharmacol 11:443–453
References
Morales-Villagran A, Urena-Guerrero ME, Tapia R (1996) Protection by NMDA receptor antagonists against seizures induced by intracerebral administration of 4-aminopyridine. Eur J Pharmacol 305:87–93
Rogawski MA, Porter RJ (1990) Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 42:223–286
Rutecki PA, Lebeda FJ, Johnston D (1987) 4-aminopyridine produces epileptiform activity in hippocampus and enhances synaptic excitation and inhibition. J Neurophysiol 57:1911–1924
Schaefer Jr. EW, Brunton RB, Cunningham DJ (1973) A summary of the acute toxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds and mammals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 26:532–538
Yamaguchi SI, Rogawski MA (1992) Effects of anticonvulsant drugs on 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res 11:9–16
References
Albe-Fessard D, Stutinsky F, Libouban S (1971) Atlas Stéréotaxique du Diencéphale du Rat Blanc. C.N.R.S., Paris
Anderer P, Barbanoj MJ, Saletu B, Semlitsch HV (1993) Restriction to a limited set of EEG-target variables may lead to mis-interpretation of pharmaco-EEG results. Neuropsychobiology 27:112–116
Atsev E, Yosiphov T (1969) Changes in evoked perifocal electrical activity with an acute epileptogenic focus in cat's cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 27:444
Bernhard CG, Bohm E (1955) The action of local anaesthetics on experimental epilepsy in cats and monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 10:288–295
Bernhard CG, Bohm E, Wiesel T (1956) On the evaluation of the anticonvulsive effect of local anaesthetics. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 108:392–407
Black RG, Abraham J, Ward AA Jr. (1967) The preparation of tungstic acid gel and its use in the production of experimental epilepsy. Epilepsia 8:58–63
Blum B, Liban E (1960) Experimental basotemporal epilepsy in the cat. Discrete epileptogenic lesions produced in the hippocampus or amygdaloid by tungstic acid. Neurology 10:546–554
Campell AM, Holmes O (1984) Bicuculline epileptogenesis in the rat. Brain Res 323:239–246
Cavalheiro EA, Riche DA, Le Gal la Salle G (1982) Long-term effects of intrahippocampal kainic acid injections in rats: a method for inducing spontaneous recurrent seizures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 53:581–589
Daniels JC, Spehlman R (1973) The convulsant effect of topically applied atropine. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 34:83–87
Dow RS, Fernández-Guardiola A, Manni E (1962) The production of cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 14:399–407
Ferguson JH, Jasper HH (1971) Laminar DC studies of acetylcholine-activated epileptiform discharge in cerebral cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 30:377–390
Feria-Velasco A, Olivares N, Rivas F, Velasco M, Velasco F (1980) Alumina cream-induced focal motor epilepsy in cats. Arch Neurol 37:287–290
Fischer J, Holubar J, Malik V (1967) A new method of producing chronic epileptogenic cortical foci in the rat. Physiol Bohemosclov 16:272–277
Hanna GR, Stalmaster RM (1973) Cortical epileptic lesions produced by freezing. Neurology 23:918–925
Hawkins CA, Mellanby JH (1987) Limbic epilepsy induced by tetanus toxin: a longitudinal electroencephalographic study. Epilepsia 28:431–444
Karpiak SE, Graf L, Rapport MM (1976) Antiserum to brain gangliosides produces recurrent epileptiform activity. Science 194:735–737
Karpiak SE, Mahadik SP, Graf L, Rapport MM (1981) An immunological model of epilepsy: seizures induced by antibodies to GM1 ganglioside. Epilepsia 22:189–196
Kopeloff LM, Barrera SE, Kopeloff N (1942) Recurrent convulsive seizures in animals produced by immunologic and chemical means. Am J Psychiatry 98:881–902
Kopeloff L, Chusid JG, Kopeloff N (1955) Epilepsy in Maccaca mulatta after cortical or intracerebral alumina. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 74:523–526
Lange SC, Neafsey EJ, Wyler AR (1980) Neuronal activity in chronic ferric chloride epileptic foci in cats and monkey. Epilepsia 21:251–254
Loiseau H, Avaret N, Arrigoni E, Cohadon F (1987) The early phase of cryogenic lesions: an experimental model of seizures updated. Epilepsia 28:251–258
Marsan CA (1972) Focal electrical stimulation. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 147–172
Matsumoto H, Marsan CA (1964) Cortical cellular phenomena in experimental epilepsy: interictal manifestations. Exper Neurol 9:286–304
Mellanby J, Hawkins C, Mellanby H, Rawlins JNP, Impey ME (1984) Tetanus toxin as a tool for studying epilepsy. J Physiol, Paris 79:207–215
Pei Y, Zhao D, Huang J, Cao L (1983) Zinc-induced seizures: a new experimental model of epilepsy. Epilepsia 24:169–176
Racine RJ (1972) Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: I. After-discharge threshold. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 32:269–279
Reid SA, Sypert GW, Boggs WM, Wilmore LJ (1979) Histopathology of the ferric-induced chronic epileptic focus in cat: a Golgi study. Exper Neurol 66:205–219
Remler MP, Marcussen WH (1986) Systemic focal epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 27:35–42
Remler MP, Sigvardt K, Marcussen WH (1986) Pharmacological response of systemically derived focal epileptic lesions. Epilepsia 27:671–6777
Stalmaster RM, Hanna GR (1972) Epileptic phenomena of cortical freezing in the cat: Persistent multifocal effects of discrete superficial lesions. Epilepsia 13:313–324
Turski WA, Czuczwar SJ, Kleinrok Z, Turski L (1983) Cholinomimetics produce seizures and brain damage in rats. Experientia 39:1408–1411
Walton NY, Treiman DM (1989) Phenobarbital treatment of status epilepticus in a rodent model. Epilepsy Res 4:216–222
Walton NY, Gunnawan S, Treiman DM (1994) Treatment of experimental status epilepticus with the GABA uptake inhibitor, tiagabine. Epilepsy Res 19:237–244
Ward AA Jr. (1972) Topical convulsant metals. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 13–35
References
Babington RG (1975) Antidepressives and the kindling effect. In: Fielding S, Lal H (eds) Industrial Pharmacology, Vol II, Antidepressants, pp 113–124
Croucher MJ, Cotterell KL, Bradford HF (1996) Characterization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced kindling. Biochem Soc Transact 24:295S
Dürmüller N, Craggs M, Meldrum BS (1994) The effect of the non-NMDA receptor antagonists GYKI 52446 and NBQX and the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-CPPene on the development of amygdala kindling and on amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsy Res 17:167–174
Girgis M (1981) Kindling as a model for limbic epilepsy. Neurosci 6:1695–1706
Gilbert ME (1994) The phenomenology of limbic kindling. Toxicol Industr Health 10:4–5
Goddard GV (1967) Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature 214:1020–1021
Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK (1969) A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 25:295–330
Goddard GV, Dragunow M, Maru E, Macleod EK (1986) Kindling and the forces that oppose it. In: Doane BK, Livingston KE (eds) The Limbic System: Functional Organization and Clinical Disorders. Raven Press, New York, pp 95–108
Heit MC, Schwark WS (1987) An efficient method for time course studies of antiepileptic drugs using the kindled rat seizure model. J Pharmacol Meth. 18:319–325
Hoenack D, Loescher W (1989) Amygdala-kindling as a model for chronic efficacy studies on antiepileptic drugs: Experiments with carbamazepine. Neuropharmacol 28:599–610
Koella WP (1985) Animal experimental methods in the study of antiepileptic drugs. In: Frey HH, Danz D (eds) Antiepileptic Drugs, Chapter 12, 283–339. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo
Le Gal la Salle G (1981) Amygdaloid kindling in the rat: regional differences and general properties. In: Wada JA (ed) Kindling 2, Raven Press, New York, pp 31–47
Löscher W, Nolting B, Hönack D (1988) Evaluation of CPP, a selective NMDA antagonist, in various rodent models of epilepsy. Comparison with other NMDA antagonists, and with diazepam and phenobarbital. Eur J Pharmacol 152:9–17
Lothman EW, Salerno RA, Perlin JB, Kaiser DL (1988) Screening and characterization of anti-epileptic drugs with rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 2:367–379
Mason CR, Cooper RM (1972) A permanent change in convulsive threshold in normal and brain-damaged rats with repeated small doses of pentylenetetrazol. Epilepsia 13:663–674
McNamara JO (1984) Kindling: an animal model of complex partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol 16 (Suppl):S72–S76
McNamara JO (1986) Kindling model of epilepsy. In: Advances in Neurology. Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies. Molecular and Cellular Approaches. Delgado-Escueta AV, Ward AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds) Vol 44, Chapter 14, 303–318. Raven Press; New York
Pellegrino LJ, Pellegrino AS, Cushman AJ (1979) A Stereotactic Atlas of the Brain. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press
Pinel JPJ, Rovner LI (1978) Experimental epileptogenesis: kindling-induced epilepsy in rats. Exper Neurol 58:190–202
Racine R (1978) Kindling: the first decade. Neurosurg 3:234–252
Racine RJ (1972) Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol 32:281–294
Schmidt J (1990) Comparative studies on the anticonvulsant effectiveness of nootropic drugs in kindled rats. Biomed Biochim Acta 49:413–419
Suzuki K, Mori N, Kittaka H, Iwata Y, Osonoe K, Niwa SI (1996) Anticonvulsant action of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists in kindled amygdala of rats. Neurosci Lett 204:41–44
Wada JA (1977) Pharmacological prophylaxis in the kindling model of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 34:387–395
Wada JKA, Osawa T (1976) Spontaneous recurrent seizure state induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in Senegalese baboons (Papio papio). Neurol 22:273–286
Wada JA, Mizoguichi T, Osawa T (1978) Secondarily generalized convulsive seizures induced by daily amygdaloid stimulation in rhesus monkeys. Neurol 28:1026–1036
Wahnschaffe U, Loescher W (1990) Effect of selective bilateral destruction of the substantia nigra on antiepileptic drug actions in kindled rats. Eur J Pharmacol 186:157–167
References
Fahn S (1986) Posthypoxic action myoclonus: literature review update. Adv Neurol 43:157–169
Jaw SP, Hussong MJ, Matsumoto RR, Truong DD (1994) Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49:129–131
Jaw SP, Dang T, Truong DD (1995) Chronic treatments with 5-HT1A agonists attenuate posthypoxic myoclonus in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:577–580
Jaw SP, Nguyen B, Vuong QTV, Trinh TA, Nguyen M, Truong DD (1996) Effects of glutamate receptor antagonists in post-hypoxic myoclonus in rats. Brain Res Bull 40:163–166
Lance JW (1968) Myoclonic jerks and falls: aetiology, classification and treatment. Med J Aust 1:113–119
Lance W, Adams RD (1963) The syndrome of intention or action myoclonus as a sequel to hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain 86:111–136
Truong DD, Matsumoto RR, Schwartz PH, Hussong MJ, Wasterlain CG (1994) Novel cardiac arrest model of posthypoxic myoclonus. Movement Disorders 9:201–206
References
Bartoszewicz ZP, Noronha AB, Fujita N, Sato S, Bo L, Trapp BD, Quarles RK (1995) Abnormal expression and glycosylation of the large and small isoforms of myelin-associated glycoprotein in dymyelinating quaking mutants. J Neurosci Res 41:27–38
Bartoszyk GD, Hamer M (1987) The genetic animal model of reflex epilepsy in the Mongolian gerbil: differential efficacy of new anticonvulsive drugs and prototype antiepileptics. Pharmacol Res Commun 19:429–440
Chapman AG, Croucher MJ, Meldrum BS (1984) Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in DBA/2 mice with sound-induced seizures. Arzneim Forsch / Drug Res 34:1261–1264
Chapman AG, Dürmüller N, Harrison BL, Baron BM, Parvez N, Meldrum BS (1995) Anticonvulsant activity of a novel NMDA/glycine site antagonist, MDL 104,653, against kindled and sound-induced seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 274:83–88
Chermat R, Doaré L, Lachapelle F, Simon P (1981) Effects of drugs affecting the noradrenergic system on convulsions in the quaking mouse. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 318:94–99
Collins RL (1972) Audiogenic seizures. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 347–372
Consroe P, Picchioni A, Chin L (1979) Audiogenic seizure susceptible rats. Fed Proc 38:2411–2416
Crawford RD (1969) A new mutant causing epileptic seizures in domestic fowl. Poultry Sci 48:1799
Crawford RD (1970) Epileptic seizures in domestic fowl. J Hered 61:185–188
Cunningham JG (1971) Canine seizure disorders. J Am Vet Med Ass 158:589–598
Edmonds HL, Hegreberg GA, van Gelder NM, Sylvester DM, Clemmons RM, Chatburn CG (1979) Fed Proc 38:2424–2428
Faingold CL, Naritoku DK (1992) The genetically epilepsy-prone rat: Neuronal networks and actions of amino acid neurotransmitters. In: Faingold CL, Fromm GH (eds) Drugs for Control of Epilepsy: Actions on Neuronal Networks Involved in Seizure Disorders. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, pp 277–308
Faingold CL, Randall ME, Boersma Anderson CA (1994) Blockade of GABA uptake with tiagabine inhibits audiogenic seizures and reduces neuronal firing in the inferior colliculus of the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. Exp Neurol 126:225–232
Fletcher CF, Lutz CM, O'Sullivan TM, Shaughnessy JD Jr., Hawkes R, Frankel WN, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1996) Absence epilepsy in tottering mutant mice is associated with calcium channel deficits. Cell 87:607–617
Green MC, Sidman RL (1962) Tottering — A neuromuscular mutation in the mouse. J Hered 53:233–237
Heckroth JA, Abbott LC (1994) Purkinje cell loss from alternating sagittal zones in the cerebellum of leaner mutant mice. Brain Res 658:93–104
Herrup K, Wilczynsnki SL (1982) Cerebellar cell degeneration in the leaner mutant mouse. Neurosci 7:2185–2196
Hogan EL (1977) Animals models of genetic disorders of myelin. In: Morell P (ed) Myelin. Plenum Press, New York, pp 489–520
Imaizumi K, Ito S, Kutukake G, Takizawa T, Fujiwara K, Tutikawa K (1959) Epilepsy like anomaly of mice. Exp Anim (Tokyo) 8:6–10
Jobe PC, Mishira PK, Dailey JW (1992) Genetically epilepsyprone rats: Actions of antiepileptic drugs and monoaminergic neurotransmitters. In: Faingold CL, Fromm GH (eds) Drugs for Control of Epilepsy: Actions on Neuronal Networks Involved in Seizure Disorders. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, pp 253–275
Johnson DD, Davis HL, Crawford RD (1979) Pharmacological and biochemical studies in epileptic fowl. Fed Proc 38:2417–2423
Killam KF, Naquet R, Bert J (1966) Paroxysmal responses to intermittent light stimulation in a population of baboons (Papio papio). Epilepsia 7:215–219
Killam KF, Killam EK, Naquet R (1967) An animal model of light sensitivity epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 22:497–513
Li W-X, Kuchler S, Zaepfel M, Badache A, Thomas D, Vincedon G, Baumann N, Zanetta JP (1993) Cerebellar soluble lectin and its glycoprotein ligands in the developing brain of control and dysmyelinating mutant mice. Neurochem Int 22:125–133
Löscher W (1984) Genetic animal models of epilepsy as a unique resource for the evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. A review. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 6:531–547
Löscher W, Frey HH (1984) Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in gerbils with reflex epilepsy. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 34:1484–1488
Löscher W, Meldrum BS (1984) Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in genetic animal models of epilepsy. Fed Proc 43:276–284
Loskota WJ, Lomax P, Rich ST (1974) The gerbil as a model for the study of epilepsies. Epilepsia 15:109–119
Majkowski J, Kaplan H (1983) Value of Mongolian gerbils in antiepileptic drug evaluation. Epilepsia 24:609–615
Mitrovic N, Le Saux R, Gioanni H, Gioanni Y, Besson MJ, Maurin Y (1992) Distribution of [3H]clonidine binding sites in the brain of the convulsive mutant quaking mouse: A radioauto-graphic analysis. Brain Res 578:26–32
Naquet R, Meldrum BS (1972) Photogenic seizures in baboon. In: Purpura DP, Penry JK, Tower DB, Woodbury DM, Walter RD (eds) Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker. Raven Press, New York, pp 373–406
Nikulina EM, Skrinskaya JA, Avgustinovich DF, Popova NK (1995) Dopaminergic brain system in the quaking mutant mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50:333–337
Noebels JL (1979) Analysis of inherited epilepsy using single locus mutations in mice. Fed Proc 38:2405–2410
Noebels JL, Sidman RL (1979) Inherited epilepsy: Spike-wave and focal motor seizures in the mutant mouse tottering. Science 204:1334–1336
Oguro K, Ito M, Tsuda H, Mutoh K, Shiraishi H, Shirasaka Y, Mikawa H (1991) Association of NMDA receptor sites and seizures E1 mice. Epilepsy Res 9:225–230
Patel S, Chapman AG, Graham JL, Meldrum BS, Frey P (1990) Anticonvulsant activity of NMDA antagonists, D(−)4-(3-phosphonopropyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (D-CPP) and D(−)(E)-4-(3-phosphonoprop-2-enyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (D-CPPene) in a rodent and a primate model of reflex epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 7:3–10
Reigel CE, Dailey JW, Jobe PC (1986) The genetically epilepsyprone rat: an overview of seizure-prone characteristics and responsiveness to anticonvulsant drugs. Life Sci 39:763–774
Sasa M, Ohno Y, Ujihara H, Fujita Y, Yoshimura M, Takaori S, Serikawa T, Yamada J (1988) Effects of antiepileptic drugs on absence-like and tonic seizures in the spontaneously epileptic rat, a double mutant rat. Epilepsia 29:505–513
Serikawa T, Yamada J (1986) Epileptic seizures in rats homozygous for two mutations, zitter and tremor. J Hered 77:441–444
Serikawa T, Kogishi K, Yamada J, Ohno Y, Ujihara H, Fujita Y, Sasa M, Takaori S (1990) Long-term effects of continual intake of phenobarbital on the spontaneously epileptic rat. Epilepsia 31:9–14
Seyfried TN (1979) Audiogenic seizures in mice. Fed Proc 38:2399–2404
Sidman M, Ray BA, Sidman RL, Klinger JM (1966) Hearing and vision in neurological mutant mice: a method for their evaluation. Exp Neurol 16:377–402
Smith SE, Dürmüller N, Meldrum BS (1991) The non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, GYKI 52466 and NBQX are anticonvulsant in two animal models of reflex epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 201:179–183
Stark LG, Killam KF, Killam EK (1970) The anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and two benzodiazepines in the baboon, Papio papio. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 173:125–132
Stenger A, Boudou JL, Briley M (1991) Anticonvulsant effect of some anxiolytic drugs on two models of sound-induced seizures in mice. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 326–331
Tacke U, Björk E, Tuomisto J (1984) The effect of changes in sound pressure level and frequency on the seizure response of audiogenic seizure susceptible rats. J Pharmacol Meth 11:279–290
Thiessen DD, Lindzey G, Friend HC (1968) Spontaneous seizures in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Psycho Sci 11:227–228
Ujihara H, Renming X, Sasa M, Ishihara K, Fujita Y, Yoshimura M, Kishimoto T, Serikawa T, Yamada J, Takaori S (1991) Inhibition by thyrotropin-releasing hormone of epileptic seizures in spontaneously epileptic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 196:15–19
Vergnes M, Marescaux C, Micheletti G, Reis J, Depaulis A, Rumbach L, Warter SM (1982) Spontaneous paroxysmal electroclincal patterns in the rat: A model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 33:97–101
Xie R, Fujita Y, Sasa M, Ishihara K, Ujihara H, Takaori S, Serikawa T, Jamada J (1990) Antiepileptic effect of CNK-602A, a TRH analogue, in the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER), a double mutant. Jap J Pharmacol 52 (Suppl 1):290P
References
Balazs T, Grice HC (1963) The relationship between liver necrosis and pentobarbital sleeping time in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 5:387–391
Harris LS, Uhle FC (1961) Enhancement of amphetamine stimulation and prolongation of barbiturate depression by a substituted pyrid[3,4-b]indole derivative. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 132:251–257
Fujimori H (1965) Potentiation of barbital hypnosis as an evaluation method for central nervous system depressants. Psychopharmacologia 7:374–378
Lim, RKS (1964) Animal techniques for evaluating hypnotics. In: Nodine JH Siegler PE (eds) Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Year Book Medical Publ., Inc., Chicago, pp 291–297
Mason DFJ (1964) Hypnotics and general anaesthetics. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 261–286
Simon P, Chermat R, Doaré L, Bourin M, Farinotti R (1982) Interactions imprévues de divers psychotropes avec les effets du barbital et du pentobarbital chez la souris. J Pharmacol (Paris) 13:241–252
References
Gardner CR, James V (1987) Activity of some benzodiazepine receptor ligands with reduced sedative and muscle relaxant properties on stress-induced electrocorticogram arousal in sleeping rats. J Pharmacol Meth 18:47–54
James GWL, Piper DC (1978) A method for evaluating potential hypnotic compounds in rats. J Pharmacol Meth 1:145–154
Laval J, Stenger A, Briley M (1991) Effect of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs on sleep circadian rhythms in the rat. In: Briley M, File SE (eds) New Concepts in Anxiety. McMillan Press Ltd., London, pp 338–346
References
Baust W, Heinemann H (1967) The role of the baroreceptors and of blood pressure in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Exp Brain Res 3:12–24
Jones RD, Greufe NP (1994) A quantitative electroencephalographic method for xenobiotic screening in the canine model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 31:233–238
Hashimoto T, Hamada C, Wada T, Fukuda N (1992) Comparative study on the behavioral and EEG changes induced by diazepam. buspirone and a novel anxioselective anxiolytic, DN-2327, in the cat. Neuropsychobiol 26:89–99
Heinemann H, Stock G (1973) Chlordiazepoxide and its effect on sleep-wakefulness behavior in unrestrained cats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 23:823–825
Heinemann H, Hartmann A, Sturm V (1968) Der Einfluß von Medazepam auf die Schlaf-Wach-Regulation von wachen, unnarkotisierten Katzen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 18:1557–1559
Heinemann H, Hartmann A, Stock G, Sturm V (1970) Die Wirkungen von Medazepam auf Schwellen subcorticaler, limbischer Reizantworten gemessen an unnarkotisierten, frei beweglichen Katzen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 20:413–415
Hirotsu I, Kihara T, Nakamura S, Hattori Y, Hatta M, Kitakaze Y, Takahama K, Hashimoto Y, Miyata T, Ishihara T, Satoh F (1988) General pharmacological studies on N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-8-pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:1398–1410
Holm E, Staedt U, Heep J, Kortsik C, Behne F, Kaske A, Mennicke I (1991) Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsprofil von D,L-Kavain. Zerebrale Angriffsorte und Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus im Tierexperiment. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 41:673–683
Krijzer F, van der Molen R, Olivier B, Vollmer F (1991) Antidepressant subclassification based on the quantitatively analyzed electrocorticogram of the rat. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 237–241
Kuhn FJ, Schingnitz G, Lehr E, Montagna E, Hinzen HD, Giachetti A (1988) Pharmacology of WEB 1881-FU, a central cholinergic agent, which enhances cognition and cerebral metabolism. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 292:13–34
Lozito RJ, La Marca S, Dunn RW, Jerussi TP (1994) Single versus multiple infusions of fentanyl analogues in a rat EEG model. Life Sci 55:1337–1342
Moruzzi G, Magoun HW (1949) Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1:455–473
Ongini E, Parravicini L, Bamonte F, Guzzon V, Iorio LC, Barnett A (1982) Pharmacological studies with Quazepam, a new benzodiazepine hypnotic. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 32:1456–1462
Rinaldi-Carmona M, Congy C, Santucci V, Simiand J, Gautret B, Neliat G, Labeeuw B, Le Fur G, Soubrie P, Breliere JC (1929) Biochemical and pharmacological properties of SR 46349B, a new potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:759–768
Ruckert RT, Johnson DN, Robins AH (1983) Effects of antihistaminic agents on sleep pattern in cats: a new method for detecting sedative potential. Pharmacologist 25:180
Sarkadi A, Inczeffy Z (1996) Simultaneous quantitative evaluation of visual-evoked responses and background EEG activity in rat: normative data. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 35:145–151
Schallek W, Kuehn A (1965) Effects of benzodiazepines on spontaneous EEG and arousal responses of cats. Progr Brain Res 18:231–236
Shibata M, Shingu K, Murakawa M, Adachi T, Osawa M, Nakao S, Mori K (1994) Tetraphasic actions of local anesthetics on central nervous system electrical activities in cats. Regional Anesth 19:255–263
Shouse MN, Siegel JM, Wu MF, Szymusiak R, Morrison AR (1989) Mechanisms of seizure suppression during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in cats. Brain Res 505:271–282
Sommerfelt L, Ursin R (1991) Behavioral, sleep-waking and EEG power spectral effects following the two specific 5-HT uptake inhibitors zimeldine and alaproclate in cats. Behav Brain Res 45:105–115
Tobler I, Scherschlicht R (1990) Sleep and EEG slow-wave activity in the domestic cat: effect of sleep deprivation. Behav Brain Res 37:109–118
Wallach MB, Rogers C, Dawber M (1976) Cat sleep: A unique first night effect. Brain Res Bull 1:425–427
Wetzel W (1985) Effects of nootropic drugs on the sleep-waking pattern of the rat. Biomed Biochim Acta 44:1211–1217
Yamagushi N, Ling GM, Marczynski TJ (1964) Recruiting responses observed during wakefulness and sleep in unanesthetized chronic cats. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 17:246–254
References
De Boer T, Ruigt GSF (1995) The selective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazapine (Org 3770) enhances noradrenergic and 5-HT1A-mediated serotonergic transmission. CNS Drugs 4, Suppl 1:29–38
Fairchild MD, Jenden DJ, Mickey MR (1969) Discrimination of behavioral state in the cat utilizing long-term EEG frequency analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 27:503–513
Fairchild MD, Jenden DJ, Mickey MR (1971) Quantitative analysis of some drug effects on the EEG by long-term frequency analysis. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 14:135–140
Fairchild MD, Jenden DJ, Mickey MR (1975) An application of long-term frequency analysis in measuring drug-specific alterations in the EEG of the cat. Electroenc Clin Neurophysiol 38:337–348
Ruigt GSF, van Proosdij JN (1990) Antidepressant characteristics of Org 3770, Org 4428 and Org 9768 on rat sleep. Eur J Pharmacol 183:1467–1468
Ruigt GSF, van Proosdij JN, van Delft AML (1989a) A large scale, high resolution, automated system for rat sleep staging. I. Methodology and technical aspects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 73:52–64
Ruigt GSF, van Proosdij JN, van Wezenbeek LACM (1989b) A large scale, high resolution, automated system for rat sleep staging. II. Validation and application. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 73:64–71
Ruigt GSF, Engelen S, Gerrits A, Verbon F (1993) Computer-based prediction of psychotropic drug classes based on a discriminant analysis of drug effects on rat sleep. Neuropsychobiol 28:138–153
References
Costall B, Domeney AM, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ (1991) Pharmacological models in the development of antipsychotic drugs — new strategies. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 253–263
Courvoisier S (1956) Pharmacodynamic basis for the use of chlorpromazine in psychiatry. J Clin Exp Psychopathol 17:25–37
References
Anderson PH, Gronvald FC, Jansen JA (1985) A comparison between dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and 3H-SCH 23390 binding in rat striatum. Life Sci 37:1971–1983
Anderson PH, Nielsen EB, Gronvald FC, Breastrup C (1986) Some atypical neuroleptics inhibit [3H]SCH 23390 binding in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 120:143–144
Anderson PH, Gingrich JA, Bates MD, Dearry AD, Falardeau P, Senogles SE, Caron MG (1990) Dopamine receptor subtypes: beyond the D1/D2 classification. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:213–236
Baldessarini RJ, Kula NS, McGrath CR, Bakthavachalam V, Kebabian JW, Neumeyer JL (1993) Isomeric selectivity at dopamine D3 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 239:269–270
Baldessarini RJ, Tarazi FI (1996) Brain dopamine Receptors: A Primer on their current status, basic and clinical. Harvard Rev Psychiat 3:301–325
Billard W, Ruperto V, Crosby G, Iorio LC, Barnett A (1984) Characterisation of the binding of 3H-SCH 23390, a selective D-1 receptor antagonist ligand, in rat striatum. Life Sci 35:1885–1893
Chipkin RE, Iorio LC, Coffin VL, McQuade RD, Berger JG, Barnett A (1988) Pharmacological profile of SCH39166: a dopamine D1 selective benzonaphthazepine with potential antipsychotic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:1093–1102
Civelli O, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Zhou QY, Van Tol HHM (1991) Molecular biology of the dopamine receptors. Eur H Pharmacol, Mol Pharmacol Sect 207:277–286
Clement-Cormier YC, Kebabian JW, Petzold GR, Greengard P (1974) Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in mammalian brain. A possible site of action of anti-psychotic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:1113–1117
Creese I (1987) Biochemical properties of CNS dopamine receptors. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 257–264
Dawson TM, Gehlert DR, Yamamura HI, Barnett A, Wamsley JK (1985) D-1 dopamine receptors in the rat brain: Autoradiographic localisation using [3H]SCH 23390. Eur J Pharmacol 108:323–325
Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau RT, Bates MD, Caron MG (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature 347:72–76
DeNinno MP, Schoenleber R, MacKenzie R, Britton DR, Asin KE, Briggs C, Trugman JM, Ackerman M, Artman L, Bednarz L, Bhatt R, Curzon P, Gomez E, Kang CH, Stittsworth J, Kebabian JW (1991) A68930: a potent agonist selective for the dopamine D1 receptor: Eur J Pharmacol 199:209–219
Gerhardt S, Gerber R, Liebman JM (1985) SCH 23390 dissociated from conventional neuroleptics in apomorphine climbing and primate acute dyskinesia models. Life Sci 37:2355–2363
Ginrich JA, Caron MC (1993) Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:299–321
Grandy DK, Zhang Y, Bouvier C, Zhou QY, Johnson RA, Allen L, Buck K, Bunzow JR, Salon J, Civelli O (1991) Multiple human dopamine receptor genes: a functional D5 receptor and two pseudogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9175–9179
Hess E, Battaglia G, Norman AB, Iorio LC, Creese I (1986) Guanine nucleotide regulation of agonist Robinson T (ed) Interactions at [3H]SCH 23390-labelled D1 dopamine receptors in rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 121:31–38
Hyttel J (1983) SCH 23390 — the first selective dopamine D-1 antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 91:153–154
Iorio LC, Barnett A, Leitz FH, Houser VP, Korduba CA (1983) SCH 23390, a potential benzazepine antipsychotic with unique interactions on dopamine systems. J Pharm Exper Ther 226:462–468
Kebabian JW, Calne DB (1979) Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 277:93–96
Kebabian JW, Britton DR, DeNinno MP, Perner R, Smith L, Jenner P, Schoenleber R, Williams M (1992) A-77363: a potent and selective D1 receptor antagonist with antiparkinsonian activity in marmosets. Eur J Pharmacol 229:203–209
Kilpatrick GJ, Jenner P, Mardsen CD (1986) [3H]SCH 23390 identifies D-1 binding sites in rat striatum and other brain areas. J Pharm Pharmacol 38:907–912
Lévesque D, Diaz J, Pilon C, Martres MP, Giros B, Souil E, Schott D, Morgat JL, Schwartz JC (1992) Identification, characterization, and localization of the dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain using 7-[3H]hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8155–8159
Missale C, Caron MG, Jaber M (1998) Dopamine receptors: From structure to function. Physiol Rev 78:189–225
Neumeyer JL, Kula NS, Baldessarini RJ, Baindur (1992) Stereoisomeric probes for the D1 dopamine receptor: Synthesis and characterization of R-(+) and S-(-) enantiomers of 3-allyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine and its 6-bromo analogue. J Med Chem 35:1466–1471
Niznik HB, Sunahara RK, van Tol HHM, Seeman P, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Brann MR, O'Dowd BF (1992) The dopamine D1 receptors. In: Brann MR (ed) Molecular Biology of G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Birkhäuser, Boston Basel Berlin, pp 142–159
O'Boyle KM, Waddington JL (1992) Agonist and antagonist interaction with D1 dopamine receptors: agonist induced masking of D1 receptors depends on intrinsic activity. Neuropharmacol 31:177–183
Schwartz JC, Carlsson A, Caron M, Scatton B, Civelli O, Kebabian JW, Langer SZ, Sedvall G, Seeman P, Spano PF, Sokoloff P, Van Tol H (1998) Dopamine receptors. NC-IUPHAR subcommittee for dopamine receptors. In Gridlestone D (ed) The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification. IUPHAR Media, London, pp 141–151
Seeman P (1977) Anti-schizophrenic drugs. Membrane receptor sites of action. Biochem Pharmacol 26:1741–1748
Seeman P, Van Tol HHM (1994) Dopamine receptor pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:264–270
Seeman P, Chau-Wong C, Tedesco J, Wong K (1975) Binding receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4376–4380
Snyder SH, Creese I, Burt DR (1975) The brain's dopamine receptor: labeling with [3H]dopamine. Psychopharmacol Commun 1:663–673
Stoff JC, Kebabian JW (1982) Independent in vitro regulation by the D-2 dopamine receptor of dopamine-stimulated efflux of cyclic AMP and K+-stimulated release of acetylcholine from rat neostriatum. Brain Res 250:263–270
Sugamori KS, Hamdanizadeh SA, Scheideler MA, Hohlweg R, Vernier P, Niznik HB (1998) Functional differentiation of multiple dopamine D1-like receptors by NNC 01-0012. J Neurochem 71:1685–1693
Sunahara RK, Niznik HB, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Brann MR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter JE, Rozmahel R, Yang Y, Israel Y, Seeman P, O'Dowd BF (1990) Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5. Nature 347:80–83
Todd RD, O'Malley KL (1993) Family ties: The dopamine D2-like receptor genes. Neurotransmiss 9(3):1–4
Trampus M, Ongini E, Borea PA (1991) The neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitor SCH 34826 does not change opioid binding but reduces D1 dopamine receptors in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 194:17–23
Tricklebank MD, Bristow LJ, Hutson PH (1992) Alternative approaches to the discovery of novel antipsychotic agents. Progr Drug Res 38:299–336
Van Tol HHM, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O (1991) Cloning of the gene of a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350:610–614
Waddington JL, Deveney AM (1996) Dopamine receptor multiplicity: ‘D1-like'–'D2-like’ interactions and ‘D1-like’ receptors not linked to adenylate cyclase. Biochem Soc Transact 24:177–182
Wamsley JK, Alburges ME, McQuade RD, Hunt M (1992) CNS distribution of D1 receptors: use of a new specific D1 receptor antagonist, [3H]SCH39166. Neurochem Int 20 (Suppl):123S–128S
Weinshank RL, Adham N, Macchi M, Olsen MA, Branchek TA, Hartig PR (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of a high affinity dopamine receptor (D1β) and its pseudogene. J Biol Chem 266:22427–22435
Zhou QY, Grandy DK, Thambi L, Kusher JA, Van Tol HHM, Cone R, Pribnow D, Salon J, Bunzow JR, Civelli O (1990) Cloning and expression of human and rat dopamine D1 receptors. Nature 347:76–80
References
Booze RM, Wallace DR (1995) Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens: Use of 7-OH-DPAT and [125I]iodosulpiride. Synapse 19:1–13
Bunzow JR, Van Tol HHM, Grandy DK, Albert P, Salon J, Christie MD, Machida CA, Neve KA, Civelli O (1988) Cloning and expression of rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA. Nature 336:783–787
Chumpradit S, Kung MP, Vessotskie J, Foulon C Mu M, Kung HF (1994) Iodinated 2-aminotetralins and 3-amino-1-benzopyrans: Ligands for D2 and D3 receptors. J Med Chem 37:4245–4250
Civelli O, Bunzow J, Albert P, van Tol HHM, Grandy D (1992) The dopamine D2 receptor. In: Brann MR (ed) Molecular Biology of G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Birkhäuser, Boston Basel Berlin, pp 160–169
Dal Toso R, Sommer B, Ewert M, Pritchett DB, Bach A, Chivers BD, Seeberg P (1989) The dopamine D2 receptor: Two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing. EMBO J 8:4025–4034
Fields, JZ, Reisine TD, Yamamura HI (1977) Biochemical demonstration of dopaminergic receptors in rat and human brain using [3H]-spiroperidol. Brain Res 136:578–584
Gackenheimer SL, Schaus JM, Gehlert DE (1995) [3H]quinelorane binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 274:1558–1565
Giros B, Sokoloff P, Matres MP, Riou JF, Emorine LJ, Schwartz JC (1989) Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. Nature 342:923–929
Grandy DK, Marchionni MA, Makam H, Stofko RE, Alfano M, Frothingham L, Fischer JB, Burke-Howie KJ, Bunzow JR, Server AC, Civelli O (1989) Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9762–9766
Hall H, Köhler C, Gawell L (1985) Some in vitro receptor binding properties of [3H]eticlopride, a novel substituted benzamide, selective for dopamine-D2 receptors in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 111:191–199
Hayes G, Biden TJ, Selbie LA, Shine J (1992) Structural subtypes of the dopamine D2 receptor are functionally distinct: Expression of the D2A and D2B subtypes in a heterologous cell line. Mol Endocrinol 6:920–926
Itokawa M, Toru M, Ito K, Tsuga H, Kameyama K, Haga T, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H (1996) Sequestration of the short and long isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Pharmacol 49:560–566
Laduron PM, Janssen PFM, Leysen JE (1978) Spiperone: A ligand of choice for neuroleptic receptors. 2. Regional distribution and in vivo displacement of neuroleptic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 27:317–328
Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Laduron PM (1978) Spiroperone: A ligand of choice for neuroleptic receptors. 1. Kinetics and characteristics of in vitro binding. Biochem Pharmacol 27:307–316
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous ChL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding St, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818: A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
Martres MP, Bouthenet ML, Sales N, Sokoloff P, Schwartz JC (1985) Widespread distribution of brain dopamine receptors evidenced with [125I]iodosulpiride, a highly selective ligand. Science 228:752–755
McConnell HM, Rice P, Wada GH, Owicki JC, Parce JW (1991) The microphysiometer biosensor. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1:647–652
McConnell HM, Owicki JC, Parce JW, Miller DL, Baxter GT, Wada HG, Pitchford S (1992) The Cytosensor Microphysiometer: biological applications of silicon technology. Science 257:1906–1912
Monsma FJ, McVittie LD, Gerfen CR, Mahan LC Sibley DR (1989) Multiple D2 dopamine receptors produced by alternative RNA splicing. Nature 342:926–929
Neve KA, Kozlowski MR, Rosser MP (1992) Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange assessed by quantification of extracellular acidification. J Biol Chem 267:25748–25753
Niznik HB, Grigoriadis DE, Pri-Bar I, Buchman O, Seeman P (1985) Dopamine D2 receptors selectively labeled by a benzamide neuroleptic: [3H]-YM-09151-2. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 329:333–343
Owicki JC, Parce JW. (1992) Biosensors based on the energy metabolism of living cells: The physical chemistry and cell biology of extracellular acidification. Biosensors Bioelectronics 7:255–272
Seeman P (1981) Brain dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 32:229–313
Seeman P, Schaus JM (1991) Dopamine receptors labelled by [3H]quinpirole. Eur J Pharmacol 203:105–109
Seeman P, van Tol HHM (1995) Deriving the therapeutic concentrations for clozapine and haloperidol: The apparent dissociation constant of a neuroleptic at the dopamine D2 and D4 receptors varies with the affinity of the competing radioligand. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 291:59–66
Sibley DR, Monsma FJ Jr. (1992) Molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:61–69
Strange PG (1992) Studies on the structure and function of D2 dopamine receptors. Biochem Soc Transact 20:126–130
Terai M, Hidaka K, Nakamura Y (1989) Comparison of [3H]YM-09151-2 with [3H]spiperone and [3H]raclopride for dopamine D-2 receptor binding to rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 173:177–182
Van Vliet LA, Tepper PG, Dijkstra D, Damstoa G, Wickstrom H, Pugsley DA, Akunne HC, Heffner TG, Glase SA, Wise LD (1996) Affinity for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors of 2-aminotetralins. Relevance of agonist binding for determination of receptor subtype selectivity. J Med Chem 39:4233–4237
Vessotskie JM, Kung MP, Chumpradit S, Kung HF (1997) Characterization of [125I]S(−)5-OH-PIPAT binding to dopamine D2-like receptors expressed in cell lines. Neuropharmacol 36:999–1007
References
Altar CA et al. (1984) Computer-assisted video analysis of [3H]-spiroperidol binding autoradiographs. J Neurosci Meth 10:173–188
Altar CA et al. (1985) Computer imaging and analysis of dopamine (D2) and serotonin (S2) binding sites in rat basal ganglia or neocortex labeled by [3H]-spiroperidol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233:527–538
Joyce JN, Marshall JF (1987) Quantitative autoradiography of dopamine D2 sites in rat caudate-putamen: Localization to intrinsic neurons and not to neocortical afferents. Neurosci 20:773–795
Joyce JN, Loeschen SK, Marshall JF (1985) Dopamine D2 receptors in rat caudate-putamen: The lateral to medial gradient does not correspond to dopaminergic innervation. Brain Res 378:209–218
Kobayashi Y, Ricci A, Rossodivita I, Amenta F (1994) Autoradiographic localization of dopamine D2-like receptors in the rabbit pulmonary vascular tree. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 349:5598–564
Palacios JM, Niehoff DL, Kuhar MJ (1981) [3H]Spiperone binding sites in brain: autoradiographic localization of multiple receptors. Brain Res 213:277–289
Tarazi FI, Campbell A, Yeghiayan SK, Balldessarini RJ (1998) Localization of dopamine receptor subtypes in corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens septi of rat brain. Comparison of D1, D2 and D4-like receptors. Neurosci 83:169–176
Trugman JM et al. (1986) Localization of D2 dopamine receptors to intrinsic striatal neurons by quantitative autoradiography. Nature 323:267–269
References
Akunne HC, Towers P, Ellis GJ, Dijkstra D, Wikstrom H, Heffner TG, Wise LD, Pugsley TA (1995) Characterization of binding of [3H]PD 128907, a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist ligand to CHO-K1 cells. Life Sci 57:1401–1410
Baldessarini RJ, Kula NS, McGrath CR, Bakthavachalam V, Kebabian JW, Neumeyer JL (1993) Isomeric selectivity at dopamine D3 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 239:269–270
Brücke T, Wenger S, Podreka I, Asenbaum S (1991) Dopamine receptor classification, neuroanatomical distribution and in vivo imaging. Wien Klin Wochenschr 103:639–646
Chio CL, Lajiness ME, Huff RM (1993) Activation of heterologously expressed D3 dopamine receptors: Comparison with D2 dopamine receptors. Mol Pharmacol 45:51–60
Damsma G, Bottema T, Westerink BHC, Tepper PG, Dijkstra D, Pugsley TA, Mackenzie RG, Heffner TG, Wickstrom H (1993) Pharmacological aspects of R-(+)-7-OH-DPAT, a putative dopamine D3 receptor ligand. J Pharmacol 249:R9–R10
Ginrich JA, Caron MC (1993) Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:299–321
Kung MP, Fung HF, Chumpradit S, Foulon C (1993) In vitro binding of a novel dopamine D3 receptor ligand: [125I]trans-7-OH-PIPAT-A. Eur J Pharmacol 235:165–166
Lévesque D, Diaz J, Pilon C, Martres MP, Giros B, Souil E, Schott D, Morgat JL, Schwartz JC (1992) Identification, characterization, and localization of the dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain using 7-[3H]hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-amino-tetralin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8155–8159
MacKenzie RG, Van Leeuwen D, Pugsley TA, Shih YH, Demattos S, Tang L, Todd RD, O'Malley KL (1994) Characterization of the human dopamine D3 receptor expressed in transfected cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol, Mol Pharmacol Sect 266:79–85
Millan MJ, Peglion JL, Vian J, Rivet JM, Brocco M, Gobert A, Newman-Tancredi A, Dacquet C, Bervoets K, Girardon S, Jacques V, Chaput C, Audinot V (1995) Functional correlates of dopamine D3 receptor activation in the rat in vivo and their modulation by the selective agonist, (+)-S 14297: 1. Activation of postsynaptic D3 receptors mediates hypothermia, whereas blockade of D2 receptors elicits prolactin secretion and catalepsy. J Pharm Exp Ther 275:885–898
Pagliusi S, Chollet-Daemerius A, Losberger C, Mills A, Kawashima E (1993) Characterization of a novel exon within the D3 receptor gene giving rise to an mRNA isoform expressed in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194:465–471
Sibley DR (1991) Cloning of a ‘D3’ receptor subtype expands dopamine receptor family. Trend Pharmacol Sci 12:7–9
Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres MP, Bouthenet ML, Schwartz JC (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347:146–151
Todd RD, O'Malley KL (1993) Family ties: The dopamine D2-like receptor genes. Neurotransmiss 9(3):1–4
References
Birstow LJ, Collinson N, Cook GP, Curtis N, Freedman SB, Kulagowski JJ; Leeson PD, Patel S, Ragan CI, Ridgill M, Saywell KL, Tricklebank MD (1997) L-745,870, a subtype selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, does not exhibit a neuroleptic-like profile in rodent behavior tests. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1256–1263
Ginrich JA, Caron MC (1993) Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:299–321
Hidaka K, Tada S, Matsumoto M, Ohmori J, Maeno K, Yamaguchi T (1996) YM-50001: a novel, potent and selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. NeuroReport 7:2543–2546
Kula NS, Baldessarini RJ, Kebabian JW, Bakthavachalam V, Xu L (1997) RBI 257: A highly potent, dopamine D4 receptor-selective ligand. Eur H Pharmacol 331:333–336
Merchant KM, Gill KS, Harris DW, Huff RM, Eaton MJ, Lookingland K, Lutzke BS, McCall RB, Piercey MF, Schreur PJKD, Sethy VH, Smith MW, Svensson KA, Tang AH, von Voigtlander PF, Tenbrink RE (1996) Pharmacological characterization of U-101387, a dopamine D4 receptor selective antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:1392–1403
Mrzljak L, Bergson C, Pappy M, Huff R, Levenson R, Goldman-Rakic PS (1996) Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature 381:245–248
Primus J; Thurkauf A, Xu J, Yevich E, McInerney S, Shaw K, Tallman JF, Gallager DW (1997) Localization and characterization of dopamine D4 binding sites in rat and human brain by use of the novel D4 receptor-selective ligand [3H]NGD 94-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:1020–1027
Ricci A, Bronzetti E, Rossodivita I, Amenta F (1997a) Use of [3H]clozapine as a ligand of the dopamine D4 receptor subtype in peripheral tissues. J Auton Pharmacol 17:261–267
Ricci A, Bronzetti E, Felici L, Tayebati SK, Amenta F (1997b) Dopamine D4 receptor in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: A radioligand binding assay study. Neurosci Lett 229:130–134
Rowley M, Broughton HB, Collins I, Baker R, Emms F, Marwood R, Patel S, Ragan CI, Freedman SB, Leeson PD (1996) 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3-(1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl) isoxazole: A potent, selective antagonist at cloned dopamine D4 receptors. J Med Chem 39:1943–1945
Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O'Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HHM, Niznik HB (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature 350:614–619
Thurkauf A (1997) The synthesis of tritiated 2-phenyl-4-[4-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazinyl]methylimidazole ([3H]NGD 94-1), a ligand selective for the dopamine D4 receptor subtype. J Label Comp Radiopharm 39:123–128
Todd RD, O'Malley KL (1993) Family ties: The dopamine D2-like receptor genes. Neurotransmiss 9(3):1–4
Van Tol HHM, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350:610–614
Van Tol HHM, Wu CM, Guan HC, Ohara K, Bunzow JR, Civelli O, Kennedy J, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Jovanovic V (1992) Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature 358:149–152
References
Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analyt Biochem 72:248–254
Magnusson O, Mohringe B, Fowler CJ (1987) Comparison of the effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on rat striatal, limbic and nigral dopamine synthesis and utilization. J Neural Transm 69:163–177
Reinhard JF, Perry JA (1984) Fast analysis of tissue catechols using a short, high-efficiency (3 µM) LC column and amperometric detection. J. Chromatography 7:1211–1220
Wagner J, et al. (1979) Determination of DOPA, dopamine, DOPAC, epinephrine, norepinephrine, α-monofluoromethyldopa and α-difluoromethyldopa in various tissues of mice and rats using reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatography 164:41–54
Walters JR, Roth RH (1976) Dopaminergic neurons: An in vivo system for measuring drug interactions with presynaptic receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 296:5–14
References
Broaddus WC, Bennett JP Jr. (1990) Postnatal development of striatal dopamine function. I. An examination of D1 and D2 receptors, adenylate cyclase regulation and presynaptic dopamine markers. Develop Brain Res 52:265–271
Clement-Cormier YC, Kebabian JW, Petzold GL, Greengard P (1974) Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in mammalian brain: a possible site of action of antipsychotic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:1113–1117
Clement-Cormier YC, Parrish RG, Petzold GL, Kebabian JW, Greengard P (1975) Characterisation of a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the rat caudate nucleus. J Neurochem 25:143–149
Creese I (1987) Biochemical properties of CNS dopamine receptors. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology; The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press New York, pp 257–264
Gale K, Giudotti A, Costa E (1977) Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase: Location in substantia nigra. Science 195:503–505
Horn S, Cuello AC, Miller RJ (1974) Dopamine in the mesolimbic system of the rat brain: endogenous levels and the effect of drugs on the uptake mechanism and stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. J Neurochem 22:265–270
Iversen LL (1975) Dopamine receptors in the brain. Science 188:1084–1089
Kebabian JW, Calne DB (1979) Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 277:93–96
Kebabian JW, Petzold GL, Greengard P (1972) Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in caudate nucleus of rat brain, and its similarity to the “dopamine receptor” Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 69:2145–2149
Magnusson O, Mohringe B, Fowler CJ (1987) Comparison of the effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on rat striatal, limbic and nigral dopamine synthesis and utilisation. J Neural Transm 69:163–177
Setler PE, Rarau HM, Zirkle CL, Saunders HL (1978) The central effects of a novel dopamine agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 50:419–430
References
Creese I (1978) Receptor binding as a primary drug screening device. In: (HI Yamamura et al. eds) Neurotransmitter receptor binding pp 141–170, Raven Press, New York
Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH (1976) Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192:481–483
Greenberg DA, U'Prichard DC, Snyder SH (1976) Alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding in mammalian brain: Differential labelling of agonist and antagonist states. Life Sci 19:69–76
Huger FP, Smith CP, Chiang Y, Glamkowski EJ, Ellis DB (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. Drug Dev Res 11:169–175
Janowsky A, Sulser F (1987) Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors in brain. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. pp 249–256, Raven Press, New York
Mottram DR, Kapur H (1975) The α-adrenoceptor blocking effects of a new benzodioxane. J Pharm Pharmacol 27:295–296
Peroutka SJ, U'Prichard DC, Greenberg DA, Snyder SH (1977) Neuroleptic drug interactions with norepinephrine alpha receptor binding sites in rat brain. Neuropharmacol 16:549–566
U'Prichard DC, Snyder SH (1979) Distinct α-noradrenergic receptors differentiated by binding and physiological relationships. Life Sci 24:79–88
U'Prichard DC, Greenberg DA, Shehan PP, Snyder SH (1978) Tricyclic antidepressants: Therapeutic properties and affinity for α-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain. Science 199:197–198
Yamada S et al. (1980) Characterisation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart using [3H]-WB 4101: Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 215:176–185
References
Altar CA, Wasley AM, Neale RF, Stone GA (1986) Typical and atypical antipsychotic occupancy of D2 and S2 receptors: an autoradiographic analysis in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 16:517–525
Bennett JP Jr., Snyder SH (1976) Serotonin and lysergic acid diethylamide binding in rat brain membranes: Relationship to postsynaptic serotonin receptors. Mol Pharmacol 12:373–389
Costall B, Fortune DH, Naylor RJ, Marsden CD, Pycock C (1975) Serotonergic involvement with neuroleptic catalepsy. Neuropharmacol 14:859–868
Dugovic C, Leysen JE, Wauquier A (1991) Serotonin and sleep in the rat: the role of 5-HT2 receptors. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 77–88
Fajolles C, Boireau A, Pochant M, Laduron PM (1992) [3H]RP 62203, a ligand of choice to label in vivo brain 5-HT2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 216:53–57
Gelders YG, Heylen SLE (1991) Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonism in schizophrenia. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 179–192
Hoyer D, Clarke DE, Fozard JR, Hartig PR, Martin GR, Mylecharane EJ, Saxena PR, Humphrey PP (1994) VII. International Union of Pharmacology Classification of Receptors for 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin). Pharmacol Rev 46:157–203
Humphrey PPA, Hartig P, Hoyer D (1993) A proposed new nomenclature for 5-HT receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:233–236
Kehne JK; Baron BM, Carr AA; Chaney SF, Elands J, Feldman DJ, Frank RA, van Giersbergen PLM, McCloskey TC, Johnson MP, McCarty DR, Poirot M, Senyah Y, Siegel BW, Widmaier C (1996) Preclinical characterization of the potential of the putative atypical antipsychotic MDL 100,907 as a potent 5-HT2A antagonist with a favorable CNS safety profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277:968–981
Lever JR, Scheffel UA, Musachio JL, Stathis M, Wagner HN Jr. (1991) Radioiodinated D-(+)-N1-ethyl-2-iodolysergic acid diethylamide: A ligand for in vitro and in vivo studies of serotonin receptors. Life Sci 48:PL–73–PL–78
Leysen JE, Niemegeers CJE, Tollenaere JP, Laduron PM (1978) Serotonergic component of neuroleptic receptors. Nature 272:168–171
Leysen JE, Niemegeers CJE, van Nueten JM, Laduron PM (1981) [3H]Ketanserin (R 41 468), a selective 3H-ligand for serotonin2 receptor binding sites. Binding properties, brain distribution, and functional role. Mol Pharmacol 21:301–314
Leysen JE, Niemegeers CJE, Van Nueten JM, Laduron PM (1982) [3H]Ketanserin (R41 468) a selective 3H-ligand for serotonin2 receptor binding sites. Mol Pharmacol 21:301–314
Leysen JE, de Chaffoy de Courcelles D, de Clerck F, Niemegeers CJE, van Nueten JM (1984) Serotonin-S2 receptor binding sites and functional correlates. Neuropharmacol 23:1493–1501
Leysen JE, Gommeren W, van Gompel P, Wynants J Janssen PFM, Laduron PM (1985) Receptor-binding properties in vitro and in vivo by ritanserin. A very potent and long acting serotonin-S2 antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 27:600–611
List SJ, Seeman P (1981) Resolution of dopamine and serotonin receptor components of [3H]spiperone binding of rat brain regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2620–2624
Lopez-Gimenez JF, Vilaro MT, Palacios JM, Mengod G (1998) [3H]-MDL100,907 labels serotonin 5-HT2A receptors selectively in primate brain. Neuropharmacology 37:1147–1158
Martin GR, Humphrey PPA (1994) Classification review. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacol 33:261–273
Meert TF, Awouters F (1991) Serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists: a preclinical evaluation of possible therapeutic effects. In: Idzikowski C, Cowen PJ (eds) Serotonin, Sleep and Mental Disorder. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd., Petersfield, pp 65–76
Meltzer HV, Matsubara S, Lee JC (1989) Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin2 pKi values. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:238–246
Morgan DG, Marcusson JO, Finch CE (1984) Contamination of serotonin-2 binding sites with an alpha-1 adrenergic component in assays with (3H)spiperone. Life Sci 34:2507–2514
Muramatsu M, Tamaki-Ohashi J, Usuki C, Araki H, Aihara H (1988) Serotonin-2 receptor mediated regulation of release of acetylcholine by minaprine in cholinergic nerve terminal of hippocampus of rat. Neuropharmacol 27:603–609
Palacios JM, Niehoff DL, Kuhar MJ (1981) [3H]Spiperone binding sites in brain: autoradiographic localization of multiple receptors. Brain Res 213:277–289
Pazos A, Cortés R, Palacios JM (1985) Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. II. Serotonin-2 receptors. Brain Res 2346:231–249
Pedigo NW, Yamamura HI, Nelson DL (1981) Discrimination of multiple [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites by the neuroleptic spiperone in rat brain. J Neurochem 36:220–226
Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH (1979) Multiple serotonin receptors: Differential binding of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, [3H]-lysergic acid diethylamide and [3H]spiroperidol. Mol Pharmacol 16:687–699
Peroutka SJ, Lebovitz RM, Snyder SH (1979) Serotonin receptors binding sites affected differentially by guanine nucleotides. Mol Pharmacol 16:700–708
Rastogi RB, Singhal RL, Lapierre YD (1981) Effects of short-and long-term neuroleptic treatment on brain serotonin synthesis and turnover: Focus on the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia. Life Sci. 29:735–741
Samanin R, Quattrone A, Peri G, Ladinsky H, Consolo S (1978) Evidence of an interaction between serotonergic and cholinergic neurons in the corpus striatum and hippocampus of the rat brain. Brain Res 151:73–82
Saxena PR (1994) Modern 5-HT receptor classification and 5-HT based drugs. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 3:513–523
Siegel BW, Freedman J, Vaal MJ, Baron BM (1996) Activities of novel aryloxyalkylimidazolines on rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 296:307–318
Tricklebank MD (1996) The antipsychotic potential of subtype-selective 5-HT-receptor ligands based on interactions with mesolimbic dopamine systems. Behav Brain Res 73:15–15
References
Altar CA et al. (1984) Computer-assisted video analysis of [3H]-spiroperidol binding autoradiographs. J Neurosci Meth 10:173–188
Altar CA et al. (1985) Computer imaging and analysis of dopamine (D2) and serotonin (S2) binding sites in rat basal ganglia or neocortex labeled by [3H]-spiroperidol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233:527–538
Altar CA, Wasley AM, Neale RF, Stone GA (1986) Typical and atypical antipsychotic occupancy of D2 and S2 receptors: an autoradiographic analysis in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 16:517–525
Cadet JL, Kuyatt B, Fahn S, De Souza EB (1987) Differential changes in 125I-LSD-labeled 5-HT-2 serotonin receptors in discrete regions of brain in the rat model of persistent dyskinesias induced by iminodipropionitrile (IDPN): evidence from autoradiographic studies. Brain Res 437:383–386
Costall B, Fortune DH, Naylor RJ, Marsden CD, Pycock C (1975) Serotonergic involvement with neuroleptic catalepsy. Neuropharmacol 14:859–868
Fink H, Morgenstern R, Oelssner W (1984) Clozapine — a serotonin antagonist? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 20:513–517
Kostowski W, Gumulka W, Czlokowski A (1972) Reduced kataleptogenic effects of some neuroleptics in rats with lesioned midbrain raphe and treated with p-chlorophenylalanine. Brain Res 48:443–446
Lee T, Tang SW (1984) Loxapine and clozapine decrease serotonin (S2) but do not elevate dopamine (D2) receptor numbers in the rat brain. Psychiatry Res 12:277–285
Morgan DG, Marcusson JO, Finch CE (1984) Contamination of serotonin-2 binding sites with an alpha-1 adrenergic component in assays with (3H)spiperone. Life Sci 34:2507–2514
Pazos A, Cortés R, Palacios JM (1985) Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. II. Serotonin-2 receptors. Brain Res 346:231–249
Palacios JM, Niehoff DL, Kuhar MJ (1981) [3H]Spiperone binding sites in brain: autoradiographic localization of multiple receptors. Brain Res 213:277–289
Reynolds CP, Garrett NJ, Rupniak N, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1983) Chronic clozapine treatment of rats down-regulates 5-HT2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 89:325–326
Wilmot CA, Szczepanik AM (1989) Effects of acute and chronic treatment with clozapine and haloperidol on serotonin (5-HT2) and dopamine (D2) receptors in the rat brain. Brain Res 487:288–298
References
Abou-Gharbia M, Ablordeppey SY, Glennon RA (1993) Sigma receptors and their ligands: the sigma enigma. Ann Rep Med Chem 28:1–10
Angulo JA, Cadet JL, McEwen BS (1990) σ receptor blockade by BMY 14802 affects enkephalinergic and tachykinin cells differentially in the striatum of the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 175:225–228
de Costa BR, Bowen WD, Hellewell SB, Walker JM, Thurkauf A, Jacobson AE, Rice KC (1989) Synthesis and evaluation of optically pure [3H]-(+)-pentazocine, a highly potent and selective radioligand for σ receptors. FEBS Lett 251:53–58
DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Fleissner LC, Ford-Rice FY (1992) Characterization of the binding of [3H](+)-pentazocine to σ recognition sites in guinea pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol 227:371–378
Deutsch SI, Weizman A, Goldman ME, Morihisa JM (1988) The sigma receptor: A novel site implicated in psychosis and antipsychotic drug efficacy. Clin Neuropharmacol 11:105–119
Ferris RM, Tang FLM, Chang KJ, Russell A (1986) Evidence that the potential antipsychotic agent rimcazole (BW 234U) is a specific, competitive antagonist of sigma sites in brain. Life Sci 38:2329–2339
Goldman ME, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Paul SM (1985) Differentiation of [3H]phencyclidine and (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding sites in rat cerebral cortex. FEBS Lett 190:333–336
Hoffman DW (1990) Neuroleptic drugs and the sigma receptor. Am J Psychiatry 147:1093–1094
Itzhak Y, Hiller JM, Simon EJ (1985) Characterisation of specific binding sites for [3H](d)-N-allylnormetazocine in rat brain membranes. Mol Pharmacol 27:46–52
Kaiser C, Pontecorvo MJ, Mewshaw RE (1991) Sigma receptor ligands: Function and activity. Neurotransm 7:1–5
Khazan N, Young GA, El-Fakany EE, Hong O, Calligaro D (1984) Sigma receptors mediate the psychotomimetic effects of N-allylnor-metazocine (SKF-0,047), but not its opioid agonistic-antagonistic properties. Neuropharmacol. 23:983–987
Largent BL, Gundlach AL, Snyder SH (1986) Pharmacological and autoradiographic discrimination of sigma and phencyclidine receptor binding sites in brain with (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047, (+)-[3H]-3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine and [3H]-1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 238:739–748
Quirion R, Chicheportiche R, Contreras PC, Johnson KM, Lodge D, Tam SW, Woods JH, Zukin SR (1987) Classification and nomenclature of phencyclidine and sigma receptor sites. Trends Neurosci 10:444–446
Quirion R, Bowen WD, Itzhak Y, Junien JL, Musacchio JM, Rothman RB, Su TP, Tam SW, Taylor DP (1992) A proposal for the classification of sigma binding sites. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:85–86
Sircar R, Nichtenhauser R, Ieni JR, Zukin SR (1986) Characterisation and autoradiographic visualisation of (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 binding in rat and mouse brain: Further evidence for phencyclidine/“sigma opiate” receptor commonalty. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 237:681–688
Su TP (1982) Evidence for sigma opioid receptor: Binding of [3H]-SKF 10047 to etorphine-inaccessible sites in guinea pig brain. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 223:284–290
Tam SW, Cook L (1984) σ-opiates and certain antipsychotic drugs mutually inhibit (+)-[3H]-SKF 10,047 and [3H]haloperidol binding in guinea pig membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:5618–5621
Taylor DP, Dekleva J (1987) Potential antipsychotic BMY 14802 selectively binds to sigma sites. Drug Dev Res 11:65–70
Vaupel DB (1983) Naltrexone fails to antagonize the σ effects of PCP and SKF 10.047 in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 92:269–274
Walker JM, Bowen WD, Walker FO, Matsumoto RR, de Costa B, Rice KC (1990) Sigma receptors: Biology and function. Pharmacol Reviews 42:355–402
Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M, McLean S, Pou S, Keana JFW (1986) 1,3-Di(2[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: A selective ligand that labels σ-type receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 83:8784–8788
Zukin SR, Tempel A, Gardner EL, Zukin RS (1986) Interaction for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 83:8784–8788
References
Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analyt. Biochem. 72:248–254
Magnusson O, Nilsson LB, Westerlund D (1980) Simultaneous determination of dopamine, DOPAC and homovanillic acid. Direct injections of supernatants from brain tissue homogenates in a liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection system. J. Chromatography 221:237–247
Magnusson O, Fowler CJ, Köhler C, Ögren SO (1986) Dopamine D2 receptors and dopamine metabolism. Relationship between biochemical and behavioural effects of substituted benzamide drugs. Neuropharmacol 25:187–197
Raiteri M, Marchi M, Maura G (1984) Release of catecholamines, serotonin, and acetylcholine from isolated brain tissue. In: Lajtha A (ed) Handbook of Neurochemistry, 2nd ed, Plenum Press New York, London, Vol 6, pp 431–462
Reinhard JF, Perry JA. (1984) Fast analysis of tissue catechols using a short, high-efficiency (3 µM) LC column and amperometric detection. J. Liquid Chromatography 7:1211–1220
Shibuya T, Sato K, Salafsky B (1982) Simultaneous measurement of biogenic amines and related compounds by high performance liquid chromatography. Int J Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 20:297–301
Wagner J, Palfreyman M, Zraika M (1979) Determination of DOPA, dopamine, DOPAC, epinephrine, norepinephrine, α-monofluoromethyldopa and α-difluoromethyldopa in various tissues of mice and rats using reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 164:41–54
Wagner J, Vitali P, Palfreyman MG, Zraika M, Hout S (1982) Simultaneous determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, dopamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylalanine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanilic acid, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in rat cerebrospinal fluid and brain by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Neurochem 38:1241–1254
References
Amberg G, Lindefors N (1989) Intracerebral microdialysis: II. Mathematical studies of diffusion kinetics. J Pharmacol Meth 22:157–183
Arborelius L, Nomikus GG, Hertel P, Salmi P, Grillner P, Hök BB, Hacksell U, Svensson TH (1996) The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (S)-UH-301 augments the increase in extracellular concentrations of 5-HT in the frontal cortex produced by both acute and chronic treatment with citalopram. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 353:630–640
Ascher JA, Cole JO, Colin JN, Feighner JP, Ferris RM, Fibiger HC, Golden RN, Martin P, Zotter WZ, Richelson E, Sulser F (1995) Bupropion: A review of its mechanism of antidepressant activity. J Clin Psychiat 56:395–401
Ashby CR, Wang RY (1996) Pharmacological actions of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine: a review. Synapse 24:349–394
Auerbach SB, Lundberg JF, Hjorth S (1994) Differential inhibition of serotonin release by 5-HT and NA reuptake blockers after systemic administration. Neuropharmacol 34:89–96
Beneviste H, Drejer J, Schousboe A, Diemer NH (1984) Elevation of extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 43:1369–1374
Benveniste H, Hansen AJ, Ottosen NS (1989) Determination of brain interstitial concentrations by microdialysis. J Neurochem 52:1741–1750
Boschi G, Launay N, Rips R, Schermann JM (1995) Brain microdialysis in the mouse. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:29–33
Casanovas JM, Artigas F (1996) Differential effects of ipsapirone on 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the dorsal and median raphe neuronal pathways. J Neurochem 67:1945–1952
Chen Z, Steger RW (1993) Plasma microdialysis. A technique for continuous plasma sampling in freely moving rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 29:111–118
De Boer T (1995) The effects of mirtazepine on central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Intern Clin Psychopharmacol 10/Suppl 4:19–23
De Boer T (1996) The pharmacological profile of mirtazepine. J Clin Psychiat 57, Suppl 4:19–25
De Boer T, Nefkens F, van Helvoirt A (1994) The α2-adrenenoceptor antagonist Org 3770 enhances serotonin transmission in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 253:R5–R6
Di Chiara (1990) In vivo brain dialysis of neurotransmitters Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:116–121
Egan MF, Chrapusta S, Karoum F, Lipska BK, Wyatt RJ (1996) Effects of chronic neuroleptic treatment on dopamine release: insights from studies using 3-methoxytyramine. J Neural Transmiss 103:777–805
Ferraro TN, Weyers P, Carrozza DP, Vogel WH (1990) Continuous monitoring of brain ethanol levels be intracerebral microdialysis. Alcohol 7:129–132
Fink-Jensen A, Hansen L, Hansen JB, Nielsen EB (1996) Regional differences in the effect of haloperidol and atypical neuroleptics on interstitial levels of DOPAC in the rat forebrain: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Psychopharmacol 10:119–125
Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Grekhova TV, Rayevsky KS (1996) Simultaneous monitoring of dopamine, its metabolites and trans-isomer of atypical neuroleptic drug carbidine concentrations in striatal dialysates of conscious rats. Progr Neuropharmacol Biol Psychiat 20:291–305
Gobert A, Rivet JM, Cistarelli L, Millan MJ (1979) Potentiation of fluoxetine-induced increase in dialysate levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex of freely moving rats by combined blockade of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors with WAY 100,635 and GR 127,935. J Neurochem 68:1159–1163
Hegarty AA, Vogel WH (1995) The effect of acute and chronic diazepam treatment on stress-induced changes in cortical dopamine in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:771–778
Hernandez L, Hoebel BG (1994) Chronic clozapine selectively decreases prefrontal cortex dopamine as shown by simultaneous cortical, accumbens, and striatal microdialysis in freely moving rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:581–589
Ichikawa J, Meltzer HY (1990) The effect of chronic clozapine and haloperidol on basal dopamine release and metabolism in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens studied by in vivo microdialysis. Eur J Pharmacol 176:371–374
Ichikawa J, Meltzer HY (1995) Effect of antidepressants on striatal and accumbens extracellular dopamine levels. Eur J Pharmacol 281:255–261
Imperato A, di Chiara G (1984) Trans-striatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: A new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. J Neurosci 4:966–977
Imperato A, di Chiara G (1985) Dopamine release and metabolism in awake rats after systemic neuroleptics studied by transstriatal dialysis. J Neurosci 5:297–306
Imperato A, Tanda G, Frau R, di Chiara G (1988) Pharmacological profile of dopamine receptor agonists studied by brain dialysis in behaving rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:257–264
Jacobson I, Sandberg M, Hamberger A (1985) Mass transfer in brain dialysis devices — a new method for the estimation of extracellular amino acids concentration. J Neurosci Meth 15:263–268
Jordan S, Kramer GL, Zukas PK, Moeller M, Petty F (1994) In vivo biogenic amine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex with imipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Synapse 18:294–297
Kendrick KM (1991) In vivo measurement of amino acid, monoamine and neuropeptide release using microdialysis. In: Greenstein B (ed) Neuroendocrine Research Methods, Vol 1, Harwood Acad Publ, Chur, Chapter 12, pp 249–278
Klitenick MA, Taber MT, Fibiger HC (1996) Effects of chronic haloperidol on stress-and stimulation-induced increases in dopamine release: tests of the depolarization block hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacol 15:424–428
Kreiss DS, Lucki I (1995) Effects of acute and repeated administration of antidepressant drugs on extracellular level of 5-hydroxytryptamine measured in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:866–876
Le Quellec A, Dupin S, Genissel P, Saivin S, Marchand B, Houin G (1995) Microdialysis probes calibration: gradient and tissue dependent changes in no net flux and reverse dialysis methods. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:11–16
Lindefors N, Amberg G, Ungerstedt U (1989) Intracerebral microdialysis: I. Experimental studies of diffusion kinetics. J Pharmacol Meth 22:141–156
Meil W, See RE (1994) Single pre-exposure to fluphenazine produces persisting behavioral sensitization accompanied by tolerance to fluphenazine-induced dopamine overflow in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:605–612
Parsons LH, Smith AD, Justice JB Jr. (1991) The in vivo microdialysis recovery of dopamine is altered independently of basal level by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci Meth 40:139–147
Petty F, Davis LL, Kabel D, Kramer GL (1996) Serotonin dysfunction disorders: a behavioral neurochemistry prospective. J Clin Psychiat 57, Suppl 8:11–16
Potter WZ (1996) Adrenoreceptor and serotonin receptor function: relevance to antidepressant mechanisms of action. J Clin Psychiat 57, Suppl 4:4–8
Rayevsky KS, Gainetdinov RR, Grekhova TV, Sotnikova TD (1995) Regulation of dopamine release and metabolism in rat striatum in vivo: effects of dopamine receptor antagonists. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 19:1285–1303
Rollema H, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Matos FF, Castagnoli N Jr. (1989) Comparison of the effects of intracerebrally administered MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) in three species: microdialysis of dopamine and metabolites in mouse, rat and monkey striatum. Neurosci Lett 106:275–281
Romero L, Hervás I, Artigas F (1996) The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 selectively potentiates the effects of serotonergic antidepressants in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 219:123–126
Sandberg M, Butcher S, Hagberg H (1986) Extracellular overflow of neuroactive amino acids during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia: in vivo dialysis of the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 47:178–184
Santiago M, Westerink BHC (1990) Characterization of the in vivo release of dopamine as recorded by different types of intracerebral microdialysis probes. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Exp Pharmacol 342:407
Scheller D, Kolb J (1991) The internal reference technique in microdialysis: a practical approach to monitoring dialysis efficiency and to calculating tissue concentrations from dialysate samples. J Neurosci Meth 40:31–38
Schmidt CJ, Fadayel GM (1995) The selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, MDL 100,907, increases dopamine efflux in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 273:273–279
See RE, Lynch AM (1996) Duration-dependent increase in striatal glutamate following prolonged fluphenazine administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 308:279–282
See RE, Lynch AM, Aravagri M, Nemeroff CB, Owens MJ (1995) Chronic haloperidol-induced changes in regional dopamine release and metabolism and neurotensin content in rats. Brain Res 704:202–209
Semba J, Watanabe A, Kito S, Toru M (1995) Behavioural and neurochemical effects of OPC-14597, a novel antipsychotic drug, on dopamine mechanisms in rat brain. Neuropharmacol 34:785–791
Sharp T, Gartside SE, Umbers V (1996) Effects of co-administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist on 5-hydroxytryptamine cell firing and release. Eur J Pharmacol 320:15–19
Stähle L, Segersvärd S, Ungerstedt (1991) A comparison between three methods for estimation of extracellular concentration of exogenous and endogenous compounds by microdialysis. J Pharmacol Meth 25:41–52
Tanda G, Bassareo V, di Chiara G (1996a) Mianserin markedly and selectively increases extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex as compared to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Psychopharmacology 123:127–130
Tanda G, Frau R, di Chiara G (1996b) Chronic desimipramine and fluoxetine differentially affect extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 127:83–87
Ungerstedt U (1984) Measurement of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, pp 81–105
Ungerstedt U (1986) Microdialysis — A new bioanalytical sampling technique. Curr Separat 7:43–46
Ungerstedt U, Herrera Marschitz M, Jungnelius U, Stähle L, Tossman U, Zetterström T (1982) Dopamine synaptic mechanisms reflected in studies combining behavioral recordings and brain dialysis. In: Kohsaka M (ed) Advances in Biosciences. Vol 37: Advances in Dopamine Research, pp 219–231. Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York
Wang Y, Wang SL, Sawchuk RJ (1993) Microdialysis calibration using retrodialysis and zero-net flux: application to a study of the distribution of zidovudine to rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and thalamus. Pharmac Res 10:1411–1419
Westerink BHC, Tuinte MHJ (1985) Chronic use of intracerebral dialysis for the in vivo measurement of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. J Neurochem 46:181–185
Wood PL, Kim HSD, Stocklin K, Rao TS (1988) Dynamics of the striatal 3-MT-pool in rat and mouse: species differences as assessed by steady-state measurements and intracerebral dialysis. Life Sci 42:2275–2281
Zetterström T, Ungerstedt U (1983) Effects of apomorphine on the in vivo release of dopamine and its metabolites, studied by brain dialysis. Eur J Pharmacol 97:29–36
Zetterström T, Vernet L, Ungerstedt U, Tossman U, Jonzon B, Fredholm BB (1982) Purine levels in the intact rat brain. Studies with an implanted perfused hollow fibre. Neurosci Lett 29:111–115
Zetterström T, Sharp T, Marsden CA, Ungerstedt U (1983) In vivo measurement of dopamine and its metabolites by intracerebral dialysis: changes after d-amphetamine. J Neurochem 41:1769–1773
References
Bhargava KP, Jain IP, Saxena AK, Sinha NJ, Tangri KK (1978) Central adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors in cardiovascular control. Br J Pharmacol 63:7–15
Bhattacharya BK, Feldberg W (1958) Perfusion of cerebral ventricles: effects of drugs on outflow from the cisterna and the aqueduct. Br J Pharmacol 13:156–162
Chéramy A, Nieoullon A, Glowinski J (1977) Effects of peripheral and local administration of picrotoxin on the release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine in the caudate nucleus of the cat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 297:31–37
Dietl H, Sinha JN, Philippu A (1981) Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines in the cat hypothalamus. Brain Res 208:143–147
Dluzen DE, Ramitez VD (1991) Push-pull cannula — construction, application and considerations for use in neuroendocrinology. In: Greenstein B (ed) Neuroendocrine Research Methods, Vol 1, Harwood Acad Publ, Chur, Chapter 8, pp 163–186
Gauchy C, Kemel ML, Glowinski J, Besson JM (1980) In vivo release of endogenously synthesized (3H)GABA from the cat substantia nigra and the pallidoendopeduncular nuclei. Brain Res 193:129–141
Kondo A, Iwatsubo K (1978) Increased release of preloaded (3H)GABA from substantia nigra in vivo following stimulation of caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. Brain Res 154:305–400
Korf J; Boer PH, Fekkes D (1976) Release of cyclic AMP into push-pull perfusates in freely moving rats. Brain Res 113:551–561
Moroni F, Pepeu G (1984) The cortical cup technique. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurements of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 63–79
Myers RD, Simpson CW, Higgins D, Nattermann RA, Rice JC, Redgrave P, Metclaf G (1976) Hypothalamic Na+ and Ca2+ions and temperature set-point: New mechanisms of action of a central or peripheral thermal challenge and intrahypothalamic 5-HT, NE, PGE1 and pyrogen. Brain Res Bull 1:301–327
Nieoullon A, Chéramy A, Glowinski J (1977) An adaptation of the push-pull cannula method to study the in vivo release of (3H)dopamine synthesized from (3H)tyrosine in the cat caudate nucleus: effects of various physical and pharmacological treatments. J Neurochem 28:819–828
Philippu A (1984) Use of push-pull cannulae to determine the release of endogenous transmitters in distinct brain areas of anesthetized and freely moving animals. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurements of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 3–37
Philippu A, Glowinski J, Besson JM (1974) In vivo release of newly synthesized catecholamines from the hypothalamus by amphetamine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 282:1–8
Philippu A, Dietl H, Eisert A (1981) Hypotension alters the release of catecholamines in the hypothalamus of the conscious rabbit. Eur J Pharmacol 69:519–523
Ruwe WD, Myers RD (1978) Dopamine in the hypothalamus of the cat: pharmacological characterization and push-pull perfusion analysis of sites mediating hypothermia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 9:65–80
Strada SJ, Sulser F, (1971) Comparative effects of p-chloroamphetamine and amphetamine on metabolism and in vivo release of 3H-norepinephrine in the hypothalamus of the rat in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 15:45–51
Sulser F, Owens ML, Strada SJ, Dingell NJ (1969) Modification by desimipramine (DMI) of the availability of epinephrine released by reserpine in the hypothalamus of the rat in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 168:272–282
Tuomisto L, Yamatodani A, Dietl H, Waldmann U, Philippu A (1983) In vivo release of endogenous catecholamines, histamine and GABA in the hypothalamus of Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Exp Pharm
Wolfensberger M (1984) Gas-chromatographic and mass-fragmentographic measurement of amino acids released into brain perfusates collected in vivo by push-pull cannula techniques. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurements of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 39–61
References
Ashby CR, Wang RY (1996) Pharmacological actions of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine: a review. Synapse 24:349–394
Deutch AY (1994) Identification of the neural systems subserving the actions of clozapine: Clues from immediate early gene expression. J Clin Psychiatry 55, Suppl: 37–42
Deutch AY, Lee MC, Gillham MH, Cameron DA, Goldstein M, Iadarola MJ (1991) Stress selectively increases Fos protein in dopamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex. Cerebr Cortex 1:273–292
Deutch AY, Lee M, Iadarola MJ (1992a) Regionally specific effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on striatal Fos expression: The nucleus accumbens shell as a locus of antipsychotic action. Molec Cell Neurosci 3:332–341
Deutch AY, Lee MC, Iadorola MJ (1992b) Regionally specific effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on striatal fos expression. The nucleus accumbens shell as a locus of antipsychotic action. Mol Cell Neurosci 3:332–341
Deutch AY, Öngür D, Duman RS (1995) Antipsychotic drugs induce Fos protein in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus: a novel locus of antipsychotic drug action. Neurosci 66:337–346
Dragunow M, Robertson GS, Faull RLM, Robertson HA, Jansen K (1990) D2 Dopamine receptor antagonists induce FOS and related proteins in rat striatal neurons. Neurosci 37:287–294
Fibiger HC (1994) Neuroanatomical targets of neuroleptic drugs as revealed by Fos immunochemistry. J Clin Psychiatry 55, Suppl B: 33–36
Fink-Jensen A, Kristensen P (1994) Effects of typical and atypical neuroleptics on Fos protein expression in the rat forebrain. Neurosci Lett 182:115–118
Gogusev J, Barbey S, Nezelof C (1993) Modulation of C-myc, C-myb, C-fos, C-sis and C-fms proto-oncogene expression and of CSF-1 transcripts and protein by phorbol diester in human histiocytosis DEL cell line with 5q 35 break point. Anticancer Res 13:1043–1048
Graybiel AM, Moratalla R, Robertson HA (1990) Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6912–6916
MacGibbon GA, Lawlor PA, Bravo R, Dragunow M (1994) Clozapine and haloperidol produce a different pattern of immediate early gene expression in rat caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum and islets of Calleja. Mol Brain Res 23:21–32
Merchant KM, Drosa DM (1993) Differential induction of neurotensin and c-fos gene expression by typical versus atypical antipsychotic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3447–3451
Merchant KM, Dobie DJ, Filloux FM, Totzke M, Aravagiri M, Dorsa DM (1994) Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine treatment on neurotensin and c-fos mRNA in rat neostriatal subregions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:460–471
Morgan JI, Curran T (1989) Stimulus-transcription coupling in neurons: role of cellular immediate early genes. Trends Neurosci 12:459–462
Morgan JI, Curran T (1991) Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible proto-oncogens fos and jun. Annu Rev Neurosci 14:421–451
Nguyen TV, Kosofsky BE, Birnbaum R, Cohen BM, Heyman SE (1992) Differential expression of c-Fos and Zif628 in rat striatum after haloperidol, clozapine and amphetamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4720–4724
Robertson GS, Fibiger HC (1992) Neuroleptics increase c-Fos expression in the forebrain. Contrasting effects of haloperidol and clozapine. Neuroscience 46:315–328
Robertson GS, Matsumara H, Fibiger HC (1994) Induction pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain as predictors of atypical antipsychotic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:1058–1066
Rogue P, Vincendon G (1992) Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists induce immediate early genes in the rat striatum. Brain Res Bull 29:469–472
Sebens JB, Koch T, Ter Horst GJ, Korf J (1995) Differential Fosprotein induction in rat forebrain regions after acute and long-term haloperidol and clozapine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 273:175–182
References
Azzi M, Boudin H, Mahmudi N, Pelaprat D, Rostene W, Berod A (1996) In vivo regulation of neurotensin receptors following long-term pharmacological blockade with a specific receptor antagonist. Mol Brain Res 42:213–221
Benmoussa M, Chait A, Loric G, de Beaurepaire R (1996) Low doses of neurotensin in the preoptic area produce hypothermia. Comparison with other brain sites and with neurotensin-induced analgesia. Brain Res Bull 39:275–279
Betancur C, Canton M, Burgos A, Labeeuw B, Gully D, Rostene W, Pelaprat D (1998) Characterization of binding sites of a new neurotensin receptor antagonist, 3H-SR 142948A, in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 343:67–77
Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, Loosen PT, Prange AJ Jr., Lipton MA (1976) Hypothermia and cold intolerance induced by the intracisternal administration of the hypothalamic peptide neurotensin. Nature 262:607–609
Bourdel E, Doulut S, Jarretou G, Labbé-Juilié C, Fehrentz JA, Doumbia O, Kitabgi P, Martinez J (1996) New hydroxamate inhibitors of neurotensin-degrading enzymes: Synthesis and enzyme active-site recognition. Int J Pept Protein Res 48:148–155
Carraway R, Leeman SE (1973) The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami. J Biol Chem 248:6854–6861
Castagliuolo I, Leeman SE, Bartolak-Suki E, Nikulasson S, Quiu B, Carraway RE (1996) A neurotensin antagonist, SR 48692, inhibits colonic responses to immobilization stress in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12611–12615
Chapman MA, See RE (1996) The neurotensin receptor antagonist SR 48692 decreases extracellular striatal GABA in rats
Clineschmidt R, McGuffin JC (1977) Neurotensin administered intracisternally inhibits responsiveness of mice to noxious stimuli. Eur J Pharmacol 49:395–396
Coguerel A, Dubuc I, Kitabgi P, Costentin J (1988) Potentiation by thiorphan and bestatin of the naloxon-insensitive analgesic effects of neurotensin and neuromedin N. Neurochem Int 12:361–366
Cusack B, Boules M, Tyler BM, Fauq A, McCormick DJ, Richelson E (2000) Effects of a novel neurotensin peptide analog given extracranially on CNS behaviors mediated by apomorphine and haloperidol. Brain Res 856:48–54
Ervin GN, Nemeroff CB (1988) Interactions of neurotensin with dopamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12:S53–S69
Feifel D, Reza TL, Wustrow DJ, Davis MD (1999) Novel antipsychotic-like effects on prepulse inhibition of startle produced by a neurotensin agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:710–713
Feurle GE, Muller B, Rix E (1987) Neurotensin induces hyperplasia of the pancreas and growth of the gastric antrum in rats. Gut 28, Suppl 1:19–23
Gudasheva TA, Voronina TA, Ostrovskaya RU, Zaitseva NI, Bondarenko NA, Briling VK (1998) Design of N-acylprolyltyrosine ‘tripeptoid’ analogues of neurotensin as potential atypical antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 41:284–290
Gully D, Jeanjean F, Poncelet M, Steinberg R, Soubrié P, Le Fur G, Maffrand JP (1995) Neuropharmacological profile of non-peptide neurotensin antagonists. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 9:513–521
Gully D, Lespy L, Canton M, Rostene W, Kitabgi P, le Fur G, Maffrand JP (1996) Effect of the neurotensin receptor antagonist SR 48692 on rat blood pressure modulation by neurotensin. Life Sci 58:665–674
Gully G, Labeeuw B, Boigegrain R, Oury-Donat F, Bachy A, Poncelet M, Steinberg R. Suaud-Chagny MF, Santucci V, Vita N, Pecceu F, Labbé-Jullié C, Kitabgi B, Soubriè P (1997) Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SR 142948A, a new potent neurotensin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:802–812
Hong F, Cusack B, Fauq A, Richelson E (1997) Peptidic and non-peptidic neurotensin analogs. Curr Med Chem 4:421–434
Johnson SJ, Akunne HC, Heffener TG, Kesten SR, Pugsley TA, Wise LD, Wustrow DJ (1997) Novel small molecule neurotensin antagonists: 3-(1,5-diaryl-1,5-dioxopentan-3-yl) benzoic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 7:561–566
Kinkead B, Binder EB, Nemeroff CB (1999) Does neurotensin mediate the effects of antipsychotic drugs? Biol Psychiatry 46:340–351
Mule F, Serio R, Postorino A, Vetri T, Bonvissuto F (1996) Antagonism by SR 48692 on mechanical responses to neurotensin in rat intestine. Br J Pharmacol 117:488–492
Nemeroff CB (1986) The interaction of neurotensin with dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system: Basic neurobiology and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11:15–37
Pellissier S, Eribon O, Chabert J, Gully D, Roche M (1996) Peripheral neurotensin participates in the modulation of preand postprandial intestinal motility in rats. Neuropeptides 30:412–419
Radke JM, Owens MJ, Ritchie JC, Nemeroff CB (1998) Atypical antipsychotic drugs selectively increase neurotensin efflux in dopamine terminal regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11462–11464
Sarhan S, Hitchcock JM, Grauffel CA, Wettstein JG (1997) Comparative antipsychotic profiles of neurotensin and a related systematically active peptide agonist. Peptides 18:1223–1227
Schaeffer P, Laplace MC, Bernat A, Prabonaud V, Gully D, Lespy L, Herbert JM (1998) SR142948A is a potent antagonist of the cardiovascular effects of neurotensin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:545–550
Saegard JL, Dean C, Hopp FA (2000) Neurochemical transmission of the baroreceptor input in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res Bull 51:111–118
Smith DJ, Hawranko AA, Monroe PJ, Gully D, Urban MO, Craig CR, Smith JP, Smith DI (1997) Dose-dependent pain-facilitatory and-inhibitory actions of neurotensin are revealed by SR 48692, a nonpeptide neurotensin antagonist: influence on the antinociceptive effect of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:899–908
Tyler-McMahon BM, Steward JA, Farinas F, McCormick DJ, Richelson E (2000) Highly potent neurotensin analog that causes hypothermia and antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 390:107–111
Unno T, Komori S, Ohashi H (1999) Characterization of neurotensin receptors in intestinal smooth muscle using a nonpeptide antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol, 369:73–80
Vincent JP, Mazella J, Kitagbi P (1999) Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors
Wang L, Friess H, Zhu Z, Graber H, Zimmermann A, Korc M, Reubi JC, Buchler MW (2000) Neurotensin receptor-1 mRNA analysis in normal pancreas and pancreatic disease. Clin Cancer Res 6:566–571
Xing L, Karinch AM, Kauffman GL Jr. (1998) Mesolimbic expression of neurotensin and neurotensin receptor during stress-induced gastric mucosal injury. Am J Physiol 274, Regul Integr Comp Physiol:R38–R45
Zhang L, Xing L, Demers L, Washington J, Kauffman GL Jr. (1989a) Central neurotensin inhibits gastric acid secretion: an adrenergic mechanism in rats. Gastroenterology 97:1130–1134
Zhang L, Colony PC, Washington JH, Seaton JF, Kauffman GL jr. (1989b) Central neurotensin affects rat gastric integrity, prostaglandin E2, and blood flow. Am J Physiol 256, Gastrointest Liver Physiol 19:G226–G232
References
Chalon P, Vita N, Kaghad M, Guillemot M, Bonnin J, Delpech P, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Caput D (1996) Molecular cloning of a levocabastine-sensitive binding site. FEBS Lett 400:211–214
Checler F, Vincent JP, Kitabgi P (1986) Neuromedin N: High affinity interaction with brain neurotensin receptors and rapid inactivation by brain synaptic peptidases. Eur J Pharmacol 126:239–244
Cusack B, McCormick DJ, Pang Y-P, Souder T, Garcia R, Fauq A, Richelson E (1995) Pharmacological and biochemical profiles of unique neurotensin 8–13 analogs exhibiting species selectivity, stereoselectivity, and superagonism. J Biol Chem 270:18359–18366
Cusack B, Chou T, Jansen K, McCormick DJ, Richelson E (2000) Analysis of binding sites and efficacy of a species-specific peptide at rat and human neurotensin receptors. J Pept Res 55:72–80
Dubuc I, Sarret P, Labbé-Jullié C, Botto JM, Honoré E, Bourdel E, Martinez J, Costentin J, Vincent JP, Kitabgi P, Mazella J (1999) Identification of the receptor subtype involved in the analgesic effect of neurotensin. J Neuroscience 19:503–510
Gully D, Labeeuw B, Boigegrain R, Oury-Donat F, Bachy B, Poncelet M, Steinberg R, Suaud-Chagny MF, Santucci V, Vita N, Pecceu F, Labbé-Jullié C, Kitabgi P, Soubrié P, Le Fur G, Maffrand JP (1997) Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SR 142948A, a new potent neurotensin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:802–812
Labbé-Jullié C, Dubuc I, Brouard A, Doulut S, Bourdel E, Pelaprat D, Mazella J, Martinez J, Rostène W, Costentin J, Kitabgi P (1994) In vivo and in vitro structure-activity studies with peptide and pseudopeptide neurotensin analogs suggest the existence of distinct central neurotensin receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:328–336
Labbé-Jullié C, Barroso S, Nicolas-Etève D, Reversat JL, Botto JM, Mazella J; Barnassau JM, Kitabgi P (1998) Mutagenesis and modeling of the neurotensin receptor NTR1. Identification of residues that are critical for binding of SR 48692, a nonpeptide neurotensin. J Biol Chem 273:16351–16357
Le F, Groshan K, Zeng X-P, Richelson E (1997) Characterization of the genomic structure, promotor region, and a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism of the human neurotensin receptor gene. J Biol Chem 272:1315–1322
Mazella J, Botto JM, Guillemare E, Coppola T, Sarret P, Vincent JP (1996) Structure, functional expression, and cerebral localization of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin/neuromedin N receptor from mouse brain. J Neurosci 16:5613–5620
Mazella J, Zsürger N, Navarro V, Chabry J, Kaghad M, Caput D, Ferrara P, Vita N, Gully D, Maffrand JP, Vincent JP (1998) The 100-kDa neurotensin receptor is gp95/sortilin, a non-G-protein coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 273:26273–26276
Munson PJ, Rodbard D (1980) LIGAND: A versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand-binding systems. Anal Biochem 107:220–239
Najimi M, Souzé F, Méndez M, Hermans E, Berbar T, Rostène W, Forgez P (1998) Activation of receptor gene transcription is required to maintain cell sensitization after agonist exposure. Studies on neurotensin receptor. J Biol Chem 273:21634–21641
Nouel D, Sarret P, Vincent JP, Mazella J, Beaudet A (1999) Pharmacological, molecular and functional characterization of glial neurotensin receptors. Neuroscience 94:1189–1197
Ovigne JM, Vermot-Desroches C, Lecron JC, Portier M, Lupker J, Pecceu F, Wijdenes J (1998) An antagonistic monoclonal antibody (B-N6) specific for the human neurotensin receptor-1. Neuropeptides 32:247–256
Petersen CM, Nielson MS, Nykjar A, Jacobsen L, Tommerup N, Rasmussen HH, Roigaard H, Gliemann J, Madsen P, Moestrup SK (1997) Molecular identification of a novel candidate sorting receptor purified from human brain by receptor-associated protein affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 272:3599–3605
Petersen CM, Nielson MS, Jacobsen L, Gliemann J, Moestrup SK, Madsen P (1999) Propeptide cleavage conditions sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 for ligand binding. EMBO J 18:595–604
Schotte A, Leysen JE, Laduron PM (1986) Evidence for a displaceable non-specific 3H-neurotensin binding site in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 333:400–405
Souazé F, Rostène W, Forgez P (1997) Neurotensin agonist induces differential regulation of neurotensin receptor mRNA. Identification of distinct transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Biol Chem 272:10087–10094
Tanaka K, Masu M, Nakanishi S (1990) Structure and functional expression of the cloned rat neurotensin receptor. Neuron 4:847–854
Vincent JP, Mazella J, Kitagbi P (1999) Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors
Vita N, Laurent P, Lefort S, Chalon P, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Gully D, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Caput D (1993) Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a high affinity human neurotensin receptor. FEBS Lett 317:139–142
Watson M, Isackson PJ, Makker M, Yamada MS, Yamada M, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993) Identification of a polymorphism in the human neurotensin receptor gene. Mayo Clin Proc 68:1043–1048
Yamada M, Lombet A, Forgez P, Rostène W (1998) Distinct functional characteristics of levocabastine-sensitive rat neurotensin NT2 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Life Sci 62:PL375–PL379
References
Kreiskott H, Vater W (1959) Verhaltensstudien am Goldhamster unter dem Einfluß zentral-wirksamer Substanzen. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharm 236:100–105
Lorenz K (1943) Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschr Tierpsychol 5:235–409
Lorenz K (1965) Evolution and modification of behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Lorenz K (1966) Evolution and modification of behavior. Methuen & Co Ltd., London
Ther L, Vogel G, Werner Ph (1959) Zur pharmakologischen Differenzierung und Bewertung von Neuroleptica. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 9:351–354
References
Lorenz K (1943) Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschr Tierpsychol 5:235–409
Lorenz K (1966) Evolution and modification of behavior. Methuen & Co Ltd., London
Vogel G, Ther L (1960) Das Verhalten der Baumwollratte zur Beurteilung der neuroleptischen Breite zentral-depressiver Stoffe. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 10:806–808
References
Courvoisier S, Fournel J, Ducrot R, Kolsky M, Koeschet P (1953) Propriétés pharmacodynamiques du chlorhydrate de chloro-3-(diméthylamino-3′-propyl)-10-phenothiazine (4.560 R.P.) Arch Int Pharmacodyn 92:305–361
Giaja J (1938) Sur l'analyse de la fonction de calorification de l'homéotherme par la dépression barométrique. C R Soc Biol 127:1355–1359
Giaja J (1940) Léthargie obtenue che le Rat par la dépression barométrique. C R Acad Sci 210:80–84
Giaja J (1953) Sur la physiologie de l'organisme refroidi. Press Medicale 61:128–129
Giaja J, Markovic-Giaja L (1954) L'hyperthermie produite par la chlorpromazine et la résistance a l'asphyxie. Bull Soc Chim Biol 36:1503–1506
Litchfield J, Wilcoxon F (1949) A simplified method of evaluating dose effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:99–113
Ther L, Lindner E, Vogel G (1963) Zur pharmakologischen Wirkung der optischen Isomeren des Methadons. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 103:514–520
Ther L, Vogel G, Werner P (1959) Zur pharmakologischen Differenzierung und Bewertung der Neuroleptica. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 9:351–354
Vogel G (1959) Über die Wirkung von Dolantin und Polamidon im Vergleich zu anderen stark wirksamen Analgetica an der unterkühlten Ratte nach Giaja. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmak 236:214–215
References
Casey DE (1989) Serotoninergic aspects of acute extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacol Bull 25:457–459
Casey DE (1991) Extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates: Typical and atypical neuroleptics. Psychopharmacol Bull 27:47–50
Casey DE (1993) Serotonergic and dopaminergic aspects of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology 112:S55–S59
Chermat R, Simon P (1975) Appréciation de la catalepsie chez le rat. J Pharmacol 6:493–496
Costall B, Naylor RJ (1973) Is there a relationship between the involvement of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic brain areas with the cataleptic action of neuroleptic agents and their clinical antipsychotic effects? Psychopharmacol (Berlin) 32:161–170
Costall B, Naylor RJ (1974) On catalepsy and catatonia and the predictability of the catalepsy test for neuroleptic activity. Psychopharmacol (Berl.) 34:233–241
Duvoisin R (1976) Parkinsonism: Animal analogues of the human disorder. In: Yahr M (ed) The Basal Ganglia. Raven Press, New York, pp 293–303
Gerlach J, Casey DE (1990) Remoxipride, a new selective D2 antagonist, and haloperidol in Cebus monkeys. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14:103–112
Honma T, Fukushima H (1976) Correlation between catalepsy and dopamine decrease in the rat striatum induced by neuroleptics. Neuropharmacol 15:601–607
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous CL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding S, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818:A centrally analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
Moore NA, Tye NC, Axton MS, Risius FC (1992) The behavioral pharmacology of olanzapine, a novel “atypical” anti-psychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:545–551
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
References
Cook L, Catania AC (1964) Effects of drugs on avoidance and escape behavior. Fed Proc 23:818–835
Cook L, Weidley E (1957) Behavioral effects of some psychopharmacological agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 66:740–752
Dunn RW, Carlezon WA, Corbett R. (1991) Preclinical anxiolytic versus antipsychotic profiles of the 5-HT3-antagonists Ondansedron, Zacopride, 3α-tropanyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic ester, and 1αH, 3α, 5αH-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate. Drug Dev Res 23:289–300
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous CL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding S, Strupczewski JT, (1990) HP 818:A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt, ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
References
Tedeschi RE, Tedeschi DH, Mucha A, Cook L, Mattis PA, Fellows EJ. (1959) Effects of various centrally acting drugs on fighting behavior of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:28–34
References
Anderson R, Diotte M, Miliaressis E (1995) The bidirectional interaction between ventral tegmental rewarding and hindbrain aversive stimulation effects in rats. Brain Res 688:15–20
Brodie DA, Moreno OM, Malis JE, Boren JJ (1960) Rewarding properties of intracranial stimulation. Science 131:920–930
Broekkamp CLE, Van Rossum JM (1975) The effect of micro-injections of morphine and haloperidol into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behavior. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 217:110–117
Corbett D, Laferriere A, Milner P (1982) Plasticity of the medial prefrontal cortex: Facilitated acquisition of intracranial self-stimulation by pretraining stimulation. Physiol Behav 28:531–543
Cornfeldt M, Fisher B, Fielding S (1982) Rat internal capsule lesion: a new test for detecting antidepressants. Fed Proc 41:1066
Depoortere R, Perrault Gh, Sanger DJ (1996) Behavioral effects in the rat of the putative dopamine D3 receptor agonist 7-OH-DPAT: comparison with quinpirole and apomorphine. Psychopharmacology 124:231–240
Dunn RW, Carlezon WA, Corbett R (1991) Preclinical anxiolytic versus antipsychotic profiles of the 5-HT3 antagonists ondansetron, zacopride, 3α-tropanyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid ester, and 1αH, 3α, 5αH-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate. Drug Dev Res 23:289–300
Fielding S, Lal H (1978) Behavioral actions of neuroleptics. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Neuroleptics and Schizophrenia, Vol 10, pp 91–128, Plenum Press, New York
Gallistel CR, Freyd G (1987) Quantitative determination of the effects of catecholaminergic agonists and antagonists on the rewarding efficacy of brain stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26:731–741
Goldstein JM, Malick JB (1983) An automated descending rate-intensity self-stimulation paradigm: usefulness for distinguishing antidepressants from neuroleptics. Drug Dev Res 3:29–35
Koob GF, Fray PJ, Iversen SD (1978) Self-stimulation at the lateral hypothalamus and locus caeruleus after specific unilateral lesions of the dopamine system. Brain Res 146:123–140
Mekarski JE (1989) Main effects of current and pimozide on prepared and learned self-stimulation behaviors are on performance not reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31:845–853
Mora F, Vives F, Alba F (1980) Evidence for an involvement of acetylcholine in self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Experientia 36:1180–1181
Olds J (1961) Differential effects of drives and drugs on self-stimulation at different brain sites. In: Sheer DE (ed) Electrical Stimulation of the Brain. University of Texas Press, Austin TX, pp 350–366
Olds J, Milner P (1954) Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 47:419–427
Olds ME (1972) Alterations by centrally acting drugs of the suppression of self-stimulation behavior in the rat by tetrabenazine, physostigmine, chlorpromazine and pentobarbital. Psychopharmacology 25:299–314
Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd Edition; Academic Press, New York
Roberts DCS, Zito KA (1987) Interpretation of lesion effects on stimulant self-administration. In: Bozarth MA (ed) Methods for Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. Springer-Verlag New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 87–103
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt, ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
References
Chance MRA (1946) Aggregation as a factor influencing the toxicity of sympathomimetic amines in mice. J Pharmacol 87:214–217
Derlet RW, Albertson TE, Rice P (1990) Protection against d-amphetamine toxicity. Am J Emerg Med 8:105–108
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous CL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding S, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818: A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
References
Ellenbroek BA (1991) The ethological analysis of monkeys in a social setting as an animal model for schizophrenia. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 265–284
Ljungberg T, Ungerstedt U (1985) A rapid and simple behavioral screening method for simultaneous assessment of limbic and striatal blocking effects of neuroleptic drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23:479–485
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous CL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding S, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818: A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–259
Machiyama Y (1992) Chronic methylamphetamine intoxication model of schizophrenia in animals. Schizophren Bull 18:107–113
Simon P, Chermat R (1972) Recherche d'une interaction avec les stéréotypies provoquées par l'amphétamine chez le rat. J Pharmacol 3:235–238
References
Bischoff S, Christen P, Vassout A. (1988) Blockade of hippocampal dopamine (DA) receptors: A tool for antipsychotics with low extrapyramidal side effects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 12:455–467
Brown F, Campell W, Clark MSG, Graves DS, Hadley MS, Hatcher J, Mitchell P, Needham P, Riley G, Semple J (1988) The selective dopamine antagonist properties of BRL 34779: a novel substituted benzamide. Psychopharmacology 94:350–358
Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra St (1988) A classical genetic analysis of two apomorphine-induced behaviors in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30:143–147
Corral C, Lissavetzky J, Valdeolmillos A, Bravo L, Darias V, Sánchez Mateo C (1992) Neuroleptic activity of 10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-thieno(3,2-b)(1,5)benzothiazepine derivatives. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res. 42:896–900
Costall B, Naylor RJ, Nohria V (1978) Climbing behavior induced by apomorphine in mice: A potent model for the detection of neuroleptic activity. Eur J Pharmacol 50:39–50
Duterte-Boucher D, Costentin J (1989) Appearance of a stereotyped apomorphine-induced climbing in unresponsive DBA2 mice after chronic manipulation of brain dopamine transmission. Psychopharmacology 98:56–60
Horváth K, Andrási P, Berzsenyi P, Pátfalusy M, Patthy M, Szabó G, Sebestyén L, Bagdy E, Körösi J, Botka P, Hamaori T, Láng T (1989) A new psychoactive 5H-2,3-benzodiazepine with an unique spectrum of activity. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 39:894–899
Moore NA, Axton MS (1988) Production of climbing behaviour in mice requires both D1 and D2 receptor activation. Psychopharmacology 94:263–266
Moore NA, Tye NC, Axton MS, Risius FC (1992) The behavioral pharmacology of olanzapine, a novel “atypical” antipsychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:545–551
Protais P, Costentin J, Schwartz JC (1976) Climbing behavior induced by apomorphine in mice: A simple test for the study of dopamine receptors in the striatum. Psychopharmacology 50:1–6
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt, ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
Vasse M, Chagraoui A, Protais P (1988) Climbing and stereotyped behaviors in mice require the stimulation of D-1 dopamine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 148:221–229
References
Akbas O, Verimer T, Onur R, Kayaalp SO (1984) The effects of yohimbine and neuroleptics on apomorphine-induced pecking behavior in the pigeon. Neuropharmacol 23:1261–1264
Andén NE; Rubenson A, Fuxe K, Hoekfelt T (1967) Evidence for dopamine receptor stimulation by apomorphine. J Pharm Pharmac 19:627–629
Christensen A, Fjalland B, Møller Nielsen I (1976) On the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors, induced by neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology 48:1–6
Clow A, Theodorou A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1980) A comparison of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine function in the rat during a 6-month trifluoperazine administration. Psychopharmacology 69:227–233
Costall B, Naylor RJ (1973) On the mode of action of apomorphine. Eur J Pharmacol 21:350–361
Dall'Olio R, Gandolfi O. (1993) The NMDA positive modulator D-cycloserine potentiates the neuroleptic activity of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor blockers in the rat. Psychopharmacology 110:165–168
Ernst AM (1967) Mode of action of apomorphine and dexamphetamine on gnawing compulsion in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 10:316–323
Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJC, Jageneau AHM (1960) Apomorphine-antagonism in rats. Arzneim Forsch. 10:1003–1005
Jolicoeur FB, Gagne MA, Rivist R, Drumheller A, St Pierre S (1991) Neurotensin selectively antagonizes apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:463–465
Klawans HL, Rubovits R (1972) An experimental model of tardive dyskinesia. J Neural Transmiss 33:235–246
Kostowski W, Krzascik P (1989) Research for evaluating the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the action of valproate. Biogen Amin 6:169–176
Ljungberg T, Ungerstedt U (1978) Classification of neuroleptic drugs according to their ability to inhibit apomorphine-induced locomotion and gnawing: evidence for two different mechanisms of action. Psychopharmacology 56:239–247
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous CL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding F, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818: A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
Puech AJ, Simon P, Boissier JR (1978) Benzamides and classical neuroleptics: comparison of their action using 6 apomorphine-induced effects. Eur J Pharmacol 50:291–300
Szewczak MR, Cornfeldt, ML, Dunn RW, Wilker JC, Geyer HM, Glamkowski EJ, Chiang Y, Fielding S (1987) Pharmacological evaluation of HP 370, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent. 1. In vivo profile. Drug Dev Res 11:157–168
Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ (1974) Behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine following chronic treatment with drugs which interfere with the synaptic function of catecholamines. Neuropharmacol 13:927–940
References
Argiolas A, Melis MR (1998) The neuropharmacology of yawning. Eur J Pharmacol 343:1–16
Asencio M, Delaquerriere B, Cassels BK, Speisky H, Comoy E, Protais P (1999) Biochemical and behavioral effects of boldine and glaucine on dopaminergic systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 62:7–13
Baraldi M, Benassi-Benelli A, Lolli M (1977) Penile erections in rats after fenfluramine administration. Riv Farmacol Ter 8:375–379
Baraldi M, Benassi-Benelli A, Bernabei MT, Cameroni R, Ferrari F, Ferrari P (1979a) Apocodeine-induced stereotypies and penile erection in rats. Neuropharmacol 18:165–169
Benassi-Benelli A, Ferrari F, Pellegrini-Quarantotti B (1979b) Penile erection induced by apomorphine and N-n-propylnorapomorphine in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 242:241–247
Berendsen HHG, Broekkamp CLE (1987) Drug-induced penile erections in rats: indication of serotonin1B receptor mediation. Eur J Pharmacol 135:279–287
Berendsen HHG, Gower AJ (1986) Opiate-androgen interaction in drug-induced yawning and penile erections in the rat. Neuroendocrinol 42:185–190
Berendsen HHG, Jenk F, Broekkamp CLE (1990) Involvement of 5-HT1C-receptors in drug-induced penile erections in rats. Psychopharmacology 101:57–61
Bertolini A, Baraldi M (1975) Anabolic steroids: permissive agents of ACTH-induced penile erections in rats. Life Sci 17:263–266
Bertolini A, Genedani S, Castelli M (1978) Behavioural effects of naloxone in rats. Experientia 34:771–772
Bivalacqua TJ, Rajasekaran M, Champion HC, Wang R, Sikka SC, Kadowitz PJ, Hellstrom WJG (1998) The influence of castration of pharmacologically induced penile erection in the cat. J Androl 19:551–557
Bristow LJ, Cook GP, Gay JC, Kulagowski J, Landon L, Murray F, Saywell KL, Young L, Hutson PH (1996) The behavioral and neurochemical profile of the putative dopamine D3 agonist, (+)-PD 128907, in the rat. Neuropharmacol 35:285–294
Champion HC, Wang R, Shenassa BB, Murphy WA, Coy DH, Hellstrom WJG, Kadowitz PJ (1997) Adrenomedullin induces penile erection in the cat. Eur J Pharmacol 319:71–75
Doherty PC, Wisler PA (1994) Stimulatory effects of quinelorane on yawning and penile erection in the rat. Life Sci 54:507–514
Dourish CT, Cooper SJ, Philips SR (1985) Yawning elicited by systemic and intrastriatal injection of piribedil and apomorphine in the rat. Psychopharmacology 86:175–181
Eguibar JR, Moyaho A (1997) Inhibition of grooming by pilocarpine differs in high-and low-yawning sublines of Sprague Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:317–322
Ferrari F, Pelloni F, Giuliani D (1993) Behavioural evidence that different neurochemical mechanisms underlie stretching-yawning and penile erection induced in male rats by SND 919, a new selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology 113:172–276
Fujikawa M, Nagashima M, Inuoe T, Yamada K, Furukawa T (1996a) Potential agonistic effects of OPC-14597, a potential antipsychotic agent, on yawning behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:903–909
Fujikawa M, Yamada K, Nagashima M, Domae M, Furukawa T (1996b) The new muscarinic M1-receptor agonist YM796 evokes yawning and increases oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55:55–60
Furukawa T (1996) Yawning behavior for preclinical drug evaluation. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 18:141–155
Genedani S, Bernardi M, Bertolini A (1994) Influence of ifenprodil on the ACTH-induced behavioral syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 252:77–80
Gower AJ, Berendsen HHG, Princen MM, Broekkamp CLE (1984) The yawning-penile erection syndrome as a model for putative dopamine autoreceptor activity. Eur J Pharmacol 103:81–89
Gower AJ, Berendsen HHG, Broekkamp CLE (1986) Antagonism of drug-induced yawning and penile erections in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 122:239–244
Gully D, Jeanjean F, Poncelet M, Steinberg R, Soubriè P, La Fur G, Maffrand JP (1995) Neuropharmacologic profile of nonpeptide neurotensin antagonists. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 9:513–521
Holmgren B, Urbá-Holmgren R, Aguiar M, Rodriguez R (1980) Sex hormone influences on yawning behavior. Acta Neurobiol Exp 40:515–519
Kurashima M, Katsushi Y, Nagashima M, Shirakawa K, Furukawa T (1995) Effects of putative D3 receptor agonists, 7-OH.DPAT, and quinpirole, on yawning, stereotypy, and body temperature in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:503–508
Melis MR, Stancampiano R, Argiolas A (1994) Penile erection and yawning induced by paraventricular NMDA injection in male rats are mediated by oxytocin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:203–207
Melis MR, Stancampiano R, Argiolas A (1995) Role of nitric oxide in penile erection and yawning induced by 5-HT1C receptor agonists in male rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 351:439–445
Melis MR, Succu S, Argiolas A (1996) Dopamine agonists increase nitric oxide production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: correlation with penile erection and yawning. Eur J Neurosci 8:2056–2063
Melis MR, Succu S, Iannucci U, Argiolas A (1997a) Oxytocin increases nitric oxide production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats: correlation with penile erection and yawning. Regul Peptides 69:105–111
Melis MR, Succu S, Iannucci U, Argiolas A (1997b) N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced penile erection and yawning: role of hypothalamic paraventricular nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 328:115–123
Millan MJ, Peglion JL, Lavielle G, Perrin-Monneyron S (1997) 5-HT2C receptors mediate penile erections in rats: actions of novel and selective agonists and antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 325:9–12
Mogilnicka E, Klimek V (1977) Drugs affecting dopamine neurons and yawning behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:303–305
Nickolson VJ, Berendsen HHG (1980) Effects of the potential neuroleptic peptide des-tyrosine1-γ-endorphin and haloperidol on apomorphine-induced behavioural syndromes in rats and mice. Life Sci 27:1377–1385
Poggioli R, Arletti R, Benelli A, Cavazzuti E, Bertolini A (998) Diabetic rats are unresponsive to the penile erection-inducing effect of intracerebroventricularly injected adrenocorticotropin. Neuropeptides 32:151–155
Pomerantz SM (1990) Apomorphine facilitates male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:659–664
Pomerantz SM (1992) Dopaminergic influences on male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys: effects of dopamine agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:511–517
Protais P, Windsor M, Mocaër E, Comoy E (1995) Post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor involvement in yawning and penile erections induced by apomorphine, physostigmine and mCCP in rats. Psychopharmacology 120:376–383
Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I, Oguri M, Arita H (1998) Stereotyped yawning responses induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the rat. J Neurophysiol 80:2765–2775
Ståhle L, Ungerstedt U (1983) Assessment of dopamine autoreceptor properties of apomorphine, (+)-3-PPP and (−)-3-PPP by recording of yawning behaviour in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 98:307–310
Tang AH, Himes CS (1995) Apomorphine produced more yawning in Sprague Dawley rats than in F344 rats: a pharmacological study. Eur J Pharmacol 284:13–18
Vergoni AV, Bertoline A, Mutulis F, Wikberg JES, Schioth HB (1998) Differential influence of a selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (HS014) on melanocortin-induced behavioral effects in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 362:95–101
Yamada K, Furukawa T (1980) Direct evidence for involvement of dopaminergic inhibition and cholinergic activation in yawning. Psychopharmacology 67:39–43
Zarrindast MR, Toloui V, Hashemi B (1995) Effects of GABAergic drugs on physostigmine-induced yawning in rats. Psychopharmacology 122:297–300
References
Fielding S, Lal H (1978) Behavioral actions of neuroleptics. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Neuroleptics and Schizophrenia Vol 10, pp 91–128, Plenum Press, New York
Fielding S, Marky M, Lal H (1975) Elicitation of mouse jumping by combined treatment with amphetamine and L-dopa: Blockade by known neuroleptics. Pharmacologist 17:210
Lal H, Colpaert F, Laduron P (1975) Narcotic withdrawal-like mouse jumping produced by amphetamine and L-dopa. Eur J Pharmacol 30:113–116
Lal H, Marky M, Fielding S (1976) Effect of neuroleptic drugs on mouse jumping induced by L-dopa in amphetamine treated mice. Neuropharmacol 15:669–671
References
Carlson M, Carlson A (1989) The NMDA antagonist MK-801 causes marked locomotor stimulation in monoamine-depleted mice. J Neural Transm 75:221–226
Deutsch SI, Hitri A (1993) Measurement of an explosive behavior in the mouse, induced by MK-801, a PCP analogue. Clin Neuropharmacol 16:251–257
Litchfield J, Wilcoxon F (1949) A simplified method of evaluating dose effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:99–113
Rosse RB, Mastropaolo J, Sussman DM, Koetzner L, Morn CB, Deutsch SI (1995) Computerized measurement of MK-801-elicited popping and hyperactivity in mice. Clin Neuropharmacol 18:448–457
Verma A, Kulkarni SK (1992) Modulation of MK-801 response by dopaminergic agents in mice. Psychopharmacol 107:431–436
References
Chipkin RE, Iorio LC, Coffin VL, McQuade RD, Berger JG, Barnett A (1988) Pharmacological profile of SCH39166: A dopamine D1 selective benzonaphthazepine with potential antipsychotic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:1093–1102
Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJE (1959) Chemistry and pharmacology of compounds related to 4-(4-hydroxy-4-phenyl-piperidino)-butyrophenone. Part II — Inhibition of apomorphine vomiting in dogs. Arzneim.-Forsch. 9:765–767
Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJE, Shellekens HL. (1965) Is it possible to predict the clinical effects of neuroleptic drugs (major tranquilizers) from animal data? Arzneim Forsch 15:1196–1206
Rotrosen J, Wallach MB, Angrist B, Gershon S., (1972) Antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypy and emesis in dogs by thioridiazine, haloperidol and pimozide. Psychopharmacol (Berlin) 26:185–195
References
Clow A, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1979) Changes in dopamine-mediated behaviour during one year neuroleptic treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 57:365–375
Collins P, Broekkamp CLE, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1991) Drugs acting at D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors induce identical purposeless chewing in rats which can be differentiated by cholinergic manipulation. Psychopharmacology 103:503–512
Iversen SD, Howells RB, Hughes RP (1980) Behavioural consequences of long-term treatment with neuroleptic drugs. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 24:305–313
Rupniak NMJ, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1983) Cholinergic manipulation of perioral behaviour induced by chronic neuroleptic administration to rats. Psychopharmacology 79:226–230
Stewart BR, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1989) Assessment of the muscarinic receptor subtype involved in the mediation of pilocarpine-induced purposeless chewing behaviour. Psychopharmacology 97:228–234
Samini M, Yekta FS, Zarrindast MR (1995) Nicotine-induced purposeless chewing in rats: possible dopamine receptor mediation. J Psychopharmacol 9:16–19
Zarrindast MR, Moini-Zanjani T, Manaheji H, Fathi F (1992) Influence of dopamine receptors on chewing behaviour in rats. Gen Pharmacol 23:915–919
References
Bernardini GL, Gu X, Viscard E, German DC (1991) Amphetamine-induced and spontaneous release of dopamine from A9 and A10 cell dendrites: an in vitro electrophysiological study in the mouse. J Neural Transm 84:183–193
Bowery B, Rothwell LA, Seabrock GR (1994) Comparison between the pharmacology of dopamine receptors mediating the inhibition of cell firing in rat brain slices through the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Br J Pharmacol 112:873–880
Bunney BS, Grace AA (1978) Acute and chronic haloperidol treatment: comparison of effects on nigral dopaminergic cell activity. Life Sci 23:1715–1728
Cedarbaum JM, Aghajanian GK (1977) Catecholamine receptors on locus caeruleus neurons: pharmacological characterization. Eur J Pharmacol 44:375–385
Chiodo LA, Bunney BS (1983) Typical and atypical neuroleptics: differential effect of chronic administration on the activity of A9 and A10 midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 3:1607–1619
Marwaha J, Aghajanian GK (1982) Relative potencies of alpha-1 and alpha-2 antagonists in the locus caeruleus, dorsal raphe and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei: an electrophysiological study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222:287–293
Mooney RD, Bennett-Clarke C, Chiaia NL, Sahibzada N, Rhoades RW (1990) Organization and actions of the noradrenergic input to the hamster's superior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 292:214–230
Nybäck HV, Walters JR, Aghajanian GK, Roth RH (1975) Tricyclic antidepressants: effects on the firing rate of brain noradrenergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 32:302–312
Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 2nd ed, Academic Press, Sydney, Australia
Santucci V, Gueudet C, Steinberg R, Le Fur G, Soubrie P (1997) Involvement of cortical neurotensin in the regulation of rat mesocortico-limbic dopamine neurons: Evidence from changes in the number of spontaneously active A10 cells after neuro tensin receptor blockade. Synapse 26:370–380
Schmidt CJ, Black CK, Taylor VL, Fadayel GM, Humphreys TM, Nieduzak TR, Sorensen SM (1992) The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, MDL 28,133A, disrupts the serotoninergic-dopaminergic interaction mediating the neurochemical effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 220:151–159
Scuvée-Moreau JJ, Dreese AE (1979) Effect of various antide-pressant drugs on the spontaneous firing rate of locus caeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons of the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 57:219–225
Todorova A, Dimpfel W (1994) Multiunit activity from the A9 and A10 areas in rats following chronic treatment with different neuroleptic drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 4:491–501
White FJ, Wang RY (1983a) Comparison of the effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons in the rat. Life Sci 32:983–993
White FJ, Wang RY (1983b) Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons. Science 221:1054–1057
References
Armstrong-James M, Millar J (1979) Carbon fibre microelectrodes. J Neurosci Meth 1:279–287
Armstrong-James M, Millar J (1984) High-speed cyclic voltammetry and unit recording with carbon fibre microelectrodes. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 209–224
Blaha CD, Lane RF (1983) Chemically modified electrode for in vivo monitoring of brain catecholamines. Brain Res Bull 10:861–864
Blaha CD, Lane RF (1984) Direct in vivo electrochemical monitoring of dopamine release in response to neuroleptic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 98:113–117
Blaha CD, Lane RF (1987) Chronic treatment with classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs differentially decreases dopamine release in striatum and nucleus accumbens in vivo. Neurosci Lett 78:199–204
Buda M, Gonon FG (1987) Study of brain noradrenergic neurons by use of in vivo voltammetry. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 239–272
Cespuglio R, Faradji H, Hahn Z, Jouvet M (1984) Voltammetric detection of brain 5-hydroxyindolamines by means of electrochemically treated carbon fibre electrodes: chronic recordings for up to one month with movable cerebral electrodes in the sleeping or waking rat. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 173–191
Crespi F, Sharp T, Maidment NT, Marsden Ca (1984) Differential pulse voltammetry: simultaneous in vivo measurement of ascorbic acid, catechols and 5-hydroxyindoles in the rat striatum. Brain Res 322:135–138
de Simoni MG, de Luigi A, Imeri L, Algerin S (1990) Miniaturized optoelectronic system for telemetry of in vivo voltammetric signals. J Neurosci Meth 33:233–240
Frazer A, Daws LC (1998) Serotonin transporter function in vivo: Assessment by chronoamperometry. In: Martin GR, Eglen RM, Hoyer D, Hamblin MW, Yocca F (eds) Advances in Serotonin Research. Molecular Biology, Signal Transduction, and Therapeutics. Ann New York Acad Sci 861:217–229
Gonon F, Buda M, Oujol JF (1984) Treated carbon fibre electrodes for measuring catechols and ascorbic acid. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 153–171
Gonon FG (1987) In vivo electrochemical monitoring of dopamine release. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 163–183
Justice JB Jr. (1987) Introduction to in vivo voltammetry. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 3–102
Justice JB Jr., Michael AC (1987) Monitoring extracellular DOPAC following stimulated release of dopamine. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 185–208
Kawagoe KT, Zimmerman JB, Wightman RM (1993) Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states. J Neurosci Meth 48:225–240
Lane RF, Blaha CD (1986) Electrochemistry in vivo: Application to CNS pharmacology. Ann NY Acad Sci 473:50–69
Lane RF, Hubbard AT, Blaha CD (1979) Application of semi-differential electroanalysis to studies of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. J Electroanalyt Chem 95:117–122
Lane RF, Blaha CD, Hari SP (1987) Electrochemistry in vivo: monitoring dopamine release in the brain of the conscious, freely moving rat. Brain Res Bull 19:19–27
Lane RF, Blaha CD, Rivet JM (1988) Selective inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release following chronic administration of clozapine: Involvement of α1-noradrenegic receptors demonstrated by in vivo voltammetry. Brain Res 460:389–401
Maidment NT, Marsden CA (1985) In vivo voltammetric and behavioral evidence for somatodendritic autoreceptor control of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Brain Res 338:317–325
Maidment NT, Marsden CA (1987a) Acute administration of clozapine, thioridazine, and metoclopramide increases extracellular DOPAC and decreases extracellular 5-HIAA, measured in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat using in vivo voltammetry. Neuropharmacol 26:187–193
Maidment NT, Marsden CA (1987b) Repeated atypical neuroleptic administration: Effects on central dopamine metabolism monitored by in vivo voltammetry. Eur J Pharmacol 136:141–149
Marsden CA, Brazell MP, Maidment NT (1984) An introduction to in vivo electrochemistry. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 127–151
Marsden CA, Martin KF, Brazell MP, Maidment NT (1987) In vivo voltammetry: Application to the identification of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 209–237
Nagatsu T, Ikeda M, Fujita K, Shinzato M, Takahashi H, Adachi T (1987) Application of in vivo voltammetry to behavioral pharmacology. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 313–324
Parada MA, Puig de Parada M, Hoebel BG (1994) A new triple-channel swivel for fluid delivery in the range of intracranial (10 nl) and intravenous (100 µl) self-administration volumes and also suitable for microdialysis. J Neurosci Meth 54:1–8
Parada MA, Puig de Parada M, Hernandez L, Hoebel BG (1995) Triple electrical channels on a triple fluid swivel and its use to monitor intracranial temperature with a thermocouple. J Neurosci Meth 60:133–139
Plotsky PM (1987) Probing pathways of neuroendocrine regulation with voltammetric microelectrodes. In: J.B. Justice Jr. (ed) Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles, Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey, pp 273–309
Schenk JO, Adams RN (1984) Chronoamperometric measurements in the central nervous system. In: Marsden CA (ed) Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in vivo. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, New York, pp 193–208
Sharp T, Maidment NT, Brazell MP, Zetterström T, Ungerstedt U, Bennett GW, Marsden CA (1984) Changes in monoamine metabolites measured by simultaneous in vivo pulse voltammetry and intracerebral dialysis. Neuroscience 12:1213–1221
Stamford JA, Kruk ZL, Millar J (1988) Actions of dopamine antagonists on stimulated striatal and limbic dopamine release: an in vivo voltammetric study. Br J Pharmacol 94:924–932
Swiergiel AH, Palamarchouk VS, Dunn AJ (1997) A new design of carbon fiber microelectrode for in vivo voltammetry using fused silica. J Neurosci Meth 73:29–33
References
Blier P, de Montigny C (1994) Current advances and trends in the treatment of depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:220–226
Chen G (1964) Antidepressives, analeptics and appetite suppressants. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. pp 239–260. Academic Press, London and New York
Johnson RW, Reisine T, Spotnitz S, Weich N, Ursillo R, Yamamura HI (1980) Effects of desipramine and yohimbine on α2-and β-adrenoreceptor sensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 67:123–127
Kuhn R (1958) The treatment of depressive states with G22355 (imipramine hydrochloride) Am J Psychiatry 115:459–464
Panksepp J, Yates G, Ikemoto S, Nelson E (1991) Simple ethological models of depression: Social-isolation induced despair in chicks and mice. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 161–181
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Vetulani J, Stawarz RJ, Dingell JV, Sulser F (1976) A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 293:109–114
Willner P, Muscat R (1991) Animals models for investigating the symptoms of depression and the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 183–198
References
Coyle JT, Snyder SH (1969) Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes in homogenates of rat brain: Stereospecificity in different areas. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 170:221–231
Hertting G, Axelrod J (1961) Fate of tritiated noradrenaline at the sympathetic nerve endings. Nature 192:172–173
Iversen LL (1975) Uptake mechanisms for neurotransmitter amines. Biochem Pharmacol 23:1927–1935
Lippmann W, Pugsley TA (1977) Effects of 3,4-dihydro-1H-1,4-oxazino[4,3-a]indoles, potential antidepressants, on biogenic amine uptake mechanisms and related activities. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 227:324–342
Morin D, Zini R, Urien S, Tillement JP (1989) Pharmacological profile of Binedaline, a new antidepressant drug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249:288–296
Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG (1991) Expression cloning of a cocaine-and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature 350:350–354
Schloss P, Mayser W, Betz H (1992) Neurotransmitter transporters. A novel family of integral plasma membrane proteins. FEBS Lett 307:76–80
Snyder SH, Coyle JT (1969) Regional differences in H3-norepinephrine and H3-dopamine uptake into rat brain homogenates. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 165:78–86
Tehani-Butt SM (1992) [3H]Nisoxetine: a radioligand for quantitation of norepinephrine uptake sites by autoradiography or by homogenate binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:427–436
References
Altar CA, Marshall JF (1987) Neostriatal dopamine uptake and reversal of age-related movement disorders with dopamine-uptake inhibitors. Ann NY Acad Sci 515:343–353
Carroll FI, Gao Y, Abraham P, Lewin AH, Lew R, Patel A, Boja JW, Kuhar MJ (1992) Probes for the cocaine receptor. Potentially irreversible ligands for the dopamine transporter. J Med Chem 35:1814–1817
Cline EJ, Scheffel U, Boja JW, Carroll FI, Katz JL, Kuhar MJ (1992) Behavioral effects of novel cocaine analogs: a comparison with in vivo receptor binding potency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1174–1179
Cooper BR; Hester TJ, Maxwell RA (1980) Behavioral and biochemical effects of the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin): Evidence of selective blockade of dopamine uptake in vivo. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 215:127–134
Elsworth JD, Taylor JR, Berger P, Roth RH (1993) Cocaine-sensitive and-insensitive dopamine uptake in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum. Neurochem Int 23:61–69
Giros B, El Mestikawi S, Bertrand L, Caron MG (1991) Cloning and functional characterization of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter. FEBS Lett 295:149–153
Giros B, El Mestikawi S, Godinot N, Zheng K, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Caron MG (1992) Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 42:383–390
Heikkila RE, Orlansky H, Cohen G (1975) Studies on the distinction between uptake inhibition and release of [3H]dopamine in rat brain slices. Biochem Pharmacol 24:847–852
Horn AS, Coyle JT, Snyder SH (1970) Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes from rat brain: Structure-activity relationships of drugs with different effects on dopamine and norepinephrine neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 7:66–80
Hunt P, Raynaud J-P, Leven M, Schacht U (1979) Dopamine uptake inhibitors and releasing agents differentiated by the use of synaptosomes and field-stimulated brain slices in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 28:2011–2016
Kilty JE, Lorang D, Amara SG (1991) Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter. Science 254:578–579
Laruelle M, Baldwin RM, Malison RT, Zea-Ponce Y, Zoghbi SS, Al-Tikriti MS, Sybirska EH, Zimmermann RC, Wisniewski G, Neumeyer JL, Milius RA, Wang S, Smith EO, Roth RH, Charney DS, Hoffer PB, Innis RB (1993) SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]β-CIT: Pharmacological characterization of brain uptake in nonhuman primates. Synapse 13:295–309
Madras BK, Spealman RD, Fahey MA, Neumeyer JL, Saha JK, Milius RA (1989) Cocaine receptors labeled by [3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane. Mol Pharmacol 36:518–524
Michel MC, Rother A, Hiemke Ch, Ghraf R (1987) Inhibition of synaptosomal high-affinity uptake of dopamine and serotonin by estrogen agonists and antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 36:3175–3180
Nakachi N, Kiuchi Y, Inagaki M, Inazu M, Yamazaki Y, Oguchi K (1995) Effects of various dopamine uptake inhibitors on striatal extracellular dopamine levels and behaviours in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 281:195–203
Reith MEA, de Costa B, Rice KC, Jacobson AE (1992) Evidence for mutually exclusive binding of cocaine, BTCP, GBR 12935, and dopamine to the dopamine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 227:417–425
Richfield AK (1991) Quantitative autoradiography of the dopamine uptake complex in rats brain using [3H]GBR 12935-binding characteristics. Brain Res 540:1–13
Rothman RB, Grieg N, Kim A, de Costa BR, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Pert A (1992) Cocaine and GBR 12909 produce equivalent motoric responses at different occupancy of the dopamine transporter. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43:1135–1142
Saijoh K, Fujiwara H, Tanaka C (1985) Influence of hypoxia on release and uptake of neurotransmitters in guinea pig striatal slices: dopamine and acetylcholine. Japan J Pharmacol 39:529–539
Shimada S, Kitayama S, Lin CL, Patel A, Nanthakumar E, Gregor P, Kuhar M, Uhl G (1991) Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA. Science 254:576–578
Snyder SH, Coyle JT (1969) Regional differences in H3-norepinephrine and H3-dopamine uptake into rat brain homogenates. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 165:78–86
Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J (1974) Dopamine uptake in striatal and hypothalamic synaptosomes: conformational selectivity of the inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 25:351–361
Usdin RB, Mezey E, Chen C, Brownstein MJ, Hoffman BJ (1991) Cloning of the cocaine-sensitive bovine dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:11168–11171
References
Åsberg M, Mårtensson B (1993) Serotonin selective antidepressant drugs: Past, present, future. Clin Neuropharmacol 16 (Suppl 3):S32–S44
Åsberg M, Thoren P, Traskman L, Bertillson L, Ringberger V (1975) “Serotonin depression” — A biochemical subgroup within the affective disorders. Science 191:478–480
Biegon A, Mathis C (1993) Evaluation of [3H]paroxetine as an in vivo ligand for serotonin uptake sites: a quantitative autoradiographic study in the rat brain. Synapse 13:1–9
Blakely RD, Berson HE, Fremeau RT, Caron MG, Peek MM, Prince HK, Bradley CC (1991) Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 354:66–70
Blier P, de Montigny C (1997) Current psychiatric uses of drugs acting on the serotonin system. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 727–750
de Montigy C (1980) Enhancement of 5-HT neurotransmission by antidepressant treatment. J Physiol (Paris) 77:455–461
Fuller RW (1990) Drugs affecting serotonin neurones. Progr Drug Res 35:85–108
Fuller RW (1993) Biogenic amine transporters Neurotransmissions 9/2:1–4
Fuller RW, Wong DT (1990) Serotonin uptake and serotonin uptake inhibition. Ann NY Acad Sci 600:68–80
Gershon MD, Miller Jonakait G (1979) Uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by enteric 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons: Effects of fluoxetine (Lilly 110140) and chlorimipramine. Br J Pharmacol 66:7–9
Grimsley SR, Jahn MW (1992) Paroxetine, sertaline, and fluvoxamine: new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharm 11:930–957
Hallstrom COS, Rees WL, Pare CMB, Trenchard A, Turner P (1976) Platelet uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in depression. Postgrad Med J 52 (Suppl 3):40–44
Hoffman BJ Mezey E, Brownstein MJ (1991) Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants. Science 254:579–580
Horn AS (1973) Structure-activity relations for the inhibition of 5-HT uptake into rat hypothalamic homogenates by serotonin and tryptamine analogues, J Neurochem 21:883–888
Horn AS, Trace RCAM (1974) Structure-activity relations for the inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by tricyclic antidepressants into synaptosomes from serotoninergic neurons in rat brain homogenates. Br J Pharmacol 51:399–403
Hyttel J (1994) Pharmacological characterization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Intern Clin Psychopharmacol 9 (Suppl 1):19–26
Hyttel J, Larsen JJ (1985) Serotonin-selective antidepressants. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 56 (Suppl 1):146–153
Keane PE, Soubrié P (1997) Animal models of integrated serotoninergic functions: their predictive value for the clinical applicability of drugs interfering with serotoninergic transmission. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 129, Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT receptors in the CNS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 709–725
Koe BK, Weissman A, Welch WM, Browne RG (1983) Sertaline, 1S,4S-N-methyl-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine, a new uptake inhibitor with selectivity for serotonin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 226:686–700
Langer SZ, Moret C, Raisman R, Dubocovich ML, Briley M (1980) High-affinity [3H]imipramine binding in rat hypothalamus: association with uptake of serotonin but not of epinephrine. Science 210:1133–1135
Luo H, Richardson JS (1993) A pharmacological comparison of citalopram, a bicyclic serotonin selective uptake inhibitor, with traditional tricyclic antidepressants. Intern Clin Psychopharmacol 8:3–12
Marcusson JO, Norinder U, Högberg T, Ross SB (1992) Inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding by various serotonin uptake inhibitors: Eur J Pharmacol 215:191–198
Mennini T, Mocaer E, Garattini S (1987) Tianeptine, a selective enhancer of serotonin uptake in rat brain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 336:478–482
Ögren SO, Ross SB, Holm AC, Renyi AL (1981) The pharmacology of zimelidine: a 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitor. Acta Psychiat Scand 290:127–151
Ross SB (1980) Neuronal transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Pharmacol 21:123–131
Scatton B, Claustre Y, Graham D, Dennis T, Serrano A, Arbilla S, Pimoule C, Schoemaker H, Bigg D, Langer SZ (1988) SL 81.0385: a novel selective and potent serotonin uptake inhibitor. Drug Dev Res 12:29–40
Shank RP, Vaught JL, Pelley A, Setler PE, McComsey DF, Maryanoff BE (1988) McN-5652: a highly potent inhibitor of serotonin uptake. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:1032–1038
Shaskan EG, Snyder SH (1970) Kinetics of serotonin accumulation into slices from rat brain: relationship to catecholamine uptake. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 175:404–418
Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Reid LR, Mayle DA, Krushiski JH, Robertson DW (1993) Norfluoxetine enantiomers as inhibitors of serotonin uptake in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacol 8:337–344
References
Fleckenstein AE, Haughey HM, Metzger RR, Kokoshka JM, Riddle EL, Hanson JE, Gibb JW, Hanson GR (1999) Differential effects of psychostimulants and related agents on dopaminergic and serotonergic transporter function. Eur J Pharmacol 382:45–49
Gu H, Wall SC, Rudnick G (1994) Stable expression of biogenic amine transporters reveals differences in inhibitor sensitivity, kinetics and ion dependence. J Biol Chem 269:7124–7130
Inazu M, Kubota N, Takeda H, Zhang J, Kiuchi Y, Oguchi K, Matsumiya T (1999) Pharmacological characterization of dopamine transport in cultured rat astrocytes. Life Sci 664:2239–2245
Jayanthi LD, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Mahesh VB, Leibach FH, Ganapahy V (1993) Sodium-and chloride-dependent, cocaine-sensitive, high-affinity binding of nisoxetine to the human placenta norepinephrine transporter. Biochemistry 32:12178–12185
Leonard BE (2000) Evidence for a biochemical lesion in depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61, Suppl 6:12–17
Madras BK, Pristupa ZB, Nizmik HB, Liang AY, Blundell P, Gonzalez MD, Meltzer PC (1996) Nitrogen-based drugs are not essential for blockade of monoamine transporters. Synapse 24:340–348
Meltzer PC, Liang AY, Blundell P, Gonzalez MD, Chen Z, George C, Madras BK (1997) 2-carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes: potent non-nitrogen inhibitors of monoamine transporters. J Med Chem 40:2661–2673
Munson PJ, Rodbard D (1980) LIGAND: A versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand-binding systems. Analyt Biochem 107:220–239
Murphy DL, Wichems C, Li Q, Heils A (1999) Molecular manipulations as tools for enhancing our understanding of 5-HT neurotransmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:246–252
Nelson N (1998) The family of Na+/Cl− neurotransmitter transporters. J Neurochem 71:1785–1803
O'Riordan C, Phillips OM, Williams DC (1990) Two affinity states for [3H]imipramine binding to the human platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine carrier: an explanation for the allosteric interaction between hydroxytryptamine and imipramine. J Neurochem 54:1275–1280
Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ, Nemeroff CB (1997) Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1305–1322
Pfenning MA, Richelson E (1990) Methods for studying receptors with cultured cells of nervous tissue origin. In: Yamamura HI, Enna SJ, Kuhar MJ (eds) Methods in Neurotransmitter Receptor Analysis. Raven Press, New York, pp 147–175
Pristupa ZB, Wilson JM, Hoffman BJ, Kish SJ, Niznik HB (1994) Pharmacological heterogeneity of the cloned an native human dopamine transporter: dissociation of [3H]WIN 35,428 and [3H]GBR 12,935 binding. Mol Pharmacol 45:125–135
Sato T, Kitayama S, Mitsuhata C, Ikeda T, Morita K, Dohi T (2000) Selective inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter transporters by synthetic local anesthetics. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 361:214–220
Siebert GA, Pond SM, Bryan-Lluka LJ (2000) Further characterisation of the interaction of haloperidol metabolites with neurotransmitter transporters in rat neuronal cultures and in transfected COS-7 cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 361:255–264
Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (1997) Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 340:249–258
Tatsumi M, Jansen K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (1999) Pharmacological profile of neuroleptics at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 368:277–283
References
Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, Perry KW, Bymaster FP, Wong DT (1978) Importance of duration of drug action in the antagonism of p-chloroamphetamine depletion of brain serotonin — Comparison of fluoxetine and chlorimipramine. Biochem Pharmacol 27:193–198
Harvey JA, McMaster SE, Yunger LM (1975) p-Chloramphetamine: Selective neurotoxic action in brain. Science 187:841–843
Meek JL, Fuxe K, Carlsson A (1971) Blockade of p-chloromethamphetamine induced 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion by chlorimipramine, chlorpheniramine and meperidine. Biochem Pharmacol 20:707–709
Sekerke HJ, Smith HE, Bushing JA, Sanders-Busch E (1975) Correlation between brain levels and biochemical effects of the optical isomers of p-chloroamphetamine. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 193:835–844
Squires R (1972) Antagonism of p-chloramphetamine (PCA) induced depletion of 5-HT from rat brain by some thymoleptics and other psychotropic drugs. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 31:35
References
Banerjee SP, Kung SL, Riggi SJ, Chanda SK (1977) Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature 268:455–456
Bergstrom DA, Kellar KJ (1979) Adrenergic and serotoninergic receptor binding in rat brain after chronic desmethylimipramine treatment. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 209:256–261
Blackshear MA, Sanders-Bush E (1982) Serotonin receptor sensitivity after acute and chronic treatment with mianserin. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 221:303–308
Bucket WR, Thomas PC, Luscombe GP (1988) The pharmacology of sibutramine hydrochloride (BTS 54524), a new antidepressant which induces rapid noradrenergic down-regulation. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12:575–584
Bylund DB, Snyder SH (1976) Beta adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain. Mol Pharmacol 12:568–580
Charney DS, Menkes DB, Heninger GR (1981) Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:1160–1180
Clements-Jewery S (1978) The development of cortical β-adrenoreceptor subsensitivity in the rat by chronic treatment with trazodone, doxepin and mianserin. Neuropharmacol 17:779–781
Enna SJ, Mann E, Kedall D, Stancel GM (1981) Effect of chronic antidepressant administration on brain neurotransmitter receptor binding. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives. pp 91–105, Raven Press New York
Lee T, Tang SW (1984) Loxapine and clozapine decrease serotonin (S2) but do not elevate dopamine (D2) receptor numbers in the rat brain. Psychiatry Res 12:277–285
Leysen JE, Niemegeers CJE, Van Nueten JM, Laduron PM (1982) [3H]Ketanserin (R 41 468) a selective 3H-ligand for serotonin2 receptor binding sites. Mol Pharmacol 21:301–214
Maggi A, U'Prichard DC, Enna SJ (1980) Differential effects of antidepressant treatment on brain monoaminergic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 61:91–98
Matsubara R, Matsubara S, Koyama T, Muraki A, Yamashita I (1993) Effect of chronic treatment with milnacipran (TN-912), a novel antidepressant, on β-adrenergic-receptor-adenylate cyclase system and serotonin2 receptor in the rat cerebral cortex. Jpn J Neuropsychopharmacol 15:119–126
Meyerson LR, Ong HH, Martin LL, Ellis DB (1980) Effect of antidepressant agents on β-adrenergic receptor and neurotransmitter regulatory systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 12:943–948
Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH (1980) Regulation of serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptors labeled with [3H]spiroperidol by chronic treatment with the antidepressant amitriptyline. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 215:582–587
Reynolds CP, Garrett NJ, Rupniak N, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1983) Chronic clozapine treatment of rats down-regulates 5-HT2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 89:325–326
Savage DD, Frazer A, Mendels J (1979) Differential effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and serotonin reuptake inhibitors on 3H-serotonin receptor binding in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 58:87–88
Scatchard G (1949) The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions. Ann NY Acad Sci 51:660–672
Schmidt CJ, Black CK, Taylor VL, Fadayel GM, Humphreys TM, Nieduzak TR, Sorensen SM (1992) The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, MDL 28,133A, disrupts the serotonergic-dopaminergic interaction mediating the neurochemical effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 220:151–159
Scott JA, Crews FT (1983) Rapid decrease in rat brain beta adrenergic receptor binding during combined antidepressant alpha-2 antagonist treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:640–646
Segawa T, Mizuta T, Nomura Y (1979) Modifications of central 5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites in synaptic membranes from rat brain after long-term administration of tricyclic anti-depressants. Eur J Pharmacol 58:75–83
Sellinger-Barnette MM, Mendels J, Frazer A (1980) The effect of psychoactive drugs on beta-adrenergic receptor binding in rat brain. Neuropharmacol 19:447–454
Vetulani J, Stawarz RJ, Dingell JV, Sulser F (1976) A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 293:109–114
Wilmot CA, Szczepanik AM (1989) Effects of acute and chronic treatment with clozapine and haloperidol on serotonin (5-HT2) and dopamine (D2) receptors in the rat brain. Brain Res 487:288–298
References
Banerjee SP, Kung SL, Riggi SJ, Chanda SK (1977) Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature 268:455–456
Clements-Jewery S (1978) The development of cortical β-adrenoreceptor subsensitivity in the rat by chronic treatment with trazodone, doxepin and mianserin. Neuropharmacol 17:779–781
Heal D, Cheetham SH, Martin K, Browning J, Luscombe G, Buckett R (1992) Comparative pharmacology of dothiepin, its metabolites, and other antidepressant drugs. Drug Dev Res 27:121–135
Lefkowitz RJ, Stadel JM, Caron MG (1983) Adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors. Structure and mechanisms of activation and desensitization. Ann Rev Biochem 52:159–186
Maggi A, U'Prichard DC, Enna SJ (1980) Differential effects of antidepressant treatment on brain monoaminergic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 61:91–98
Meyerson LR, Ong HH, Martin LL, Ellis DB (1980) Effect of antidepressant agents on β-adrenergic receptor and neurotransmitter regulatory systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 12:943–948
Salomon Y (1979) Adenylate cyclase assay. In: Brooker G, Greengard P, Robinson GA (eds) Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research. Raven Press, New York, Vol 10, pp 35–55
Sulser F (1978) Functional aspects of the norepinephrine receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in the limbic forebrain and its modification by drugs which precipitate or alleviate depression: molecular approaches to an understanding of affective disorders. Pharmacopsychiat 11:43–52
Vetulani J, Stawarz RJ, Dingell JV, Sulser F (1976) A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 293:109–114
Wolfe BB, Harden TK, Sporn JR, Molinoff PB (1978) Presynaptic modulation of beta adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex after treatment with antidepressants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207:446–457
References
Johnson RW, Reisine T, Spotnitz S, Weich N, Ursillo R, Yamamura HI (1980) Effects of desipramine and yohimbine on α2-and β-adrenoreceptor sensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 67:123–127
Scott JA, Crews FT (1983) Rapid decrease in rat brain beta-adrenergic receptor binding during combined antidepressant-alpha-2 antagonist treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:640–646
Starke K, Borowski E, Endo T (1975) Preferential blockade of presynaptic α-adrenoceptors by yohimbine. Eur J Pharmacol 34:385–388
References
Hollister LE (1964) Complications from psychotherapeutic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 5:322–333
Marks MJ, Romm E, Collins AC (1987) Genetic influences on tolerance development with chronic oxotremorine infusion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:723–732
Meyerhöffer A (1972) Absolute configuration of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and the behavioral effect in the dog of the optical isomers. J Med Chem. 15:994–995
Smith CP, Huger FP (1983) Effects of zinc on [3H]-QNB displacement by cholinergic agonists and antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 32:377–380
Snyder SH, Greenberg D, Yamamura HI (1974) Antischizophrenic drugs and brain cholinergic receptors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:58–61
Snyder SH, Yamamura HI (1977) Antidepressants and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:236–239
Wamsley JK, Gehlert DL, Roeske WR, Yamamura HI (1984) Muscarinic antagonist binding site as evidenced by autoradiography after direct labeling with [3H]-QNB and [3H]-pirenzepine. Life Sci 34:1395–1402
Yamamura HI, Snyder SH (1974) Muscarinic cholinergic binding in rat brain (quinuclidinyl benzilate/receptors). Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 71:1725–1729
References
Callingham BA (1989) Biochemical aspects of the pharmacology of moclobemide. The implications of animal studies. Br J Psychiatry 155 (Suppl 6):53–60
Cesura AM, Pletscher A (1992) The new generation of monoamine oxydase inhibitors. Progr Drug Res 38:171–297
Colzi A, d'Agostini F, Cesura AM, Da Prada M (1992) Brain microdialysis in rats: a technique to reveal competition between endogenous dopamine and moclobemide, a RIMA antidepressant. Psychopharmacology 106:S17–S20
Frankhauser C, Charieras T, Caille D, Rovei V (1994) Interaction of MAO inhibitors and dietary tyramine: a new experimental model in the conscious rat. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:219–224
Haefeli W, Burkard WP, Cesura AM, Kettler R, Lorez HP, Martin JR, Richards JG, Scherschlicht R, Da Prada M (1992) Biochemistry and pharmacology of moclobemide, a prototype RIMA. Psychopharmacol 106:S6–S14
Johnston JP (1968) Some observations upon a new inhibitor of monoamine oxidase in brain tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 17:1285–1297
Kettler R, Da Prada M, Burkard WP (1990) Comparison of monoamine oxydase-A inhibition by moclobemide in vitro and ex vivo in rats. Acta Psychiat Scand Suppl 82:101–102
Knoll J (1980) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Chemistry and pharmacology. In: Sandler M (ed) Enzyme inhibitors as drugs. pp 151–173. University Park Press
Ozaki M, Weissbach H, Ozaki A, Witkop B, Udenfriend S (1960) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and procedures for their evaluation in vivo and in vitro. J Med Pharmac Chem 2:591–607
Rowler CJ, Ross SB (1984) Selective inhibitors of monoamine oxydase A and B: biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical parameters. Med Res Rev 4:323–358
Waldmeier PC (1993) Newer aspects of the reversible inhibitor of MAO-A and serotonin reuptake, Brofaromine. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 17:183–198
Waldmeier PC, Stöcklin K (1990) Binding of [3H]brofaromine to monoamine oxydase A in vivo: displacement by clorgyline and moclobemide. Eur J Pharmacol 180:297–304
White HL, Scates PW (1992) Mechanism of monoamine oxydase inhibition by BW 137U87. Drug Dev Res 25:185–193
Wurtman RJ, Axelrod J (1963) A sensitive and specific assay for the estimation of monoamine oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 12:1439–1441
References
Czermak J (1873) Beobachtungen und Versuche über “hypnotische” Zustände bei Thieren. Pflüger's Arch ges Physiol 7:107–121
Danilewski B (1881) Über die Hemmungen der Reflex-und Willkürbewegungen. Beiträge zur Lehre vom thierischen Hypnotismus. Pflüger's Arch ges Physiol 24:489–525
Heubel E (1877) Über die Abhängigkeit des wachen Gehirnzustandes von äusseren Erregungen. Ein Beitrag zur Physiologie des Schlafes und zur Würdigung des Kircher'schen Experimentum mirabile. Pflüger's Arch ges Physiol 14:158–210
Kircher A (1646) Experimentum mirabile. De imaginatione gallinae. In: “Ars magna lucis et umbrae” Romae, Lib. II, pars I, 154
Schwenter D (1636) Deliciae physico-mathematicae oder Mathematische und Philosophische Erquickstunden. Nürnberg
Verworn M (1898) Beitraege zur Physiologie des Centralnerven-systems. Erster Theil. Die sogenannte Hypnose der Thiere. G Fischer Jena, pp 92
Vogel G, Ther L (1963) Zur Wirkung der optischen Isomeren von Aethyltryptamin-acetat auf die Lagekatalepsie des Huhnes und auf die Motilitaet der Maus. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 13:779–783
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Borsini F, Meli A. (1988) Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology 94:147–160
Buckett WR, Fletcher J, Hopcroft RH, Thomas PC (1982) Automated apparatus for behavioural testing of typical and atypical antidepressants in mice. Br J Pharmacol 75: 170 P
Cervo L, Samanin R (1987) Potential antidepressant properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, a selective serotonin1A agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 144:223–229
Giardina WJ, Ebert DM (1989) Positive effects of captopril in the behavioral despair swim test. Biol Psychiatry 25:697–702
Hata T, Itoh E, Nishikawa H (1995) Behavioral characteristics of SART-stressed mice in the forced swim test and drug action. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51:849–853
Kauppila T, Tanila H, Carlson S, Taira T (1991) Effects of atipamezole, a novel α2-adreno-receptor antagonist, in open-field, plus-maze, two compartment exploratory, and forced swimming tests in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 205:177–182
Naitoh H, Yamaoka K, Nomura S (1992) Behavioral assessment of antidepressants. 1. The forced swimming test: A review of its theory and practical application. Jpn J Psychopharmacol 12:105–111
Nishimura H, Tsuda A, Ida Y, Tanaka M (1988) The modified forced-swim test in rats: Influence of rope-or straw-suspension on climbing behavior. Physiol Behav 43:665–668
Nishimura H, Ida Y, Tsuda A, Tanaka M (1989) Opposite effects of diazepam and β-CCE on immobility and straw-climbing behavior of rats in a modified forced-swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:227–231
Nishimura H, Tanaka M, Tsuda A, Gondoh Y (1993) Atypical anxiolytic profile of buspirone and a related drug, SM-3997, in a modified forced swim test employing straw suspension. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:647–651
Nomura S, Shimizu J, Kinjo M, Kametani H, Nakazawa T (1982) A new behavioral test for antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 83:171–175
Porsolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M (1978) Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressive treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47:379–391
Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M (1977a) Behavioural despair in mice: A primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 229:327–336
Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M (1977b) Depression: A new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730–732
Porsolt RD, Martin P, Lenègre, Fromage S, Drieu K. (1990) Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EBG 761) on “learned helplessness” and other models of stress in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:963–971
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
van der Heyden JAM, Olivier B, Zethof TJJ (1991) The behavioral despair model as a prediction of antidepressant activity: effects of serotonergic drugs. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 211–215
Wallach MB, Hedley LR (1979) The effects of antihistamines in a modified behavioral despair test. Communic Psychopharmacol 3:35–39
References
Chermat R, Thierry B, Mico JA, Stéru L, Simon P (1986) Adaptation of the tail suspension test to the rat. J Pharmacol (Paris) 17:348–350
Porsolt RD, Charmat R, Lenègre A, Avril I, Janvier S, Stéru L (1987) Use of the automated tail suspension test for the primary screening of psychotropic agents. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 288:11–30
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simon P (1985) Tail suspension test: A new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology 85:367–370
Stéru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Mico JA, Lenègre A, Stéru M, Simon P (1987) The automated tail suspension test: a computerized device which differentiates psychotropic drugs. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 11:659–671
Trullas R, Jackson B, Skolnick P (1989) Genetic differences in a tail suspension test for evaluating antidepressant activity. Psychopharmacology 99:287–288
van der Heyden J, Molewijk E, Olivier B (1987) Strain differences in response to drugs in the tail suspension test for antidepressant activity. Psychopharmacology 92:127–130
References
Christensen AV, Geoffroy M (1991) The effect of different serotonergic drugs in the learned helplessness model of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 205–209
Curzon G, Kennett GA, Sarna GS, Whitton PS (1992) The effects of tianeptine and other antidepressants on a rat model of depression. Br J Psychiatry 160 (Suppl 15):51–55
Giral P, Martin P, Soubrie P, Simon P (1988) Reversal of helpless behavior in rats by putative 5-HT1A agonists. Biol Psychiat 23:237–242
Maier SF, Seligman MEP (1976) Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol 105:3–46
Martin P, Soubrié P, Simon P (1986) Noradrenergic and opioid mediation of tricyclic-induced reversal of escape deficits caused by inescapable shock pretreatment in rats. Psychopharmacol 90:90–94
Overmier JB, Seligman MEP (1967) Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. J comp Physiol Psychol 63:28–33
Porsolt RD, Martin P, Lenègre A, Fromage S, Drieu K (1990) Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761) on “learned helplessness” and other models of stress in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36:963–971
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Sherman AD, Allers GL, Petty F, Henn FA (1979) A neuropharmacologically-relevant animal model of depression. Neuropharmacol 18:891–893
Simiand J, Keane PE, Guitard J, Langlois X, Gonalons N, Martin P, Bianchetti A, LeFur G, Soubrie P (1992) Antidepressive profile in rodents of SR 5811A, a new selective agonist for atypical ß-adrenoreceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 219:193–201
Tejedor del Real P, Gilbert-Rahola J, Leonsegui I, Micó JA (1991) Relationship between emotivity level and susceptibility to the learned helplessness model of depression in the rat. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 217–224
Vaccheri A, Dall'Olio R, Gaggi R, Gandolfi O, Montanaro N (1984) Antidepressant versus neuroleptic activities of sulpiride isomers on four animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology 83:28–33
References
Barnett A, Taber RI, Roth FE (1969) Activity of antihistamines in laboratory antidepressant tests. Int J Neuropharmacol 8:73–79
Horovitz ZP, Ragozzino PW, Leaf RC. (1965) Selective block of rat mouse-killing by anti-depressants. Life Sci 4:1909–1912
Horovitz ZP, Piala JJ, High JP, Burke JC, Leaf RC (1966) Effects of drugs on the mouse-killing (muricide) test and its relationship to amygdaloid functions. Int J Neuropharmacol 5:405–411
Karli P (1956) The Norway rats's killing response to the white mouse: an experimental analysis. Behavior 10:81–103
Karli P, Vergnes M, Didiergeorges F (1969) Rat-mouse interspecific aggressive behaviour and its manipulation by brain ablation and by brain stimulation. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 47–55
Kreiskott H (1969) Some comments on the killing response behaviour of the rat. In: Garattini S, Sigg EB (eds) Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp 56–58
Kulkarni AS (1068) Muricidal block produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and various drugs. Life Sci 7:125–128
McCarthy D (1966) Mouse-killing induced in rats treated with pilocarpine. Fed Proc 25:385, Abstract
McMillen BA, Chamberlain JK, DaVanzo JP (1988) Effects of housing and muricidal behavior on serotonergic receptors and interactions with novel anxiolytic drugs. J Neural Transm 71:123–132
Molina V, Ciesielski L, Gobaille S, Isel F, Mandel P (1985) Inhibition of mouse killing behavior by serotonin-mimetic drugs: effects of partial alterations of serotonin neurotransmission. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:123–131
Sofia RD (1969a) Effects of centrally active drugs on experimentally-induced aggression in rodents. Life Sci 8:705–716
Sofia RD (1969b) Structural relationship and potency of agents which selectively block mouse-killing (muricide) behavior in rats. Life Sci:1101–1210
Vergnes M, Kempf E (1982) Effect of hypothalamic injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on elicitation of mouse-killing in rats. Behav Brain Res 5:387–397
Vogel JR (1975) Antidepressant and mouse-killing (muricide) behavior. In: Fielding S, Lal H (eds) Industrial Pharmacology. Vol II: Antidepressants. Futura Publ Comp., pp 99–112
Vogel JR, Leaf RC (1972) Initiation of mouse-killing in non-killer rats by repeated pilocarpine treatment. Physiol Behav 8:421–424
Wnek DJ, Leaf RC (1973) Effects of cholinergic drugs on prey-killing in rodents. Physiol Behav 10:1107–1113
References
Bonilla-Jaime H, Retana-Marquez S, Velasquez-Moctezuma J (1998) Pharmacological features of masculine sexual behavior in an animal model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 60:39–45
Drago F, Continella G, Alloro MC, Scapagnini U (1985) Behavioral effects of perinatal administration of antidepressant drugs in the rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7:493–497
Dwyer SM, Rosenwasser AM (1998) Neonatal clomipramine treatment, alcohol intake and circadian rhythms in rats. Psychopharmacology 138:176–183
Feenstra MGP, van Galen H, Te Riele PJM, Botterblom MHA, Mirmiran M (1996) Decreased hypothalamic serotonin levels in adult rats treated neonatally with clomipramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55:647–652
Frank MG, Heller HC (1997) Neonatal treatments with the serotonin uptake inhibitors clomipramine and zimelidine, but not the noradrenaline uptake inhibitor desipramine, disrupt sleep pattern in rats. Brain Res 768:287–293
Hansen HH, Mikkelsen JD (1998) Long-term effects on serotonin transporter mRNA expression of chronic neonatal exposure to a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 253:307–315
Hansen HH, Sanchez C, Meier E (1997) Neonatal administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Lu 10-134-C increases forced swimming-induced immobility in adult rats. A putative animal model of depression? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:133–1341
Hartley P, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D, Vogel G (1990) Procedure-and age-dependent hyperactivity in a new animal model of endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:69–72
Kinney GG, Vogel GW, Feng P (1997) Decreased dorsal raphe nucleus neuronal activity in adult chloral hydrate anesthetized rats following neonatal clomipramine treatment: Implications for endogenous depression. Brain Res 756:68–75
Maudhuit C, Hamon M, Adrien J (1995) Electrophysiological activity of raphe dorsalis serotoninergic neurones in a possible model of endogenous depression. NeuroReport 6:681–684
Maudhuit C, Hamon M, Adrien J (1996) Effects of chronic treatment with zimelidine and REM sleep deprivation on the regulation of raphe neuronal activity in a rat model of depression. Psychopharmacology 124:267–274
Mirmiran M, van de Poll NE, Corner MA, van Oyen HG, Bour HL (1981) Suppression of active sleep by chronic treatment with chlorimipramine during early postnatal development: effects upon adult sleep and behavior in rats. Brain Res 204:129–146
Neill D, Vogel G, Hagler M, Kors D, Hennessy A (1990) Diminished sexual activity in a new animal model of endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:73–76
Prathiba J, Kumar KB, Karanth KS (1995) Effects of neonatal clomipramine on cholinergic receptor sensitivity and passive avoidance behavior in adult rats. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 100:93–99
Prathiba J, Kumar KB, Karanth KS (1997) Fear-potentiated post-startle activity in neonatal clomipramine treated rats. Indian J Pharmacol 29:201–203
Prathiba J, Kumar KB, Karanth KS (1998) Hyperactivity of hypothalamic pituitary axis in neonatal clomipramine model of depression. J Neural Transm 105:1335–1339
Prathiba J, Kumar KB, Karanth KS (1999) Effects of chronic administration of imipramine on the hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neonatal clomipramine treated rats. Indian J Pharmacol 31:225–228
Rodriguez-Echandia EL, Broitman ST (1983) Effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to therapeutic doses of chlorimipramine to emotionality in the rat. Psychopharmacology, Berlin 79:236–241
Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Diaz-Ruiz O (1992) Neonatal treatment with clomipramine increased immobility in the forced swim test: An attribute of animal models of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 42:737–739
Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Aguillar-Garcia A, Diaz-Ruiz O (1993) Behavioral effects of neonatal treatment of clomipramine, scopolamine, and idazoxan in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:215–217
Vogel G, Hagler M (1996) Effects of neonatally administered iprindole on adult behaviors of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55:157–161
Vogel G, Hartley P, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D (1988) Animal depression model by neonatal clomipramine: Reduction of shock induced aggression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31:103–106
Vogel G, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D (1990a) A new animal model of endogenous depression: A summary of present findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:85–91
Vogel G, Neill D, Kors D, Hagler M (1990b) REM sleep abnormalities in a new model of endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:77–83
Vogel GW, Buffenstein A, Minter K, Hennessey A (1990c) Drug effects on REM sleep and on endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:49–63
Vogel G, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D, Hartley P (1990d) Decreased intracranial self-stimulation in a new animal model of endogenous depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:65–68
Vogel G, Hagler M, Hennessey A, Richard C (1996) Dose-dependent decrements in adult male sexual behavior after neonatal clomipramine treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:605–609
Yavari P, Vogel GW, Neill DB (1993) Decreased raphe unit activity in a rat model of endogenous depression. Brain Res 611:31–36
References
Andrews JS, Jansen JHM, Linders S, Princen A, Drinkenburg WHIM, Coenders CJH, Vossen JHM (1994) Effects of imipramine and mirtazipine on operant performance in rats. Drug Dev Res 32:58–66
Marek GJ, Seiden LS (1988) Effects of selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 and nonselective 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second schedule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:650–558
Marek GJ, Li AA, Seiden LS (1989) Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine2 antagonists have antidepressant-like effects on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72 second schedule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 250:52–59
McGuire PS, Seiden LS (1980) The effects of tricyclic antidepressants on performance under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates schedule in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214:635–641
O'Donnell JM, Seiden LS (1983) Differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second schedule: selective effects of antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:80–88
Pollard GT, Howard JL (1986) Similar effects of antidepressant and non-antidepressant drugs on behavior under an interresponse-time > 72-s schedule. Psychopharmacology 89:253–258
van Hest A, van Drimmelen M, Olivier B (1992) Flesinoxan shows antidepressant activity in a DRL 72-s screen. Psychopharmacology 107:474–479
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Sigg EB (1959) Pharmacological studies with Tofranil. Can Psych Assoc J 4:S75–S85
References
De Feo G, Lisciani R, Pavan L, Samarelli M, Valeri P (1983) Possible dopaminergic involvement in biting compulsion induced by large doses of clonidine. Pharmacol Res Commun 15:613–619
Klawans HL, Rubovits R (1972) An experimental model of tardive dyskinesia. J Neural Transmiss 33:235–246
Molander L, Randrup A (1974) Investigation of the mechanism by which L-DOPA induces gnawing in mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 34:312–324
Nielsen EB, Suzdak PD, Andersen KE, Knutsen LJS, Sonnewald U, Braestrup C (1991) Characterization of tiagabine (NO-328), a new potent and selective GABA uptake inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 196:257–266
Pedersen V, Christensen AV (1972) Antagonism of methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing in mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 31:488–496
Randall PK (1985) Quantification of dopaminergic supersensitization using apomorphine-induced behavior in the mouse. Life Sci 37:1419–1423
Ther L, Schramm H. (1962) Apomorphin-Synergismus (Zwangsnagen bei Mäusen) als Test zur Differenzierung psychotroper Substanzen. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 138:302–310
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Cox B, Lee TF (1981) 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced hypothermia in rats as an in vivo model for the quantitative study of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. J Pharmacol Meth 5:43–51
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Puech AJ, Chermat R, Poncelet M, Doaré L, Simon P (1981) Antagonism of hypothermia and behavioural responses to apomorphine: a simple, rapid and discriminating test for screening anti-depressants and neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology 75:84–91
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Benesová O, Náhunek K (1971) Correlation between the experimental data from animal studies and therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 20:337–347
Doble A, Girdlestone D, Piot O, Allam D, Betschart J, Boireau A, Dupuy A, Guérémy C, Ménager J, Zundel JL, Blanchard JC (1992) Pharmacological characterisation of RP 62203, a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 15:27–36
Gylys JA, Muccia PMR, Taylor MK (1963) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of 2-methyl-3-piperidinopyrazine, a new antidepressant. Ann NY Acad Sci 107:899–913
Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, Cheng D, Duffield AM (1989) Comparison of the central nervous system activity of the aqueous und lipid extract of kava (Piper methysticum) Arch Int Pharmacodyn 301:66–80
Nakagawa T, Ukai K, Kubo S (1993) Antidepressive effects of the stereoisomercis-dosulepin hydrochloride. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 43:11–15
Rubin B; Malone MH, Waugh MH, Burke JC (1957) Bioassay of Rauwolfia roots and alkaloids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 120:125–136
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Askew BM (1963) A simple screening procedure for imipramine-like antidepressant drugs. Life Sci 10:725–730
Bill DJ, Hughes IE, Stephens RJ (1989) The effects of acute and chronic desimipramine on the thermogenic and hypoactivity responses to α2-agonists in reserpinized and normal mice. Br J Pharmacol 96:144–152
Bourin M (1990) Is it possible to predict the activity of a new antidepressant in animals with simple psychopharmacological tests? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 4:49–64
Bourin M, Poncelet M, Chermat R, Simon P (1983) The value of the reserpine test in psychopharmacology. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 33:1173–1176
Colpaert FC, Lenaerts FM, Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PAJ (1975) A critical study of Ro-4-1284 antagonism in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 215:189–239
Koe BK, Lebel LA, Nielsen JA, Russo LL, Saccomano NA, Vinick FJ, Williams IA (1990) Effects of novel catechol ether imidazolidinones on calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase activity, (3H)Rolipram binding, and reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. Drug Dev Res 21:135–142
Niemegeers CJE (1975) Antagonism of reserpine-like activity. In: Fielding S, Lal H (eds) Industrial Pharmacology. Vol II: Antidepressants. Futura Publ Comp., pp 73–98
Muth EA, Moyer JA, Haskins JT, Andree TH, Husbands GEM (1991) Biochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral effects of Wy-45,233 and other identified metabolites of the antidepressant Venlafaxine. Drug Dev Res 23:191–199
Pawlowski L, Nowak G (1987) Biochemical and pharmacological tests for the prediction of ability of monoamine uptake blockers to inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline in vivo: the effects of desimipramine, maprotiline, femoxitine and citalopram. J Pharm Pharmacol 39:1003–1009
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
References
Ahtee L, Saarnivaara L. (1971) The effect of drugs upon the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and metaraminol by human platelets, J. Pharm. Pharmacol 23:495–501
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Megens AAHP, Meert TF, Janssen PAJ (1988) Pharmacological profile of ritanserin: a very specific central serotonin antagonist. Drug Dev Res 15:61–73
Chen G (1964) Antidepressives, analeptics and appetite suppressants. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 239–260
Corne SJ, Pickering RW, Warner BT (1963) A method for assessing the effects of drugs on the central actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 20:106–120
Martin P, Frances H, Simon P (1985) Dissociation of head twitches and tremors during the study of interactions with 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 13:193–200
Meert TF, Niemegeers JE, Awouters F, Janssen PAJ Partial and complete blockade of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitches in the rat: a study of ritanserin (R55667), risperidone (R64766), and related compounds. Drug Develop Res 13:237–244
Moore NA, Tye NC, Axton MS, Risius FC (1992) The behavioral pharmacology of olanzapine, a novel “atypical” antipsychotic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:545–551
Ortmann R, Martin S, Radeke E, Delini Stula A (1981) Interaction of beta-adrenoreceptor agonists with the serotonergic system in rat brain. A behavioural study using the L-5-HTP syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 316:225–230
Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Schneider CR, Vaught JL, Setler PE, Maryanoff BE, McComsey DF (1987) Preclinical evaluation of McN-5707 as a potential antidepressant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242:74–84
Shank RP; Vaught JL, Pelley KA, Setler PE, McComsey DF, Maryanoff BE (1988) McN-5652: A highly potent inhibitor of serotonin uptake. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:1032–1038
References
Ahtee L, Saarnivaara L. (1971) The effect of drugs upon the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and metaraminol by human platelets, J. Pharm. Pharmacol 23:495–501
Colpaert FC, Janssen PA (1983) The head-twitch response to intraperitoneal injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat: Antagonist effects of purported 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists and of pirenperone, an LSD antagonist. Neuropharmacol 22:993–1000
Hallberg H, Carlson L, Elg R (1985) Objective quantification of tremor in conscious unrestrained rats, exemplified with 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated tremor. J Pharmacol Meth 13:261–266
Matthews WD, Smith CD (1980) Pharmacological profile of a model for central serotonin receptor activation Life Sci 26:1397–1403
Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Schneider CR, Vaught JL, Setler PE, Maryanoff BE, McComsey DF (1987) Preclinical evaluation of McN-5707 as a potential antidepressant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242:74–84
References
Alpermann HG, Schacht U, Usinger P, Hock FJ (1992) Pharmacological effects of Hoe 249: A new potential antidepressant. Drug Dev Res 25:267–282
Bourin M, Malinge M, Colombel MC, Larousse C (1988) Influence of alpha stimulants and beta blockers on yohimbine toxicity. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 12:569–574
Goldberg MR, Robertson D (1983) Yohimbine: A pharmacological probe for study the α2-adrenoreceptor. Pharmacol Rev 35:143–180
Malick JP (1981) Yohimbine potentiation as a predictor of antidepressant action. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: neurochemical, behavioral and clinical perspectives. Raven Press, New York, pp 141–156
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Quinton RM (1963) The increase in the toxicity of yohimbine induced by imipramine and other drugs in mice. Br J Pharmacol 21:51–66
References
Graham-Smith DG (1971) Inhibitory effect of chlorpromazine on the syndrome of hyperactivity produced by L-tryptophan or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 43:856–864
Knoll J (1980) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Chemistry and pharmacology. In: Sandler M (ed) Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs. pp 151–173. University Park Press
Ozaki M, Weissbach H, Ozaki A, Witkop B, Udenfriend S (1960) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and procedures for their evaluation in vivo and in vitro. J Med Pharmac Chem 2:591–607
References
Andersson G, Larsson K (1994) Effects of FG 5893, a new compound with 5-HT1A receptor agonistic and 5-HT2 receptor antagonistic properties, on male rat sexual behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 255:131–137
Arnt J, Hyttel J (1989) Facilitation of 8-OH-DPAT-induced forepaw treading of rats by the 5-HT2 agonist DOI. Eur J Pharmacol 161:45–51
Bagdy G, To CT (1997) Comparison of relative potencies of i.v. and i.c.v. administered 8-OH-DPAT gives evidence of different sites of action for hypothermia, lower lip retraction and tail flicks. Eur J Pharmacol 323:53–58
Berendsen HG, Broekkamp CLE (1990) Behavioural evidence for functional interactions between 5-HT-receptor subtypes in rats and mice. Br J Pharmacol 101:667–673
Berendsen HG, Broekkamp CLE (1997) Indirect in vivo 5-HT1A-agonistic effects of the new antidepressant mirtazapine. Psychopharmacology 133:275–282
Berendsen HHG, Jenk F, Broekkamp CLE (1989) Selective activation of 5-HT1A receptors induces lower lip retraction in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:821–827
Berendsen HHG, Bourgondien FGM, Broekkamp CLE (1994) Role of dorsal and median raphe nuclei in lower lip retraction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 263:315–318
Berendsen HHG, Kester RCH, Peeters BWMM, Broekkamp CLE (1996) Modulation of 5-HT receptor subtype-mediated behaviours by corticosterone. Eur J Pharmacol 308:103–111
Blanchard RJ, Shepherd JK, Armstrong J, Tsuda SF, Blanchard DC (1993) An ethopharmacological analysis of the behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT. Psychopharmacology 112:55–65
Blanchard RJ, Griebel G, Guardiola-Lemaître B, Brush MM Lee J, Blanchard DC (1997) An ethopharmacological analysis of selective activation of 5-HT1A receptors: the mouse 5-HT1A syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:897–908
Deakin JFW, Green AR (1978) The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and L-Dopa in rats. Br J Pharmacol 64:201–209
De Boer T, Ruigt GSF, Berendsen HHG (1995) The alpha-2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist Org 3770 (mirtazapine, Remeron registered) enhances noradrenergic and serotonergic transmissions. Hum Psychopharmacol 10, Suppl2:S107–S118
Evenden JL (1994) The effect of 5-HT1A receptor agonists on locomotor activity in the guinea pig. Br J Pharmacol 112:861–866
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Leander JD, Benvenga MJ, Wong DT, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Swanson SP, Lucot JP, Flaugh ME (1993) Preclinical studies in LY228729: a potent and selective serotionin1A agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:58–71
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Rasmussen K, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Zhang L, Barrett JE, Booher RN, Paget CJ Jr., Flaugh ME (1994) Pharmacological characterization of LY293284: a 5-HT1A receptor agonist with high potency and selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1270–1291
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Leander JD, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Lucaites VL, Wong DT, Zhang L, Barrett JE, Schaus HM (1995) Pharmacological characterization of enantiomers of 8-thiomethyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Drug Dev Res 34:66–85
Forster EA, Cliffed IA, Bill DJ, Dover GM, Jones D, Reilly Y, Fletcher A (1995) A pharmacological profile of the selective silent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100635. Eur J Pharmacol 281:81–88
Gaggi R, Dall'Olio R, Roncada P (1997) Effects of the selective 5-HT receptor agonists 8-OHDPAT and DOI on behavior and brain biogenic amines of rats
Goodwin GM, Green AR (1985) A behavioural and biochemical study in mice and rats of putative selective agonists and antagonists for 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 84:743–753
Goodwin GM, De Souza RJ, Wood AJ, Green AR (1986) The enhancement by lithium of the 5-HT1A mediated serotonin syndrome produced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat: evidence for a postsynaptic mechanism. Psychopharmacology 90:488–493
Green AR, Heal DJ (1985) The effects of drugs on serotominmediated behavioural models. In Green A (ed) Neuropharmacol of Serotonin. Oxford University Press, pp 326–365
Green AR, O'Shaughnessy K, Hammond M, Schächter M, Grahame-Smith DG (1983) Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptaminemediated behaviour by the putative 5-HT2 antagonist pirenperone. Neuropharmacol 22:573–578
Groenink L, Van der Gugten J, Compaan JC, Maes RAA, Olivier B (1997) Flesinoxan pretreatment differently affects corticosterone, prolactin and behavioural responses to a flesinoxan challenge. Psychopharmacology 131:93–100
Jacobs BL (1976) An animal behavior model for studying serotonergic synapses. Life Sci 19:777–786
Kleven MS, Assié MB, Koek W (1997) Pharmacological characterization of in vivo properties of putative mixed 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT1A/2C antagonist anxiolytics. II. Drug discrimination and behavioral observation studies in rats. J Pharm Exp Ther 282:747–759
Kofman O, Levin U (1995) Myo-inositol attenuates the enhancement of the serotonin syndrome by lithium. Psychopharmacology 118:213–218
Lu J Q,, Nagayama H (1996) Circadian rhythm in the response of central 5-HT1A receptors to 8-OH-DPAT in rats. Psychopharmacology 123:42–45
Martin KF, Phillips I, Hearson M, Prow MR, Heal DJ (1992) Characterization of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia in mice as a 5-HT1A autoreceptor response and its evaluation as a model to selectively identify antidepressants. Br J Pharmacol 107:15–21
Moore NA, Rees G, Sanger G, Perrett L (1993) 5-HT1A-mediated lower lip retraction: effects of 5-HT1A agonists and antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:141–143
O'Connell MT, Curzon G (1996) A comparison of the effects of 8-OH-DPAT pretreatment on different behavioural responses to 8-OH-DPAT. Eur J Pharmacol 312:137–143
O'Neill MF, Parameswaran T (1997) RU24699-induced behavioural syndrome requires activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. Psychopharmacology 132:255–260
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, Caignard DH, Pfeiffer B, Mocaër E, Guardiola-Lemaître B (1992) Psychopharmacological profile of a new chroman derivative with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonist properties: S20499(+). Drug Develop Res 27:389–402
Schoeffter P, Fozard JR, Stoll A, Siegl H, Seiler MP, Hoyer D (1993) SDZ 216–525, a selective and potent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 244:251–257
Simiand J, Keane PE, Barnouin MC, Keane M, Soubrié P, Le Fur G (1993) Neuropsychopharmacological profile in rodents of SR 57746A, a new, potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 7:413–427
Smith LM, Peroutka SJ (1986) Differential effects of 5-hydroxytrytamine1A selective drugs on the 5-HT behavioral syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:1513–1519
Tricklebank MD (1985) The behavioural response to 5-HT receptor agonists and subtypes of the central 5-HT receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:403–407
Trulson ME, Eubanks EE, Jacobs BL (1976) Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity following destruction of central serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 198:23–32
Wolff MC, Benvenga MJ, Calligaro DO, Fuller RW, Gidda JS, Hemrick-Luecke S, Lucot JB, Nelson DL, Overshiner CD, Leander JD (1997) Pharmacological profile of LY301317, a potent and selective 5-HT1A agonist. Drug Develop Res 40:17–34
Yu H, Lewander T (1997) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of (R)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7:165–172
References
Briley M, Prost JF, Moret C (1996) Preclinical pharmacology of milnacipran. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11/Suppl 4:9–14
Cairncross KD, Wren A, Cox B, Schieden H (1977) Effects of olfactory bulbectomy and domicile on stress-induced corticosterone release in the rat. Physiol Behav 19:405–487
Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren AF (1978) A new model for the detection of antidepressant drugs: olfactory bulbectomy in the rat compared with existing models. J Pharmacol Meth 1:131–143
Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren AF (1979) Olfactory projection system, drugs and behaviour: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 4:253–272
Hancock AA, Buckner SA, Oheim KW, Morse PA, Brune ME, Meyer MD, Williams M, Kervin LF Jr. (1995) A-80426, a potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist with serotonin uptake blocking activity and putative antidepressant-like effects: I. Biochemical profile. Drug Dev Res 35:237–245
Janscár SM, Leonard BE (1984) The effect of (±)mianserin and its enantiomers on the behavioural hyperactivity of the olfactory bulbectomized rat. Neuropharmacol 23:1065–1070
Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1994) The effects of tianeptine and sertraline in three animal models of depression. Neuropharmacol 33:1011–1016
Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1995) The contribution of pre-clinical drug evaluation in predicting the clinical profile of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Serotonin Res 1:27–46
Kelly JP, Wrynn AS, Leonard BE (1997) The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update. Pharmacol Ther 74:299–316
Leonard BE, O'Connor WJ (1984) Effect of isomers of the 6-aza derivative of mianserin on behaviour and noradrenaline metabolism in bulbectomized rats. Br J Pharmacol 82:246P
Leonard BE, Tuite M (1981) Anatomical, physiological and behavioral aspects of olfactory bulbectomy in the rat. Int Rev Neurobiol 22:251–286
McNamara MG, Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1995) Effect of 8-OH-DPAT in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. J Serotonin Res 2:91–99
O'Connor WT, Leonard BE (1986) Effect of chronic administration of the 6-aza analogue of mianserin (ORG 3770) and its enantiomers on behaviour and changes in noradrenaline metabolism of olfactory-bulbectomized rats in the “open field” apparatus. Neuropharmacol 25:267–270
Porsolt RD, Lenègre A, McArthur RA (1991) Pharmacological models of depression. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL (eds) Animal Models in Psychopharmacology, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, pp 137–159
Redmont AM, Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1995) Effect of chronic antidepressant administration on the conditioned taste aversion to 8-OHDPAT in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Med Sci Res 23:487–488
Redmont AM, Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1997) Behavioral and neurochemical effects of dizocilpine in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:355–359
Song C, Leonard BE (1994) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors reverse the impairments in behaviour neurotransmitter and immune functions in the olfactory bulbectomized rat. Hum Psychopharmacol 9:135–146
Song C, Early B, Leonard BE (1966a) The effects of central administration of neuropeptide Y on behavior, neurotransmitter, and immune functions in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 10:1–16
Song C, Early B, Leonard BE (1966b) Behavioural and immunological effects of the antihistamine terfenadine in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 6:157–162
References
Ahlenius S, Larsson K (1997) Specific involvement of central 5-HT1A receptors in the mediation of male rat ejaculatory behavior. Neurochem Res. 22:1965–1070
Ahlenius S, Larsson K, Svensson L, Hjorth S, Carlsson A, Lindberg P, Wikström H, Sanchez D, Arvidsson LE, Hacksell U, Nilsson JLG (1981) Effects of a new type of 5-HT receptor agonist on male rat sexual behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:785–792
Andersson G, Larsson K (1994) Effects of FG 5893, a new compound with 5-HT1A receptor agonistic and 5-HT2 receptor antagonistic properties, on male rat sexual behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 255:131–137
Arnone M, Baroni M, Gai J, Guzzi U, Desclaux MF, Keane PE, Le Fur G, Soubrié P (1995) Effect of ST 59026A, a new 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on sexual activity in male rats. Behav Pharmacol 6:276–282
Fernández-Guasti A, Escalante A, Ågmo A (1989) Inhibitory actions of various HT1B receptor agonists on rat masculine sexual behaviour. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:811–816
Fernández-Guasti A, Rodriguez-Manzo G (1997) OH-DPAT and male rat sexual behavior: Partial blockade by noradrenergic lesion and sexual exhaustion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56:111–116
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Leander JD, Benvenga MJ, Wong DT, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Swanson SP, Lucot JP, Flaugh ME (1993) Preclinical studies in LY228729: a potent and selective serotonin1A agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:58–71
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Rasmussen K, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Zhang L, Barrett JE, Booher RN, Paget CJ Jr., Flaugh ME (1994) Pharmacological characterization of LY293284: a 5-HT1A receptor agonist with high potency and selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1270–1291
Foreman MM, Fuller RW, Leander JD, Nelson DL, Calligaro DO, Lucaites VL, Wong DT, Zhang L, Barrett JE, Schaus HM (1995) Pharmacological characterization of enantiomers of 8-thiomethyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Drug Dev Res 34:66–85
Gorzalka BB, Mendelson SD, Watson NV (1990) Serotonin receptor subtypes and sexual behavior. Ann NY Acad Sci 600:435–446
Mendelson SD, Gorzalka BB (1981) Serotonin antagonist pirenperone inhibits sexual behavior in the male rat: attenuation by quipazine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22:565–571
Pomerantz SM, Hepner BC, Wertz JM (1993) 5-HT1A and 5-HT1C/1D receptor agonists produce reciprocal effects on male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 243:227–234
Tallentire D, McRae G, Spedding M, Clark R, Vickery B (1996) Modulation of sexual behaviour in the rat by a potent and selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, delequamine (RS-15835-197) Br J Pharmacol 118:63–72
References
Duvoisin RC (1976) Parkinsonism: Animal analogues of the human disorder. in: Yahr MD (ed) The Basal Ganglia. Raven Press, New York, pp 293–303
Hornykiewicz O (1975) Parkinsonism induced by dopaminergic antagonists. In: Caine DB, Chase TN, Barbeau A (eds) Advances in Neurology. Raven Press, New York, pp 155–164
Marsden CD, Duvoisin RC, Jenner P, Parkes JD, Pycock C, Tarsy D (1975) Relationship between animal models and clinical parkinsonism. In: Caine DB, Chase TN, Barbeau A (eds) Advances in Neurology. Raven Press, New York, pp 165–175
Miller R, Hiley R (1975) Antimuscarinic actions of neuroleptic drugs. In: Caine DB, Chase TN, Barbeau A (eds) Advances in Neurology. Raven Press, New York, pp 141–154
Vernier VG (1964) Anti-Parkinsonian agents. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 301–311
References
Agarwal JC, Chandishwar N, Sharma M, Gupta GP, Bhargava KP, Shanker K (1983) Some new piperazino derivatives as antiparkinson and anticonvulsant agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 316:690–694
Bebbington A, Brimblecombe RW, Shakeshaft D (1966) The central and peripheral activity of acetylenic amines related to oxotremorine. Br J Pharmacol 26:56–67
Cho AK, Haslett WL, Jenden DJ (1962) The peripheral actions of oxotremorine, a metabolite of tremorine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 138:249–257
Clement JG, Dyck WR (1989) Device for quantitating tremor activity in mice: Antitremor activity of atropine versus soman-and oxotremorine-induced tremors. J Pharmacol Meth 22:25–36
Coward DM, Doggett NS, Sayers AC (1977) The pharmacology of N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954) a new tremorigenic agent. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 27:2326–2332
Denk H, Haider M, Kovac W, Studynka G (1968) Behavioral changes and neuropathological feature in rats intoxicated with 3-acetylpyridine. Acta Neuropathol 10:34–44
Duvoisin RC (1976) Parkinsonism: Animal analogues of the human disorder. in: Yahr MD (ed) The Basal Ganglia. Raven Press, New York, pp 293–303
Everett GM (1964) Animal and clinical techniques for evaluating anti-Parkinson agents. In Nodin JH, Siegler PE (eds) Animal and clinical pharmacologic techniques in drug evaluation. Year Book Medical Publ., Inc. Chicago, pp 359–368
Frances H, Chermat R, Simon P (1980) Oxotremorine behavioural effects as a screening test in mice. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 4:241–245
Johnson JD, Meisenheimer TL, Isom GE (1986) A new method for quantification of tremors in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 16:329–337
Kinoshita K, Watanabe Y, Yamamura M, Matsuoka Y (1998) TRH receptor agonists ameliorate 3-acetylpyridine-induced ataxia through NMDA receptors in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 343:129–133
Matthews RT, Chiou CY (1979) A rat model for resting tremor. J Pharmacol Meth 2:193–201
Ringdahl B, Jenden DJ (1983) Pharmacological properties of oxotremorine and its analogs. Life Sci 32:2401–2413
Stanford JA, Fowler SC (1997) Scopolamine reversal of tremor produced by low doses of physostigmine in rats: evidence for a cholinergic mechanism. Neurosci Lett 225:157–160
Turner RA (1965) Anticonvulsants, Academic Press, New York, London, pp 164–172
Vernier VG (1964) Anti-Parkinsonian agents. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 301–311
Watanabe Y, Kinoshita K, Koguchi A, Yamamura M (1997) A new method for evaluating motor deficits in 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats. J Neurosci Meth 77:25–29
References
Asin KE, Domino EF, Nikkel A, Shiosaki K (1997) The selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist A-86929 maintains efficacy with repeated treatment in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:454–459
Belluzzi JD, Domino EF, May JM, Bankiewicz KS, McAfee DA (1994) N-0923, a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist, is efficacious in rat and monkey models of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 9:147–154
Bernardini GL, Speciale SG, German DC (1990) Increased midbrain dopaminergic activity following 2'CH3-MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell loss: an in vitro electrophysiological study. Brain Res 527:123–129
Burns RS, Chiueh CC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Jacobowitz DM, Kopin IJ (1983) A primate model of parkinsonism: Selective destruction of dopaminergic neurones in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 80:4546–4550
Chiba K, Trevor A, Castagnoli N (1984) Metabolism of the neurotoxic tertiary amine, MPTP, by brain monoamine oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 120:574–578
Close SP, Elliott PJ (1991) Procedure for assessing the behavioral effects of novel anti-Parkinsonian drugs in normal and MPTP-treated marmosets following central microinfusions. J Pharm Meth 25:123–131
Domino EF, Sheng J (1993) Relative potency of some dopamine agonists with varying selectivities for D1 and D2 receptors in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:1387–1391
Doudet DJ, Wyatt RJ, Cannon-Spoor E, Suddath R, McLellan CA, Cohen RM (1993) 6-(18F)-Fluoro-L-DOPA and cerebral blood flow in unilaterally MPTP-treated monkeys. J Neural Transplant Plast 4:27–38
Fuxe K, Janson AM, Rosén L, Finnman UB, Tanganelli S, Morari M, Goldstein M, Agnati LF (1992) Evidence for a protective action of the vigilance promoting drug Modafinil on the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse: an immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis. Exp Brain Res 88:117–130
Gnanalingham KK, Hunter AJ, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1995) Selective dopamine antagonist pretreatment on the antiparkinsonian effects of benzazepine D1 dopamine agonists in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease — the differential effects of D1 dopamine antagonists in the primate. Psychopharmacology 117:403–412
Heikkila RE, Manzino L, Cabbat FS, Duvoisin RC (1984) Protection against dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxydase inhibitors. Nature 311:467–469
Kebabian JW, Britton DR, DeNinno MP, Perner R, Smith L, Jenner P, Schoenleber R, Williams M (1992) A-77363: a potent and selective D1 receptor antagonist with antiparkinsonian activity in marmosets. Eur J Pharmacol 229:203–209
Kindt MV, Youngster SK, Sonsalla PK, Duvoisin RC, Heikkila RE (1988) Role for monoamine oxydase-A (MAO-A) in the bioactivation and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the MPTP analog, 2'Me-MTPT. Eur J Pharmacol 146:313–318
Lange KW (1989) Circling behavior in old rats after unilateral intranigral injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Life Sci 45:1709–1714
Lange KE (1990) Behavioural effects and supersensitivity in the rat following intranigral MPTP and MPP+ administration. Eur J Pharmacol 175:57–61
Nomoto M, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1985) The dopamine D2 agonist LY 141865, but not the D1 agonist SKF 38393, reverses parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the common marmoset. Neurosci Lett 57:37–41
Nomoto M, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1988) The D1 agonist SKF 38393 inhibits the anti-parkinsonian activity of the D2 agonist LY 141555 in the MPTP-treated marmoset. Neurosci Lett 93:275–280
Raz A, Vaadia E, Bergman H (2000) Firing pattern and correlations of spontaneous discharge of pallidal neurons in the normal and the tremulous 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine vervet model of parkinsonism. J Neurosci 20:8559–8571
Rollema H, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Matos FF, Castagnoli N Jr. (1989) Comparison of the effects of intracerebrally administered MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) in three species: microdialysis of dopamine and metabolites in mouse, rat and monkey striatum. Neurosci Lett 106:275–281
Temlett JA, Quinn NP, Jenner PG, Marsden CD, Pourcher E, Bonnet AM, Agid Y, Markstein R, Lataste X (1989) Antiparkinsonian activity of CY 208–243, a partial D-1 dopamine receptor agonist, in MTPT-treated marmosets and patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disord 4:261–265
References
Abbott B, Starr BS, Starr MS (1991) CY 208–243 behaves as a typical D-1 agonist in the reserpine-treated mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:259–263
Agarwal JC, Chandishwar N, Sharma M, Gupta GP, Bhargava KP, Shanker K (1983) Some new piperazino derivatives as antiparkinson and anticonvulsant agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 316:690–694
Amt J (1985) Behavioral stimulation is induced by separate dopamine D1 and D2 receptor sites in reserpine pretreated but not in normal rats. Eur J Pharmacol 113:79–88
Duvoisin RC (1976) Parkinsonism: Animal analogues of the human disorder. in: Yahr MD (ed) The Basal Ganglia. Raven Press, New York, pp 293–303
Nisewander JL, Castañeda E, Davis DA (1994) Dose-dependent differences in the development of reserpine-induced oral dyskinesias in rats: support of a model of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 116:79–84
References
Agarwal JC, Chandishwar N, Sharma M, Gupta GP, Bhargava KP, Shanker K (1983) Some new piperazino derivatives as antiparkinson and anticonvulsant agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 316:690–694
Agid Y, Javoy F, Glowinski J, Bouvet D, Sotelo C (1973) Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra of the rat. II. Diffusion and specificity. Brain Res 58:291–301
Carey RJ (1989) Stimulant drugs as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm. Drug Dev Res 16:305–315
Carpenter MB, McMasters RE (1964) Lesions of the substantia nigra in the rhesus monkey. Efferent fiber degeneration and behavioral observations. Am J Anat 114:293–319
Clineschmidt BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR (1982) Central sympathomimetic activity of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties. Drug Dev Res 2:135–145
Costall B, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ (1983) The production of asymmetry and circling behavior following unilateral, intrastriatal administration of neuroleptic agents: a comparison of abilities to antagonise striatal function. Eur J Pharmacol 96:79–86
De Jonge MC, Funcke ABH (1962) Sinistrotorsion in guinea pigs as a method of screening central anticholinergic activity. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 137:375–382
Emonds-Alt X, Bichon D, Ducoux JP, Heaulme M, Miloux B, Poncelet M, Proietto V, Van Broeck D, Vilain P, Neliat G, Soubrié P, Le Fur G, Brelière JC (1995) SR 142801, the first potent non-peptide antagonist of the tachykinin NK3 receptor. Life Sci 56:27–32
Engber TM, Susel Z, Juncos JL, Chase TN (1989) Continuous and intermittent levodopa differentially affect rotation induced by D-1 and D-2 dopamine agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 168:291–298
Etemadzadeh E, Koskinen L, Kaakola S (1989) Computerized rotometer apparatus for recording circling behavior. Meth and Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 11:399–407
Fitzgerald LW, Miller KJ, Ratty AK, Glick SD, Teitler M, Gross KW1 (1992) Asymmetric evaluation of striatal dopamine D2 receptors in the chakragati mouse: Neurobehavioral dysfunction in a transgenic insertional mutant. Brain Res 580:18–26
Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Corrodi H, Everitt BJ, Hökfelt T, Löfström A, Ungerstedt U (1975) Action of dopamine receptor agonists in fore brain and hypothalamus: rotational behavior, ovulation, and dopamine turnover. In: Caine DB, Chase TN, Barbeau A (eds) Advances in Neurology. Raven Press, New York, pp 223–242
Garrett BE, Holtzman SG (1995) The effects of dopamine agonists on rotational behavior in non-tolerant and caffeine-tolerant rats. Behav Pharmacol 6:843–851
Garrett BE, Holtzman SG (1996) Comparison of the effects of prototypical behavioral stimulants on locomotor activity and rotational behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:469–477
Haque NSK, Hlavin ML, Fawcell JW, Dunnett SB (1996) The neurotrophin NT4/5, but not NT3, enhances the efficacy of nigral grafts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 712:45–52
Herrera-Marschitz M, Terenius L, Grehn L, Ungerstedt U (1989) Rotational behaviour produced by intranigral injections of bovine and human β-casomorphins in rats. Psychopharmacology 99:357–361
Hudson JL, Levin DR, Hoffer BJ (1993) A 16-channel automated rotometer system for reliable measurement of turning behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned and transplanted rats. Cell Transplant 2:507–514
Kebabian JW, Britton DR, DeNinno MP, Perner R, Smith L, Jenner P, Schoenleber R, Williams M (1992) A-77363: a potent and selective D1 receptor antagonist with antiparkinsonian activity in marmosets. Eur J Pharmacol 229:203–209
König JFR, Klippel RA (1963) The rat brain — A stereotaxic atlas. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD
Mandel RJ, Wilcox RE, Randall PK (1992) Behavioral quantification of striatal dopaminergic supersensitivity after bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:343–347
McElroy JF, Ward KA (1995) 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3-selective receptor agonist, produces contralateral rotation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Drug Dev Res 34:329–335
Mele A, Fontana D, Pert A (1997) Alterations in striatal dopamine overflow during rotational behavior induced by amphetamine, phencyclidine and MK 801. Synapse 26:218–244
Morelli M (1990) Blockade of NMDA transmission potentiates dopaminergic D-1 while reduces D-2 responses in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson. Pharmacol Res 22, Suppl 2:343
Perese DA, Ulman J, Viola J, Ewing SE, Bankiewicz KS (1989) A 6-hydroxydopamine-induced selective parkinsonian rat model. Brain Res 494:285–293
Poncelet M, Gueudet C, Emonds-Alt X, Belière JC, Le Fur G, Soubrié Ph (1993) Turning behavior induced in mice by a neurokinin A receptor antagonist: selective blockade by SR 48968, a non-peptide receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett 149:40–42
Schwarting RKW, Huston JP (1996) The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model in behavioral brain research. Analysis of functional deficits, recovery and treatments. Progr Neurobiol 50:275–331
Schwarz RD, Stein JW; Bernard P (1978) Rotometer for recording rotation in chemically or electrically stimulated rats. Physiol Behav 20:351–354
Smith ID, Todd MJ, Beninger RJ (1996) Glutamate receptor agonist injections into the dorsal striatum cause contralateral turning in the rat: involvement of kainate and AMPA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 301:7–17
Ungerstedt U (1971) Postsynaptic hypersensitivity after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system. Acta Physiol Scand, Suppl 367:69–93
Vernier VG, Unna KR (1963) The central nervous system effects of drugs in monkeys with surgically-induced tremor: Atropine and other antitremor agents. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 141:30–53
Worms P, Martinez J, Briet C, Castro B, Bizière K (1986) Evidence for dopaminomimetic effect of intrastriatally injected cholecystokinin octapeptide in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 121:395–401
Yasuda Y, Kikuchi T, Suzuki S, Tsutsui M, Yamada K, Hiyama T (1988) 7-[3-(4-[2,3-Dimethylphenyl]piperazinyl)propoxy]-2(1H)-quinolinone (OPC-4392), a presynaptic dopamine autoreceptor agonist and postsynaptic D2 receptor antagonist. Life Sci 42:1941–1954
References
Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR (1995) Elevated body swing test: a new behavioral parameter for rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism. J Neurosci 15:5372–5378
Borlongan CV, Randall TS, Cahill DW, Sanberg PR (1995) Asymmetrical motor behavior in rats with unilateral excitotoxic lesions as revealed by the elevated body swing test. Brain Res 676:231–234
References
Abrous DN, Dunnett SB (1994) Paw reaching test in rats: the staircase test. Neurosci Protocols 10:1–11
Abrous DN, Shaltot ARA, Torres EM, Dunnett SB (1993) Dopamine-rich grafts in the neostriatum and/or nucleus accumbens: effects on drug-induced behaviours and skilled paw-reaching. Neuroscience 53:187–197
Barnéoud P, Parmentier S, Mazadier M, Miquet JM, Boireau A, Dubedat P, Blanchard JC (1995) Effects of complete and partial lesions of the dopaminergic mesotelenephalic system of skilled forelimb use in rats. Neurosci 67:837–846
Barnéoud P, Mazadier M, Miquet JM, Parmentier S, Dubédat P, Doble A, Boireau A (1996) Neuroprotective effects of riluzole on a model of Parkinson's disease in the rat. Neurosci 74:971–983
Beal MF, Kowall NW, Ellison DW, Mazurek MF, Swarz KJ, Martin JB (1986) Replication of the neurochemical characteristics of Huntington's disease by quinolinic acid. Nature 321:168–171
Borlongan CV, Koutouzis TK, Sanberg PR (1997) 3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:289–293
DiFiglia M (1990) Excitotoxic injury of the neostriatum: a model for Huntington's disease. Trends Neurosci 13:286–289
Fricker RA, Annett LE, Torres EM Dunnett SB (1996) The placement of a striatal ibotenic acid lesion affects skilled forelimb use and the direction of drug-induced rotation. Brain Res Bull 41:409–416
Fricker RA, Torres EM, Hume SP, Myers R, Opacka-Juffrey J, Ashworth S, Brooks DJ, Dunnett SB (1997) The effects of donor stage on the survival and function of embryonic grafts in the adult rat brain. II. Correlation between positron emission tomography and reaching behaviour. Neurosci 79:711–721
Grabowski M, Brundin P, Johansson BB, Kontos HA (1993) Paw reaching, sensorimotor, and rotational behavior after brain infarction in rats. Stroke 24:889–895
Marston HM, Faber ESL, Crawford JH, Butcher SP, Sharkey J (1995) Behavioural assessment of endothelin-1 induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. NeuroReport 6/7:1067–1071
Meyer C, Jacquart G, Joyal CC, Mahler P, Lalonde R (1997) A revolving food pellet test for measuring sensorimotor performance in rats. J Neurosci Meth 72:117–122
Montoya CP, Astell S, Dunnett SB (1990) Effects of nigral and striatal grafts on skilled forelimb use in the rat. In: SB Dunnett, SJ Richards (eds) Progress in Brain Research, Vol 82, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, pp 459–466
Montoya CP, Campell-Hope LJ, Pemberton KD, Dunnett SB (1991) The staircase test: a measure of independent forelimb reaching and grasping abilities in the rat. J Neurosci Meth 36:219–228
Nakao N, Grasbon-Frodl EM, Widner H, Brundin P (1996) DARPP-32-rich zones in grafts of lateral ganglionic eminence govern the extent of functional recovery in skilled paw reaching in an animal model of Huntington' disease. Neurosci 74:959–970
Nikkhah G, Duan WM, Knappe U, Jödicke A, Björklund A (1993) Restoration of complex sensorimotor behavior and skilled forelimb use by a modified nigral cell suspension transplantation approach in the rat Parkinson model. Neurosci 56:33–43
Olsson M, Nikkhah G, Bentlage C, Björklund A (1995) Forelimb akinesia in the rat Parkinson model: differential effects of dopamine agonists and nigral transplants as assessed by a new stepping test. J Neurosci 15:3863–3875
Pérez-Navarro E, Canudas AM, Akerud P, Alberch J, Arenas E (2000) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin 4/5 prevent the death of striatal projection neurons in a rodent model of Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 75:2190–2199
Sharkey J, Crawford JH, Butcher SP, Marston HM, Hayes RL (1996) Tacrolimus (FK506) ameliorates skilled motor deficits produced by middle artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 27:2282–2286
Whishaw IQ, O'Connor WT, Dunnett SB (1986) The contributions of motor cortex, nigrostriatal dopamine and caudate-putamen to skilled forelimb use in the rat. Brain 109:805–843
References
Olsson M, Nikkhah G, Bentlage C, Björklund A (1995) Forelimb akinesia in the rat Parkinson model: differential effects of dopamine agonists and nigral transplants as assessed by a new stepping test. J Neurosci 15:3863–3875
Rosenblad C, Martinez-Serrano A, Björklund A (1997) Intrastriatal cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes sprouting of spared nigrostriatal dopaminergic afferents and induces recovery of function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci 82:129–137
Schallert T, Norton D, Jones TA (1992) A clinically relevant unilateral model of Parkinsonian akinesia. J Neur Transplant Plast 3:332–333
References
Büch H, Butello W, Neurohr O, Rummel W (1968) Vergleich von Verteilung, narkotischer Wirksamkeit und metabolischer Elimination der optischen Antipoden von Methylphenobarbital. Biochem Pharmacol 17:2391–2398
Büch H, Grund W, Buzello W, Rummel W (1969) Narkotische Wirksamkeit und Gewebsverteilung der optischen Antipoden des Pentobarbitals bei der Ratte. Biochem Pharmacol 18:1995–1009
Butler TC, Bush MT (1942) Anesthetic potency of some new derivatives of barbituric acid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 50:232–243
Chen G, Ensor CR, Bohner B (1966) The Neuropharmacol of 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexanone hydrochloride. J Pharm Exp Ther 152:332–339
Child KJ, Currie JP, Davis B, Dodds MG, Pearce DR, Twissell DJ (1971) The pharmacological properties in animals of CT1341 — a new steroid anaesthetic agent. Br J Anaesth 43:2–24
Christensen HD, Lee IS (1973) Anesthetic potency and acute toxicity of optically active disubstituted barbituric acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 26:495–503
Domenjoz R (1959) Anaesthesist 8:16
Glenn JB, Animal studies of the anesthetic activity of ICI 35868. Br J Anaesth 52:731–742
Goldenthal EI (1971) A compilation of LD50 values in newborn and adult animals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18:185–207
Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJE, Marsboom RPH (1975) Etomidate, a potent non-barbiturate hypnotic. Intravenous etomidate in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 214:92–132
Laubach GD, Pan SY, Rudel HW (1955) Steroid anesthetic agent. Science 122:78
Miller E, Munch JC, Crossley FS, Hartung WH (1936) J Am Chem Soc 58:1090
Pieri L (1984) Preclinical pharmacology of midazolam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:17S–27S
Reich DL, Silvay G (1989) Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience. Can J Anaesth 36:186–197
Reilly CS, Nimmo WS (1987) New intravenous anaesthetics and neuromuscular blocking drugs. Drugs 34:98–135
Volwiler EH, Tabern DL (1930) J Am Chem Soc 52:1676
References
Büch H, Buzello W, Neurohr O, Rummel W (1968) Vergleich von Verteilung, narkotischer Wirksamkeit und metabolischer Elimination der optischen Antipoden von Methylphenobarbital. Biochem Pharmacol 17:2391–2398
Chen G, Ensor CR, Bohner B (1966) The Neuropharmacol of 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexanone hydrochloride. J Pharm Exp Ther 152:332–339
Child KJ, Currie JP, Davis B, Dodds MG, Pearce DR, Twissell DJ (1971) The pharmacological properties in animals of CT1341 — a new steroid anaesthetic agent. Br J Anaesth 43:2–24
Christensen HD, Lee IS (1973) Anesthetic potency and acute toxicity of optically active disubstituted barbituric acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 26:495–503
Dingwall B, Reeve B, Hutchinson M, Smith PF, Darlington CL (1993) The tolerometer: a fast, automated method for the measurement of righting reflex latency in chronic drug studies. J Neurosci Meth 48:11–114
Glenn JB (1977) A technique for the laboratory evaluation of the speed of onset of i.v. anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 49:545–549
Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJE, Marsboom RPH (1975) Etomidate, a potent non-barbiturate hypnotic. Intravenous etomidate in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 214:92–132
Litchfield JT Jr., Wilcoxon FA (1949) Simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharm Exp Ther 96:99–113
Michelsen LG, Salmenperä M, Hug CC, Sziam F, van der Meer D (1996) Anesthetic potency of remifentanil in dogs. Anesthesiol 84:865–872
Reilly CS, Nimmo WS (1987) New intravenous anaesthetics and neuromuscular blocking drugs. Drugs 34:98–135
Volwiler EH, Tabern DL (1930) 5,5-Substituted barbituric acids. J Am Chem Soc 52:1676–1679
References
Bolander HG, Wahlström G, Norberg L (1984) Reevaluation of potency and pharmacokinetic properties of some lipid-soluble barbiturates with an EEG-threshold method. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 54:33–40
Korkmaz S, Wahlström G (1997) The EEG burst suppression threshold test for the determination of CNS sensitivity to intravenous anesthetics in rats. Brain Res Protocols 1:378–384
Koskela T, Wahlström G (1989) Comparison of anaesthetic and kinetic properties of thiobutabarbital, butabarbital and hexobarbital after intravenous threshold doses in the male rat. Pharmacol Toxicol 64:308–313
Norberg L, Wahlström G (1988) Anaesthetic effects of flurazepam alone and in combination with thiopental or hexobarbital evaluated with an EEG-threshold method in male rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 292:45–57
Norberg L, Wahlström G, Bäckström T (1987) The anaesthetic potency of 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one determined with an intravenous EEG threshold method in male rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 61:42–47
Wauquier A, De Ryck M, Van den Broeck W, Van Loon J, Melis W, Janssen P (1988) Relationships between quantitative EEG measures and pharmacodynamics of alfentanil in dogs. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 69:550–560
References
Borkowski GL, Dannemann PJ, Russel GB, Lang CM (1990) An evaluation of three intravenous regimens in New Zealand rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 40:270–276
Glenn JB, Animal studies of the anesthetic activity of ICI35868. Br J Anaesth 52:731–742
Murdock HR (1969) Anesthesia in the rabbit. Fed Proc 28:1510–1516
Peeters ME, Gil D, Teske E, Eyzenbach V, v.d. Brom WE, Lumeij JT, de Vries HW (1988) Four methods for general anesthesia in rabbits: a comparative study. Lab Animals 22:355–360
References
Davis NL, Nunnally RL, Malinin TI (1975) Determination of the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in the white New Zealand rabbit. Br J Anesthesiol 47:341–345
Eger EI II, Saidman LJ, Brandstater B (1965) Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency. Anesthesiol 26:756–763
Eger EI II, Johnson BH, Weiskopf RB, Holmes MA, Yasuda N, Targ A, Rampil IJ (1988) Minimum alveolar concentration of I-653 and isoflurane in pigs. Anaesth Analg 67:1174–1176
Fang Z, Gong D, Ionescu P, Laster MJ, Eger II EI, Kendig J (1997) Maturation decreases ethanol minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) more than desflurane MAC in rats. Anaesth Analg 84:852–858
Hall RI, Murphy MR, Hug CC (1987) The enfluorane sparing effect in dogs. Anesthesiol 67:518–525
Ide T, Sakurai Y, Aono M, Nishino T (1998) Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentrations for airway occlusion in cats: A new concept of minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-airway occlusion response. Anaesth Analg 86:191–197
Kashimoto S, Furuya A, Nonoka A, Oguchi T, Koshimizu M, Kumazawa T (1997) The minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in rats. Eur J Anesthesiol 14:395–361
Merkel G, Eger EI II (1963) A comparative study of halothane and halopropane anesthesia. Anesthesiol 24:346–357
Murphy MR, Hug CC (1982) The anesthetic potency of fentanyl in terms of its reduction of enflurane MAC. Anesthesiol: 485–488
Quasha AL, Eger EI II, Tinker JH (1980) Determination and applications of MAC. Anesthesiol 53:315–334
Regan MJ, Eger EI II (1967) Effect of hypothermia in dogs on anesthetizing and apneic doses of inhalation agents. Determination of the anesthetic index (Apnea/MAC). Anesthesiol 28:689–700
Robbins BH (1946) Preliminary studies of the anesthetic activity of fluorinated hydrocarbons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 86:197–204
Saidman LJ, Eger EI II (1964) Effect of nitrous oxide and narcotic premedication on the alveolar concentration of halothane required for anesthesia. Anesthesiol 25:302–306
Seifen E, Seifen AB, Kennedy RH, Bushman GA, Loss GE, Williams TG (1987) Comparison of cardiac effects of enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in the dog heart-lung preparation. J Cardiothor Anesth 1:543–553
Waizer PR, Baez S, Orkin LR (1973) A method for determining minimum alveolar concentration of anesthetic in the rat. Anesthesiol 39:394–397
Wolfson B, Dorsch SE, Kuo TS, Siker ES (1972) Brain anesthetic concentration — a new concept. Anesthesiol 36:176–179
References
Burgison RM (1964) Animal techniques for evaluating anesthetic drugs. In: Nodine JH, Siegler PE (eds) Animal and Clinical Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Year Book Med. Publ., Inc., Chicago, pp 369–372
Burns THS, Hall JM, Bracken A, Gouldstone G (1961) Investigation of new fluorine compounds in anaesthesia (3): The anaesthetic properties of hexafluorobenzene. Anaesthesia 16:333–339
Raventós J (1956) Action of fluothane — A new volatile anaesthetic. Br J Pharmacol 11:394
Ravento J, Spinks A (1958) Development of halothane. Methods of screening volatile anaesthetics. Manchester Univ Med School Gaz 37:55
Van Poznak A Artusio JF Jr. (1960) Anesthetic properties of a series of fluorinated compounds: II. Fluorinated ethers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2:374
References
Cervin A, Lindberg S (1998) Changes in mucociliary activity may be used to investigate the airway-irritating potency of volatile anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 80:475–480
Fukuda H, Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Saitoh K, Mitsuhata H (1996) Sevoflurane is equivalent to isoflurane for attenuating bupivacaine-induced arrhythmias and seizures in rats. Anesth Analg 83:570–573
Hanagata K, Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Miyaji T, Funayama T, Koshimizu M, Kashimoto S, Kumazawa T (1995) Isoflurane and sevoflurane produce a dose-dependent reduction in the shivering threshold in rabbits. Anesth Analg 81:581–584
Hashimoto H, Imamura S, Ikeda K, Nakashima M (1994) Electrophysiological effects of volatile anesthetics, sevoflurane and halothane, in a canine myocardial infarction model. J Anesth 8:93–100
Hashimoto Y, Hirota K, Ohtomo N, Ishihara H, Matsuki A (1996) In vivo direct measurement of the bronchodilating effect of sevoflurane using a superfine fiberoptic bronchoscope: Comparison with enflurane and halothane. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:213–216
Hirano M, Fujigaki T, Shibata O, Sumikawa K (1995) A comparison of coronary hemodynamics during isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs. Anesth Analg 80:651–656
Hisaka Y, Ohe N, Takase K, Ogasawara S (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in cats: Comparison with isoflurane, halothane, and enflurane. Res Vet Sci 63:205–210
Johnson RA, Striler E, Sawyer DC, Brunson DB (1998) Comparison of isoflurane with sevoflurane for anesthesia induction and recovery in adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 59:487–481
Kataoka Y, Manabe M, Takimoto E, Tokai H, Aono J, Hishiyama K, Ueda W (1994) Negative inotropic effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane and halothane in canine blood-perfused papillary muscles. Anesth Resusc 30:73–76
Kissin I, Morgan PL, Smith LR (1983) Comparison of isoflurane and halothane safety margins in rats. Anesthesiol 58:556–561
Kissin I, Kerr CR, Smith LR (1984) Morphine-halothane interaction in rats. Anesthesiol 60:553–561
Krantz JC Jr., Carr CJ, Forman SE, Evans WE Jr., Wollenweber H (1941) Anesthesia. IV. The anesthetic action of cyclopropylethyl ether. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 72:233–244
Krantz JC Jr., Carr CJ, Lu G, Bell FK (1953) Anesthesia. XL. The anesthetic action of trifluoroethyl vinyl ether. J Pharm Exp Ther 108:488–495
McMurphy RM, Hodgson DS (1996) Cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane in cats. Am J Vet Res 57:367–370
Mazzeo AJ, Cheng EY, Bosnjak ZJ, Coon RL, Kampine JP (1996) Differential effects of desflurane and halothane on peripheral airway smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth 76:841–846
Mitsuhata H, Saitoh J, Shimizu R, Takeuchi H, Hasome N, Horiguchi Y (1994) Sevoflurane and isoflurane protect against bronchospasm in dogs. Anesthesiol 81:1230–1234
Mutoh T, Nishimura R, Kim HY, Matsunage S, Sasaki N (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane, compared with halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane, in dogs. Am J Vet Res 58:885–890
Novalija E, Hogan QH, Kulier AH, Turner LH, Bosnjak ZJ (1998) Effects of desflurane, sevoflurane and halothane on postinfarction spontaneous dysrhythmias in dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:353–357
Saeki Y, Hasegawa Y, Shibamoto T, Yamaguchi Y, Hayashi T, Tanaka S, Wang GH, Koyama S (1996) The effects of sevoflurane, enflurane, and isoflurane on baroreceptor-sympathetic reflex in rabbits. Anesth Analg 82:342–348
Soma LR, Terney WJ, Hogan GK, Satoh N (1995) The effects of multiple administrations of sevoflurane to cynomolgus monkeys: Clinical pathologic, hematologic and pathologic study. Anesth Analg 81:347–352
Van Poznak A, Artusio F Jr. (1960a) Anesthetic properties of a series of fluorinated compounds. I. Fluorinated hydrocarbons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2:363–373
Van Poznak A, Artusio F Jr. (1960b) Anesthetic properties of a series of fluorinated compounds. II. Fluorinated ethers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2:363–373
Wolfson B, Kielar CM, Lake C, Hetrick WD, Siker ES (1973) Anesthetic index — a new approach. Anesthesiol 38:583–586
White PF, Johnston RR, Eger EI II (1974) Determination of anesthetic requirement in rats. Anesthesiol 40:52–57
Salmempera M, Wilson D, Szlam F, Hugg CC Jr. (1992) Anesthetic potency of the opioid GI 87084B in dogs. Anesthesiology 77:A368
Steffey EP, Howland D (1978) Potency of enflurane in dogs: comparison with halothane and isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 39:573–577
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag
About this entry
Cite this entry
Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Schölkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Müller, G., Vogel, W.F. (2002). Psychotropic and neurotropic activity1 . In: Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Schölkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Müller, G., Vogel, W.F. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29837-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29837-1_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42396-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29837-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive