Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estonia

  • Reference work entry
Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Earth Science ((EESS))

  • 109 Accesses

Geography and topography

Estonia, the northernmost of the three Baltic republics, is situated in NE Europe on the E coast of the Baltic Sea. The area has been inhabited for at least 10 000 years. The first written reference to the land of the Estonians dates from 1154 when the Arab geographer and traveler al-Idrisi produced a map of places in the world known at that time. Since the beginning of the 13th century, Estonia was under German, Swedish and Russian rule until the independent Estonian Republic was established in 1918. In 1940 Estonia was occupied and incorporated into the Soviet Union. In 1991 the restoration of the independent Republic of Estonia was proclaimed.

The present-day Estonia has an area of 45 215 km2(plus another 2000 km still occupied by Russia). It extends from 57°30′49′′ to 50°49′12′′ N and from 21°45′49′′ to 28°12′44′′ E. Estonian territory extends 350 km from W to E and 240 km from N to S. Due to the 1500 islands and islets, the Estonian coastline is as long...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 589.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Grigelis, A. (ed.) (1982) Geology of the Soviet Baltic Republics. Explanatory note of the set of geological maps, scale 1:500 000. Leningrad: Nedra Publ., 304 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigelis, A. (ed.) (1991) Geology and geomorphology of the Baltic Sea. Explanatory note of the geological maps, scale 1:500 000. Leningrad: Nedra Publ., 420 (in Russian with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaljo, D.L. (ed.) (1970) Silurian of Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 343 (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaljo, D. (ed.) (1977) Facies and fauna of the Baltic Silurian. Tallinn: Acad. Sci. Estonian SSR, 286 (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaljo, D. and Klaamann, E. (eds) (1986) Theory and practice of Ecostratigraphy. Tallinn: Valgus, 295 (in Russian with English summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luha, A. (1946) Eesti NSV maavarad [Mineral resources of the Estonian SSR]. Tallinn: Teaduslik-tehniline kirjandus, 178. (in Estonian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Männil, R. (1966) The History of the Baltic Basin in Ordovician. Tallinn: Valgus, 200. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Märss, T. (1986) Silurian Vertebrates of Estonia and West Latvia. Tallinn: Valgus, 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murchison, R.I, Verneuil, E. and Keyserling, A. (1845) The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. vol. I. Geology. London-Paris, 700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, H. (1964) Ordovician and Llandoverian Stromatoporoidea of Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 112. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, H. (1966) Wenlockian and Ludlovian Stromatoporoidea of Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 87. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Obruchev, D. and Mark-Kurik, E. (1965) Devonian Psammosteids (Agnatha, Psammosteidae) of the USSR. Tallinn: Acad. Sci. Estonian SSR, 304. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orviku, K. (1940) Lithologie der Tallinna-Serie (Ordovizium Estland). Acta Univ. Tartu, A, 36, 216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirrus, E. (ed.) (1986) Vendian and Cambrian Facies and Stratigraphy of the Western Part of East-European Platform. Tallinn: Acad. Sci. Estonian SSR, 184. (in Russian with English summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Puura, V. (ed.) (1986) Geology of the Kukersite-bearing Beds of the Baltic Oil Shale Basin. Tallinn: Valgus, 82. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Purra, V. (ed.) (1987) Geology and mineral resources of the Rakvere phosphorite-bearing area. Tallinn: Valgus, 212. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Puura, V. and Huhma, H. (1993) Palaeoproterozoic age of the East Baltic granulite crust. Precambrian Res. 64(1–4), 289–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puura, V. and Suuroja, K. (1992) Ordovician impact crater at Kärdla, Hiiumaa Island, Estonia. Tectonophysics, 216(1–2), 143–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puura, V., Vaher, R.M., Klein, V. et al. (1983) The Crystalline Basement of Estonian Territory. Moscow; Nauka Publ., 208. (in Russian with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raukas, A. (1978) Pleistocene deposits of the Estonian SSR. Tallinn: Valgus Publ., 310. (in Russian with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raukas, A. and Hyvärinen, H. (eds) (1992) Geology of the Gulf of Finland. Tallinn: Estonian Acad. Sci. 422. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raukas, A., Rähni, E. and Miidel, A. (1971) Marginal glacial formations in North Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 228. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubel, M. (1970) Silurian brachiopods Pentamerida and Spiriferida of Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 75. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarv, L. (1959) Ordovician ostracods in the Estonian SSR. Tallinn: ERK, 206. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. (1858) Untersuchungen über die Silurishe Formation von Estland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Arch. Naturk. Liv-. Est-u. Kurland, Ser. 1, 2(1) 248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. (1865) Untersuchungen über die Ersheinungen der Glacialformation in Estland und auf Oesel. Bull. Acad. Sci St Pétersburg, VIII(4), 339–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavast, E. and Raukas, A. (1982) The bedrock relief of Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus, 194. (in Russian with English and Estonian summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Viiding, H. and Kaljo, D. (eds) (1986) History of Geological Sciences in Estonia. Tallinn: Valgus 360. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. V. Puuar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Raukas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Chapman & Hall

About this entry

Cite this entry

Puuar, V., Raukas, A. (1997). Estonia . In: Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4495-X_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4495-X_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-74040-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4495-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation