Any map consists of two inseparable parts: (1) a graphic portrayal of areal, linear, or point information and (2) an explanation in words concerning the essential attributes of the items portrayed. The term attributes refers to the names, definitions, properties, characteristics, and mutual relations of areal units. A map is thus a classification, a method of presenting areal distribution patterns as a scale model of the real world.
Maps as a Kind of Classification
The process of classification proceeds by grouping individuals into larger units and by dividing larger already recognized units or a heterogeneous population into smaller classes. Both processes of grouping and division are subject to logical rules that must govern the classification of natural objects. According to Grigg (1967), classifications should be designed for a specific purpose because they rarely serve two purposes equally well.
The purposes of a map are related to the two processes of classification. According to
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Varnes, D.J. (1988). Maps, logic of . In: General Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30844-X_69
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