Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Genus Leptospira

  • Reference work entry
The Prokaryotes

Introduction

Members of the genus Leptospira are helicoidal bacteria that may exist as free-living saprophytes or in association with a diverse range of animal hosts. They either are the cause of acute leptospirosis or are associated with particular host tissues (especially the renal proximal tubules) on a long-term basis (possibly for the life of the animal). Two additional species, L. parva and L. illini, which were previously included in the genus, have been reclassified as the separate genera Turneria and Leptonema, respectively (Hovind-Hougen, 1979; Hookey et al., 1993; Ellis, 1995), although the former has not been officially published. These three genera comprise the family Leptospiraceae within the order Spirochaetales, which also contains the families Spirochaetaceae and Serpulinaceae.

Human leptospirosis has clearly existed since the earliest times, but it is impossible to ascribe with any certainty various records of febrile jaundice to leptospirosis or to other causes. Many...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Adler, B., A. M. Murphy, S. Locarnini, and S. Faine. 1980 Detection of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins M and G in human serum by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay J. Clin. Microbiol. 11 452–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, B., and S. Faine. 1983 A pomona serogroup-specific, agglutinating antigen in Leptospira, identified by monoclonal antibodies Pathol. 15 247–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, B., S. Faine, W. L. Christopher, and R. J. Chappel. 1986 Development of an improved selective medium for isolation of leptospires from clinical material Vet. Microbiol. 12 377–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alston, J. M., and J. C. Broom. 1958 Leptospirosis in Man and Animals E. & S. Livingstone Edinburgh London

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. L., and R. C. Johnson. 1968 Electron microscopy of immune disruption of leptospires: action of complement and lysozyme J. Bacteriol. 95 2293–2309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auran, N. E., R. C. Johnson, and D. M. Ritzi. 1972 Isolation of the outer sheath of Leptospira and its immunogenic properties in hamsters Infect. Immun. 5 968–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, S. A., M. Williams, B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1986 Interactions of virulent and avirulent leptospires with primary cultures of renal epithelial cells J. Med. Microbiol. 21 59–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, S. A., R. P. A. M. Segers, N. Bleumink-Pluym, J. Fyfe, S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1993 Molecular analysis of the hsp (groE) operon of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni Molec. Microbiol. 8 739–751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, S., M. Go, R. Segers, and B. Adler. 1998 Molecular analysis of the dnaK locus of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni Gene 216 21–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baril, C., and I. S. Girons. 1990 Sizing of the Leptospira genome by pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71 95–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baril, C., J. L. Herrmann, C. Richaud, D. Margarita, and I. Saint Girons. 1992 Scattering of the rRNA genes on the physical map of the circular chromosome of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae J. Bacteriol. 174 7566–7571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belfaiza, J., A. Martel, D. Margarita, and I. Saint Girons. 1998 Direct sulfhydrylation for methionine biosynthesis in Leptospira meyeri J. Bacteriol. 180 250–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey, R. F., N. E. Auran, and R. C. Johnson. 1974 Immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope leptospiral vaccines in hamsters Infect. Immun. 10 1051–1056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey, R. F., and R. C. Johnson. 1978a Humoral immune responses of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines Amer. J. Vet. Res. 39 1109–1114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey, R. F., and R. C. Johnson. 1978b Protein-free and low-protein media for cultivation of Leptospira Infect. Immun. 19 562–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey, R. F., and R. C. Johnson. 1982 Leptospiral vaccine in dogs: Immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope vaccines prepared in protein-free medium Am. J. Vet. Res. 43 831–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bey, R. F., and R. C. Johnson. 1983 Leptospiral vaccines: immunogenicity of protein-free medium cultivated whole cell bacterins in swine Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 2299–2301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birch-Andersen, A., K. Hovind Hougen, and C. Borg-Petersen. 1973 Electron microscopy of Leptospira. 1: Leptospira strain pomona Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 81 665–676

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, C. A., R. L. Zuerner, and G. Trueba. 1989 Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 2004–2008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, C. A. 1996 Diagnosis of leptospirosis: a reemerging disease of companion animals Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Animal) 11 166–171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourhy, P., A. Martel, D. Margarita, I. Saint Girons, and J. Belfaiza. 1997 Homoserine O-acetyltransferase, involved in the Leptospira meyeri methionine biosynthetic pathway, is not feedback inhibited J. Bacteriol. 179 4396–4398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boursaux-Eude, C., I. Saint Girons, and R. Zuerner. 1995 IS1500, an IS3-like element from Leptospira interrogans Microbiol. 141 2165–2173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boursaux-Eude, C., I. Saint Girons, and R. Zuerner. 1998 Leptospira genomics Electrophoresis 19 589–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, D. J., A. F. Kaufmann, K. R. Sulzer, A. G. Steigerwalt, F. C. Rogers, and R. S. Weyant. 1999 Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 839–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenot, A., D. Trott, I. Saint Girons, and R. Zuerner. 2001a Penicillin-binding proteins in Leptospira interrogans Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 870–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenot, A., C. Werts, C. Ottone, N. Sertour, N. W. Charon, D. Postic, G. Baranton, and I. Saint Girons. 2001b First evidence for a restriction-modification system in Leptospira sp FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 201 139–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. C., and J. C. Broom. 1929 Observations upon electric charge in certain bacteriological problems Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 10 219–225

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulach, D. M., T. Kalambaheti, A. de la Pena-Moctezuma, and B. Adler. 2000 Functional analysis of genes in the rfb locus of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis Infect. Immun. 68 3793–3798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burth, P., M. Younes-Ibrahim, F. H. Goncalez, E. R. Costa, and M. V. Faria. 1997 Purification and characterization of a Na+, K+ ATPase inhibitor found in an endotoxin of Leptospira interrogans Infect. Immun. 65 1557–1560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cacciapuoti, B., L. Ciceroni, and D. Attard Barbini. 1991 Fatty acid profiles, a chemotaxonomic key for the classification of strains of the family Leptospiraceae Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 295–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, A., and S. Faine. 1970 Electron-microscopic evidence for reactions of axial filaments of Leptospira with IgM and IgG antibodies Bull. WHO 43 571–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, A. J., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1988 Antigens recognized by the human immune response to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo J. Med. Microbiol. 25 269–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, A. C., C. O. R. Everard, S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1991 Antigens recognized by the human immune response to severe leptospirosis in Barbados Epidemiol. Infect. 107 143–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chappel, R. J., R. W. Prime, B. D. Millar, L. J. Mead, R. T. Jones, and B. Adler. 1992 Comparison of diagnostic procedures for porcine leptospirosis Vet. Microbiol. 30 151–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charon, N. W., R. C. Johnson, and D. Peterson. 1974 Amino acid biosynthesis in the spirochete Leptospira: evidence for a novel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis J. Bacteriol. 117 203–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, T. Z. 1985 Development and situation of and techniques for production of leptospirosis vaccine in China Jap. J. Bacteriol. 40 755–762

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christmas, B. W., D. G. Till, and J. M. Bragger. 1974 Dairy farm fever in New Zealand: isolation of L pomona and L hardjo from a local outbreak New Zealand Med. J. 79 904–906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, W. L., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1982 Immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines grown in protein-free medium J. Med. Microbiol. 15 493–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, K. M., R. Rathinam, P. Namperumalsamy, and D. Dean. 1998 Identification of Leptospira species in the pathogenesis of uveitis and determination of clinical ocular characteristics in south India J. Infect. Dis. 177 1314–1321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinco, M., E. Banfi, and M. R. Soranzo. 1981 Studies on the interaction between macrophages and leptospires J. Gen. Microbiol. 124 409–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinco, M., and E. Banfi. 1983a Activation of complement by leptospires and its bactericidal activity Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 254 261–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinco, M., and H. Banfi. 1983b Interactions between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and one strain of pathogenic Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans sp.) and one of saprophytic Leptospira (L. biflexa sp.) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 19 51–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinco, M., S. Perticarari, G. Presani, A. Dobrina, and F. Liut. 1993 Biological activity of a peptidoglycan extracted from Leptospira interrogans: in vitro studies J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 2959–2964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cinco, M., E. Vecile, R. Murgia, P. Dobrina, and A. Dobrina. 1996 Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira peptidoglycans induce the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from human monocytes FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 138 211–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corin, R. E., E. Boggs, and C. D. Cox. 1978 Enzymatic degradation of H2O2 by Leptospira Infect. Immun. 22 672–675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Brito, T., M. J. Prado, V. A. Negreiros, A. L. Nicastri, E. E. Sakata, P. H. Yasuda, R. T. Santos, and V. A. F. Alves. 1992 Detection of leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae) by immunoelectron microscopy in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 73 633–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Peña-Moctezuma, A., D. M. Bulach, T. Kalambaheti, and B. Adler. 1999 Comparative analysis of the LPS biosynthetic loci of the genetic subtypes of serovar Hardjo: Leptospira interrogans Subtype Hardjoprajitno and Leptospira borgpetersenii Subtype Hardjobovis FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 177 319–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Peña-Moctezuma, A., D. M. Bulach, T. Kalambaheti, and B. Adler. 2001 Genetic differences among the LPS biosynthetic loci of serovars of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 31 73–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dikken, H., and E. Kmety. 1978 Serological typing methods of leptospires In: T. Bergan and R. Norris (Eds.) Methods in Microbiology Academic Press New York NY 260–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W. A. 1986 The diagnosis of leptospirosis in farm animals In: W. A. Ellis and T. W. A. Little (Eds.) The present state of leptospirosis and control Martinus Nijhoff Dordrecht The Netherlands 13–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W. A. 1991 Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection in domestic animals In: Y. Kobayashi (Ed.) Leptospirosis: Proceedings of the Leptospirosis Research Conference 1990 Hokusen-Sha Tokyo Japan 20–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W. A. 1995 International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcomittee on the Taxonomy of Leptospira: Minutes of the Meetings, 1 and 2 July 1994, Prague, Czech Republic Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 872–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Everard, C. O., C. N. Edwards, J. D. Everard, and D. G. Carrington. 1995 A twelve-year study of leptospirosis on Barbados Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11 311–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faine, S. 1964 Reticuloendothelial phagocytosis of virulent leptospires Am. J. Vet. Res. 25 830–835

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faine, S. 1982 Guidelines for the the control of leptospirosis World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Faine, S. 1998 Leptospirosis In: W. J. Hausler and M. Sussman (Eds.) Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections Arnold London 849–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Faine, S., B. Adler, C. Bolin, and P. Perolat. 1999 Leptospira and Leptospirosis MediSci Melbourne Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrelly, H. E., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1987 Opsonic monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo J. Med. Microbiol. 23 1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga, M., and I. Mifuchi. 1989a The number of large ribosomal RNA genes in Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa Microbiol. Immunol. 33 459–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga, M., and I. Mifuchi. 1989b Unique organization of Leptospira interrogans rRNA genes J. Bacteriol. 171 5763–5767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga, M., I. Horie, and I. Mifuchi. 1990 Isolation and characterization of the 5S rRNA gene of Leptospira interrogans J. Bacteriol. 172 3264–3268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga, M., I. Horie, N. Okuzako, and I. Mifuchi. 1991 Isolation and characterisation of the 5S rRNA genes in Leptospira and Leptonema In: Y. Kobayashi (Ed.) Leptospirosis: Proceedings of the Leptospirosis Research Conference 1990 Hokusen-sha Tokyo Japan 290–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga, M., I. Mifuchi, Y. Yanagihara, and N. Okuzako. 1992 Comparison of flanking regions of the 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in Leptospira biflexa and Leptospira interrogans Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 40 544–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gravekamp, C., H. Van de Kemp, M. Franzen, D. Carrington, G. J. Schoone, G. J. Van Eys, C. O. Everard, R. A. Hartskeerl, and W. J. Terpstra. 1993 Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 1691–1700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro, H., J. Croda, B. Flannery, M. Mazel, J. Matsunaga, M. G. Reis, P. N. Levett, A. I. Ko, and D. A. Haake. 2001 Leptospiral proteins pecognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans Infect. Immun. 69 4958–4968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gussenhoven, G. C., M. A. van der Hoorn, M. G. Goris, W. J. Terpstra, R. A. Hartskeerl, B. W. Mol, C. W. van Ingen, and H. L. Smits. 1997 LEPTO dipstick, a dipstick assay for detection of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human sera J. Clin. Microbiol. 35 92–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A., E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett. 1991 Changes in the surface of Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa during in vitro cultivation Infect. Immun. 59 1131–1140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A., C. I. Champion, C. Martinich, E. S. Shang, D. R. Blanco, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett. 1993 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding OmpL1, a transmembrane outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp J. Bacteriol. 175 4225–4234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A., C. Martinich, T. A. Summers, E. S. Shang, J. D. Pruetz, A. M. McCoy, M. K. Mazel, and C. A. Bolin. 1998 Characterization of leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein LipL36: Downregulation associated with late-log-phase growth and mammalian infection Infect. Immun. 66 1579–1587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A., M. K. Mazel, A. M. McCoy, F. Milward, G. Chao, J. Matsunaga, and E. A. Wagar. 1999 Leptospiral outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection Infect. Immun. 67 6572–6582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A. 2000a Spirochaetal lipoproteins and pathogenesis Microbiol. 146 1491–1504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haake, D. A., G. Chao, R. L. Zuerner, J. K. Barnett, D. Barnett, M. Mazel, J. Matsunaga, P. N. Levett, and C. A. Bolin. 2000b The leptospiral major outer membrane protein LipL32 is a lipoprotein expressed during mammalian infection Infect. Immun. 68 2276–2285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henneberry, R. C., and C. D. Cox. 1970 β-oxidation of fatty acids by Leptospira Can. J. Microbiol. 16 41–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, J. L., E. Bellenger, P. Perolat, G. Baranton, and I. Saint Girons. 1992 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of NotI digests of leptospiral DNA: A new rapid method of serovar identification J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 1696–1702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, J. L., and I. Saint-Girons. 1993 Value of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for genetic and epidemiological studies of Leptospira and Borrelia Meth. Molec. Cell. Biol. 4 63–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, J. L. 1994 Genomic techniques for identification of Leptospira strains Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 41 943–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S. 1978 Anatomy and chemistry of spirochetes Microbiol. Rev. 42 114–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hookey, J. V. 1992 Detection of Leptospiraceae by amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 15 267–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Hookey, J. V., J. Bryden, and L. Gatehouse. 1993 The use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis to investigate the phylogeny of Leptospiraceae and related spirochaetes J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 2585–2590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hovind-Hougen, K. 1979 Leptospiraceae, a new Family to include Leptospira Noguchi 1917 and Leptonema, gen. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 29 245–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, D., M.-J. Pan, Y. C. Zee, and R. B. LeFebvre. 1990 Unique ribosome structure of Leptospira interrogans is composed of four rRNA components J. Bacteriol. 172 3478–3480

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inada, R., Y. Ido, R. Hoki, R. Kaneko, and H. Ito. 1916 The etiology, mode of infection, and specific therapy of Weil’s disease (Spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica) J. Exp. Med. 23 377–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isogai, E., H. Isogai, N. Fujii, and K. Oguma. 1990a Biological effects of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide on mouse B, T and NK cells Japan. J. Vet. Sci. 52 923–930

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isogai, E., H. Isogai, N. Fujii, and K. Oguma. 1990b Macrophage activation by leptospiral lipopolysaccharide Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 273 200–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., and P. Rogers. 1964a 5-fluorouracil as a selective agent for the growth of leptospirae J. Bacteriol. 88 422–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., and P. Rogers. 1964b Metabolism of leptospirae. I: Utilization of amino acids and purine and pyrimidine bases Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 107 459–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., and V. G. Harris. 1967 Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. I: Growth at low temperatures J. Bacteriol. 94 27–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., and V. G. Harris. 1968 Purine analogue sensitivity and lipase activity of leptospires Appl. Microbiol. 16 1584–1590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., V. G. Harris, and J. K. Walby. 1969 Characterization of leptospires according to fatty acid requirements J. Gen. Microbiol. 55 399–407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., B. P. Livermore, J. K. Walby, and H. M. Jenkin. 1970 Lipids of parasitic and saprophytic leptospires Infect. Immun. 2 286–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., J. K. Walby, R. A. Henry, and N. E. Auran. 1973 Cultivation of parasitic leptospires: Effect of pyruvate Appl. Microbiol. 26 118–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C. 1976 Comparative spirochete phyisiology and cellular composition The Biology of Parasitic Spirochetes Academic Press New York NY 39–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, B. H., B. Adler, T. Vinh, and S. Faine. 1986 A monoclonal antibody reacting with a determinant on leptospiral lipolysaccharide protects guinea pigs against leptospirosis J. Med. Microbiol. 22 269–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, B. H., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1988 Reaction of monoclonal antibodies with species specific determinants in Leptospira interrogans outer envelope J. Med. Microbiol. 27 51–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, B. H., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1989 Experimental immunisation of hamsters with lipopolysaccharide antigens of Leptospira interrogans J. Med. Microbiol. 29 115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalambaheti, T., D. M. Bulach, K. Rajakumar, and B. Adler. 1999 Genetic organization of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen biosynthetic locus of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis Microb. Pathog. 27 105–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasarov, L. B., and L. Addamiano. 1969 Metabolism of the lipoproteins of serum by leptospires: degradation of the triglycerides J. Med. Microbiol. 2 165–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kefford, B., and K. C. Marshall. 1984 Adhesion of Leptospira at a solid-liquid interface: A model Arch. Microbiol. 138 84–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelson, J. S., B. Adler, A. J. Chapman, and S. Faine. 1988 Identification of leptospiral flagellar antigens by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting J. Med. Microbiol. 26 47–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemenes, F. 1964 Cross-immunity studies on virulent strains of leptospires belonging to different serotypes Zeitschr. Immunitätsf. Exp. Therap. 127 209–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, T., Y. Yanagihara, and I. Mifuchi. 1984 Detoxification of tween for the cultivation of Leptospira Microbiol. Immunol. 28 949–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolk, A. H. J., J. Van Leeuwen, H. Korver, and W. J. Terpstra. 1984 Serotyping of leptospires by monoclonal antibodies Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 257 515

    Google Scholar 

  • Korthof, G. 1932 Experimentelles Schlammfieber beim Menschen Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. [A] 125 429–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Korver, H., A. H. J. Kolk, J. Vingerhold, J. van Leeuwen, and W. J. Terpstra. 1988 Classification of the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup by monoclonal antibodies Israel J. Vet. Med. 44 15–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. H., K. A. Kim, Y. G. Park, I. W. Seong, M. J. Kim, and Y. J. Lee. 2000 Identification and partial characterization of a novel hemolysin from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai Gene 254 19–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letocart, M., G. Baranton, and P. Perolat. 1997 Rapid identification of pathogenic Leptospira species (Leptospira interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. kirschneri) with species-specific DNA probes produced by arbitrarily primed PCR J. Clin. Microbiol. 35 248–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levett, P. N. 2001 Leptospirosis Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 296–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., A. Motaleb, M. Sal, S. F. Goldstein, and N. W. Charon. 2000 Spirochete periplasmic flagella and motility J. Molec. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2 345–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucchesi, P. M., and A. E. Parma. 1999 A DNA fragment of Leptospira interrogans encodes a protein which shares epitopes with equine cornea Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 71 173–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R. B., E. S. Broughton, and J. S. Hellstrom. 1979 Protection of cattle against natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo using a hardjo-pomona vaccine New Zealand Vet. J. 27 114–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R. B., B. Wilton, and A. J. Robinson. 1981 Identification of Leptospira serovars by restriction-endonuclease analysis J. Med. Microbiol. 14 163–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez Sanchez, R., A. Perez Sierra, M. Baro Suarez, A. M. Alvarez, J. Menendez Hernandez, M. Diaz Gonzalez, R. Cruz de la Paz, G. de los Reyes, B. Montoya Batista, G. Sierra Gonzalez, M. Armesto del Rio, A. Saltaren Cobas, and O. Sabournin Ramos. 2000 Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new vaccine against human leptospirosis in groups at risk Revista Panama di Saluda Publica 8 385–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuzawa, T., R. Nakamura, Y. Beppu, and Y. Yanagihara. 1996 Immunochemical characteristics and localization on cells of protective antigen (PAg) prepared from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai Microbiol. Immunol. 40 237–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merien, F., P. Amouriaux, P. Perolat, G. Baranton, and I. Saint Girons. 1992 Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 2219–2224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merien, F., G. Baranton, and P. Perolat. 1997 Invasion of Vero cells and induction of apoptosis in macrophages by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans are correlated with virulence Infect. Immun. 65 729–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merien, F., J. Truccolo, G. Baranton, and P. Perolat. 2000 Identification of a 36-kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 185 17–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midwinter, A., S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1990 Vaccination of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-derived immuno-conjugates from Leptospira interrogans J. Med. Microbiol. 33 199–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midwinter, A., T. Vinh, S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1994 Characterization of an antigenic oligosaccharide from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and its role in immunity Infect. Immun. 62 5477–5482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, B. D., R. J. Chappel, B. Adler, S. J. Driesen, and R. T. Jones. 1987 Effect of maternal vaccination on the susceptibility of growing pigs to leptospiral infection Vet. Microbiol. 15 79–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, M., J. I. Rood, S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1991 Molecular analysis of a Leptospira borpetersenii gene encoding an endoflagellar subunit protein J. Gen. Microbiol. 137 1529–1536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, M., D. M. Bulach, T. Vinh, K. Rajakumar, S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1997 Identification and characterization of the dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and transfer genes of the lipopolysaccharide-related rfb locus in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni J. Bacteriol. 179 1262–1267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niikura, M., E. Ono, and R. Yanagawa. 1987 Molecular comparison of antigens on proteins of virulent and avirulent clones of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 266 453–462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M., S. A. Waitkins, and W. Zochowski. 1984 Survival of leptospires in commercial blood culture systems Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 257 480–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M. F., S. A. Waitkins, and S. W. Wanyangu. 1987 A comparison of live and formalised leptospiral microscopic agglutination test Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 265 151–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perolat, P., F. Merien, W. A. Ellis, and G. Baranton. 1994 Characterization of Leptospira isolates from serovar hardjo by ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and mapped restriction site polymorphisms J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 1949–1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picardeau, M., A. Brenot, and I. Saint Girons. 2001 First evidence for gene replacement in Leptospira spp. Inactivation of L. biflexa flaB results in non-motile mutants deficient in endoflagella Molec. Microbiol. 40 189–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plesko, I., and C. Lataste-Dorolle. 1970 Intertype immunity relations of Leptospira strains belonging to the “Australis” serogroup Biologia (Bratislava) 25 403–411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plesko, I., and Z. Hlavata. 1971 Cross immunity studies with lipase negative strains of leptospires Biologia (Bratislava) 26 689–693

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, D., M. McClelland, J. Welsh, G. Baranton, and P. Perolat. 1993 Leptospira species categorized by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by mapped restriction polymorphisms in PCR-amplified rRNA genes J. Bacteriol. 175 973–981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottini, G. D., M. Cinco, F. Panizon, and E. Agosti. 1972 Comportamento delle Ig seriche nell’uomo dopo vaccinazione con Leptospira saprofitica (ceppo Patoc 1) Giorn. Malatt. Infett. Parassit. 24 879–885

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint Girons, I., D. Margarita, P. Amouriaux, and G. Baranton. 1990 First isolation of bacteriophage for a spirochaete: potential genetic tools for Leptospira Res. Microbiol. 141 1131–1138

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint Girons, I., S. J. Norris, U. Gobel, J. Meyer, E. M. Walker, and R. Zuerner. 1992 Genome structure of spirochetes Res. Microbiol. 143 615–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint Girons, I., P. Bourhy, C. Ottone, M. Picardeau, D. Yelton, R. W. Hendrix, P. Glaser, and N. Charon. 2000 The LE1 bacteriophage replicates as a plasmid within Leptospira biflexa: construction of an L. biflexa-Escherichia coli shuttle vector J. Bacteriol. 182 5700–5705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, N., E. Ono, H. Kida, and R. Yanagawa. 1985 Production of monoclonal antibodies against leptospiral genus specific antigen and localization of the antigen by immunoelectron microscopy Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 259 557–563

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schönberg, A., U. Kämpe, and D. Rohloff. 1980 Der Einsatz von Hemmstoffen beim kulturellen Nachweis der Leptospiren in Schweinesperma Berlin München Tieräztl. Wochenschr. 93 166–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Schönberg, A. 1983 Growth of 10 Leptospira interrogans serovars using polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-treated tween in protein-free medium Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 254 540–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoone, G. J., C. O. R. Everard, H. Korver, D. G. Carrington, V. A. Inniss, J. Baulu, and W. J. Terpstra. 1989 An immunoprotective monoclonal antibody directed against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni J. Gen. Microbiol. 135 73–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segers, R. P. A. M., d. D. A. van, N. A. de, P. Corcione, d. Z. B. A. M. van, and W. Gaastra. 1990 Molecular analysis of a sphingomyelinase C gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo Infect. Immun. 58 2177–2185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segers, R. P., J. A. van Gestel, G. J. van Eys, B. A. van der Zeijst, and W. Gaastra. 1992 Presence of putative sphingomyelinase genes among members of the family Leptospiraceae Infect. Immun. 60 1707–1710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shang, E. S., M. M. Exner, T. A. Summers, C. Martinich, C. I. Champion, R. E. Hancock, and D. A. Haake. 1995 The rare outer membrane protein, OmpL1, of pathogenic Leptospira species is a heat-modifiable porin Infect. Immun. 63 3174–3181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shang, E. S., T. A. Summers, and D. A. Haake. 1996 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding LipL41, a surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species Infect. Immun. 64 2322–2330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenberg, E. 1967 Growth of pathogenic Leptospira in a chemically defined media J. Bacteriol. 93 1598–1606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenberg, E., and M. Torten. 1973 A new leptospiral vaccine for use in man. I: Development of a vaccine from “Leptospira” grown on a chemically defined medium J. Infect. Dis. 128 642–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shim, Y. H., B. S. Shim, K. H. Choe, D. S. Kim, K. C. Shin, K. L. Lee, Y. W. Lee, Y. J. Kim, C. J. Chin, J. T. Lee, and I. S. Chai. 1980 Epidemic pulmonary hemorrhagic fever. I. Epidemiological and clinical observations J. Korean Med. Assn. 23 131–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Stalheim, O. H. V. 1968 Vaccination against leptospirosis: Immunogenicity of viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona in hamsters, swine and cattle Am. J. Vet. Res. 29 473–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamm, L. V., F. C. Gherardini, E. A. Parrish, and C. R. Moomaw. 1991 Heat shock response of spirochetes Infect. Immun. 59 1572–1575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N., E. Shenberg, and A. Tietz. 1969 Studies on the metabolism of fatty acids in Leptospira: the biosynthesis of DELTA 9 and DELTA11-monounsaturated acids Eur. J. Biochem. 8 101–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stimson, A. M. 1907 Note on an organism found in yellow-fever tissue Publ. Hlth. Rep. 22 541

    Google Scholar 

  • Stimson, A. M. 1909 Notes on Stimson’s spirochaete found in the kidney of a yellow fever case Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 3 56

    Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra, W. J., G. S. Ligthart, and G. J. Schoone. 1980 Serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 247 400–405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra, W. J., H. Korver, J. van Leeuwen, P. L. Klatser, and A. H. J. Kolk. 1985 The classification of sejroe group serovars of Leptospira interrogans with monoclonal antibodies Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 259 498–506

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra, W. J., H. Korver, G. J. Schoone, J. van Leeuwen, C. E. Schönemann, S. de Jonge-Aglibut, and A. H. J. Kolk. 1987 Comparative classification of Leptospira serovars of the Pomona group by monoclonal antibodies and restriction-endonuclease analysis Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 266 412–421

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiermann, A. B., A. L. Handsaker, J. W. Foley, F. H. White, and B. F. Kingscote. 1986 Reclassification of North American leptospiral isolates belonging to serogroups Mini and Sejroe by restriction endonuclease analysis Am. J. Vet. Res. 47 61–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, K. M., J. D. Boyce, J. Y. Chung, A. J. Frost, and B. Adler. 2001 Genetic organization of Pasteurella multocida cap loci and development of a multiplex capsular PCR typing system J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 924–929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trueba, G. A., C. A. Bolin, and R. L. Zuerner. 1992 Characterization of the periplasmic flagellum proteins of Leptospira interrogans J. Bacteriol. 174 4761–4768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenhuth, P., and W. Fromme. 1915 Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die sogenannte Weilsche Krankheit (ansteckende Gelbsucht) Med. Klin. (München) 44 1202, 1264, and 1296

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinh, T., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1982 The role of macrophages in the protection of mice against leptospirosis: In vitro and in vivo studies Pathol. 14 463–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinh, T., S. Faine, and B. Adler. 1984 Adhesion of leptospires to mouse fibroblasts (L929) and its enhancement by specific antibody J. Med. Microbiol. 18 73–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinh, T., B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1986 Ultrastructure and chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide extracted from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni J. Gen. Microbiol. 132 103–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinh, T., M.-H. Shi, B. Adler, and S. Faine. 1989 Characterization and taxonomic significance of lipopolysaccharides of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo J. Gen. Microbiol. 135 2663–2673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., J. Sullivan, G. W. Sullivan, and G. L. Mandell. 1984 Interaction of leptospires with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils Infect. Immun. 44 459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, L. G., D. J. Brenner, R. R. Colwell, P. A. D. Grimont, O. Kandler, M. I. Krichevsky, L. H. Moore, W. E. C. Moore, R. G. E. Murray, E. Stackebrandt, M. P. Starr, and H. G. Trüper. 1987 Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 463–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil, A. 1886 Ueber eine eigenthümliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus und Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infectionskrankheit Deutsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 39 209

    Google Scholar 

  • Werts, C., R. I. Tapping, J. C. Mathison, T. H. Chuang, V. Kravchenko, I. Saint Girons, D. A. Haake, P. J. Godowski, F. Hayashi, A. Ozinsky, D. M. Underhill, C. J. Kirschning, H. Wagner, A. Aderem, P. S. Tobias, and R. J. Ulevitch. 2001 Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism Nature Immunol. 2 346–352

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, H. N., N. W. Charon, and Peterson. 1983 Multiple pathways for isoleucine biosynthesis in the spirochete Leptospira J. Bacteriol. 154 846–853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woese, C. R. 1987 Bacterial evolution Microbiol. Rev. 51 221–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, M. J., and J. S. Redstone. 1994 Deoxynucleotide sequence conservation of the endoflagellin subunit protein gene, flaB, within the genus Leptospira Vet. Microbiol. 40 239–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara, Y., K. Kamisango, K. Takeda, I. Mifuchi, and I. Azuma. 1983 Identification of 4-o-methylmannose in cell wall polysachharide of Leptospira Microbiol. Immunol. 27 711–715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara, Y., S. Kobayashi, and I. Mifuchi. 1984a Sugar synthesis in Leptospira. I: Presence of glucosephosphate isomerase Microbiol. Immunol. 28 189–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara, Y., S. Kobayashi, and I. Mifuchi. 1984b Sugar synthesis in Leptospira. II: Presence of glyoxalate cycle enzymes Microbiol. Immunol. 28 529–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda, P. H., A. G. Steigerwalt, K. R. Sulzer, A. F. Kaufmann, F. Rogers, and D. J. Brenner. 1987 Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 407–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Younes-Ibrahim, M., P. Burth, M. V. Faria, B. Buffin-Meyer, S. Marsy, C. Barlet-Bas, L. Cheval, and A. Doucet. 1995 Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by an endotoxin extracted from Leptospira interrogans: a possible mechanism for the physiopathology of leptospirosis C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 318 619–625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuri, K., Y. Takamoto, M. Okada, T. Hiramune, N. Kikuchi, and R. Yanagawa. 1993 Chemotaxis of leptospires to hemoglobin in relation to virulence Infect. Immun. 61 2270–2272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, S. R., and W.-J. Shieh. 1996 Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995: The Epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua Lancet 347 535–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeigler, J. A., and W. Van Eseltine. 1975 Isolation and chemical characterization of outer envelope of Leptospira pomona Can. J. Microbiol. 21 1102–1112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeilstra-Ryalls, J., O. Fayer, and C. Georgopoulos. 1991 The universally conserved GroE (Hsp60) chaperonins Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 45 301–325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber, U., and W. Schumann. 1994 CIRCE, a novel heat-shock element involved in regulation of heat shock operon dnaK of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 176 1359–1363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L. 1991 Physical map of chromosomal and plasmid DNA comprising the genome of Leptospira interrogans Nucl. Acids Res. 19 4857–4860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L., J. L. Herrmann, and I. Saint Girons. 1993 Comparison of genetic maps for two Leptospira interrogans serovars provides evidence for two chromosomes and intraspecies heterogeneity J. Bacteriol. 175 5445–5451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L. 1994 Nucleotide sequence analysis of IS1533 from Leptospira borgpetersenii: identification and expression of two IS-encoded proteins Plasmid 31 1–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L., D. Alt, and C. A. Bolin. 1995 IS1533-based PCR assay for identification of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 3284–3290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L., and C. A. Bolin. 1997 Differentiation of Leptospira interrogans isolates by IS1500 hybridization and PCR assays J. Clin. Microbiol. 35 2612–2617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R., D. Haake, B. Adler, and R. Segers. 2000 Technological advances in the molecular biology of Leptospira J. Molec. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2 455–462

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Ben Adler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Solly Faine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA

    Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA

    Stanley Falkow

  3. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  4. Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Schleifer

  5. DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Adler, B., Faine, S. (2006). The Genus Leptospira . In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30747-8_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation