Skip to main content

The Genus Coxiella

  • Reference work entry
Book cover The Prokaryotes

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Akporiaye, E. T., and O. G. Baca. 1983a Superoxide anion production and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 154 520–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akporiaye, E. T., J. D. Rowatt, A. A. Aragon, and O. G. Baca. 1983bLysosomal response of a murine macrophage-like cell line persistently infected with Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 40 1155–1162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akporiaye, E. T., D. Stefanovich, V. Tsosie, and G. Baca. 1990 Coxiella burnetii fails to stimulate human neutrophil superoxide anion production Acta Virol. 34 64–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, K., and J. C. Williams. 1984a Chemical and immunological characterization of lipopolysaccharides from phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 160 994–1002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, K., and J. C. Williams. 1984bSensitivity of Coxiella burnetii peptidoglycan to lysozyme hydrolysis and correlation of sacculus rigidity with peptidoglycan-associated proteins J. Bacteriol. 160 989–993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, K., J. C. Williams, T. F. McCaul, and M. G. Peacock. 1984c Biochemical and immunological properties of Coxiella burnetii cell wall and peptidoglycan-protein complex fractions J. Bacteriol. 160 982–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, K., J. C. Williams, S. R. Missler, and V. N. Reinhold. 1987 Structure and biological relationships of Coxiella burnetii lipopolysaccharides J. Biol. Chem. 262 4740–4747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amemura-Maekawa, J., S. Mishima-Abe, F. Kura, T. Takahashi, and H. Watanabe. 1999 Identification of a novel periplasmic catalase-peroxidase KatA of Legionella pneumophila FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176 339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atzpodien, E., W. Baumgartner, A. Artelt, and D. Thiele. 1994 Valvular endocarditis occurs as a part of a disseminated Coxiella burnetii infection in immunocompromised BALB/cJ (H-2d) mice infected with the nine mile isolate of C. burnetii J. Infect. Dis. 170 223–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babudieri, C. 1959 Q fever: A zoonosis Adv. Vet. Sci. 5 81–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Baca, O. G., and D. Paretsky. 1983 Q fever and Coxiella burnetii: A model for host-parasite interactions Microbiol. Rev. 47 127–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baca, O. G., D. A. Klassen, and A. S. Aragon. 1993a Entry of Coxiella burnetii into host cells Acta Virol. 37 143–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baca, O. G., M. J. Roman, R. H. Glew, R. F. Christner, J. E. Buhler, and A. S. Aragon. 1993bAcid phosphatase activity in Coxiella burnetii: A possible virulence factor Infect. Immun. 61 4232–4239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baca, O. G., Y. P. Li, and H. Kumar. 1994 Survival of the Q fever agent Coxiella burnetii in the phagolysosome Trends Microbiol. 2 476–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandyopadhyay, P., and H. M. Steinman. 1998 Legionella pneumophila catalase-peroxidases: Cloning of the katB gene and studies of KatB function J. Bacteriol. 180 5369–5374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, A. J. 1984 Proteolytic and other metabolic pathways in lysosomes Biochem. Soc. Trans. 12 899–902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, W., H. Dettinger, N. Schmeer, and E. Hoffmeister. 1988 Evaluation of different fixatives and treatments for immunohistochemical demonstration of Coxiella burnetii in paraffin-embedded tissues J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 2044–2047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaman, M. H., and J. Hung. 1989 Pericarditis associated with tick-borne Q fever Aust. NZ J. Med. 19 254–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, W. W., D. W. Brock, and J. Mather. 1963 Serologic analysis of a penitentiary group using raw milk from a Q fever infected herd Public Health Rep. 78 707–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bliska, J. B., and D. S. Black. 1995 Inhibition of the Fc receptor-mediated oxidative burst in macrophages by the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis tyrosine phosphatase Infect. Immun. 63 681–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britigan, B. E., G. T. Rasmussen, O. Olakanmi, and C. D. Cox. 2000 Iron acquisition from Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophores by human phagocytes: An additional mechanism of host defense through iron sequestration? Infect. Immun. 68 1271–1275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouqui, P., J. S. Dumler, and D. Raoult. 1994 Immunohistologic demonstration of Coxiella burnetii in the valves of patients with Q fever endocarditis Am. J. Med. 97 451–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. M., and M. Freeman. 1937 Experimental studies on the virus of “Q” fever Med. J. Aust. 2 299–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, P. R., N. Kordova, and D. Paretsky. 1971 Electron microscopic studies of the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii: Entry, lysosomal response, and fate of rickettsial DNA in L-cells Can. J. Microbiol. 17 143–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, P. R., J. Stueckemann, R. M. Welsh, and D. Paretsky. 1978 Some ultrastructural effects of persistent infections by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii in mouse L cells and green monkey kidney (Vero) cells Infect. Immun. 21 556–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capo, C., Y. Zaffran, F. Zugun, P. Houpikian, D. Raoult, and J. L. Mege. 1996 Production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Q fever endocarditis Infect. Immun. 64 4143–4147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capo, C., F. P. Lindberg, S. Meconi, Y. Zaffran, G. Tardei, E. J. Brown, D. Raoult, and J. L. Mege. 1999 Subversion of monocyte functions by Coxiella burnetii: impairment of the cross-talk between alphavbeta3 integrin and CR3 J. Immunol. 163 6078–6085

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. Y., T. A. Hoover, H. A. Thompson, and J. C. Williams. 1990 Characterization of the origin of DNA replication of the Coxiella burnetii chromosome Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 491–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, R. G., and D. Paretsky. 1977 Synthesis of ribonucleotides and their participation in ribonucleic acid synthesis by Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 132 841–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cianciotto, N. P., and B. S. Fields. 1992 Legionella pneumophila mip gene potentiates intracellular infection of protozoa and human macrophages Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 5188–5191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cianciotto, N. P., W. O’Connell, G. A. Dasch, and L. P. Mallavia. 1995 Detection of mip-like sequences and Mip-related proteins within the family Rickettsiaceae Curr. Microbiol. 30 149–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, H. R. 1941 Cultivation of rickettsiae of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus and Q fever groups in the embryonic tissues of developing chicks Science 94 399–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. E., and H. R. Cox. 1938 A filter-passing infectious agent isolated from ticks. I: Isolation from Dermacentor andersonii, reactions in animals, and filtration Public Health Rep. 53 2259–2282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dellacasagrande, J., C. Capo, D. Raoult, and J. L. Mege. 1999 IFN-γ-mediated control of Coxiella burnetii survival in monocytes: The role of cell apoptosis and TNF J. Immunol. 162 2259–2265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dellacasagrande, J., E. Ghigo, C. Capo, D. Raoult, and J. L. Mege. 2000 Coxiella burnetii survives in monocytes from patients with Q fever endocarditis: Involvement of tumor necrosis factor Infect. Immun. 68 160–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derrick, E. H. 1937 “Q” fever, a new fever entity: Clinical features, diagnosis, and laboratory investigation Med. J. Aust. 2 281–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Drancourt, M., and D. Raoult. 1994 Taxonomic position of the rickettsiae: Current knowledge FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13 13–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis, G., J. Petite, O. Peter, and M. Vouilloz. 1987 An important outbreak of human Q fever in a Swiss Alpine valley Int. J. Epidemiol. 16 282–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. B., W. W. Sadler, and R. C. Thomas. 1957 Thermal inactivation of Coxiella burnetii and its relation to the pasteurization of milk Public Health Monogr. 47 1–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferencik, M., S. Schramek, J. Kazar, and J. Stefanovic. 1984 Effect of Coxiella burnetii on the stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt and on superoxide anion production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes Acta Virol. 28 246–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, D. B., and D. Raoult. 1992 A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47 35–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, P. E., T. J. Marrie, and D. Raoult. 1998 Diagnosis of Q fever J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 1823–1834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gimenez, D. F. 1964 Staining rickettsiae in yolk-sac cultures Stain Technol. 30 135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Guigno, D., B. Coupland, E. G. Smith, I. D. Farrell, U. Desselberger, and E. O. Caul. 1992 Primary humoral antibody response to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 1958–1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T., and J. C. Williams. 1981a Biochemical stratagem for obligate parasitism of eukaryotic cells by Coxiella burnetii Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 3240–3244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T., and J. C. Williams. 1981bStability of the adenosine 5¢-triphosphate pool in Coxiella burnetii: Influence of pH and substrate J. Bacteriol. 148 419–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T. 1983a Estimation of the cytoplasmic pH of Coxiella burnetii and effect of substrate oxidation on proton motive force J. Bacteriol. 154 591–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T., and J. C. Williams. 1983bpH dependence of the Coxiella burnetii glutamate transport system J. Bacteriol. 154 598–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T., M. G. Peacock, P. J. Hitchcock, and R. L. Cole. 1985 Lipopolysaccharide variation in Coxiella burnetii: Intrastrain heterogeneity in structure and antigenicity Infect. Immun. 48 359–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T. 1986 Antigenic variation in the phase I lipopolysaccharide of Coxiella burnetii isolates Infect. Immun. 52 337–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T. 1988 Steric hindrance of antibody binding to surface proteins of Coxiella burnetti by phase I lipopolysaccharide Infect. Immun. 56 802–807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T. 1990 The role of lipopolysaccharides in the virulence of Coxiella burnetii Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T., W. Baehr, and Y. Ying. 1991 Chlamydia trachomatis developmentally regulated protein is homologous to eukaryotic histone H1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 3937–3941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackstadt, T. 1998 The diverse habitats of obligate intracellular parasites Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 1 82–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. J., S. J. Richmond, E. O. Caul, N. H. Pearce, and I. A. Silver. 1982 Laboratory outbreak of Q fever acquired from sheep Lancet 1 1004–1006

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. J., D. J. Vugia, and M. S. Ascher. 1990 Occupational health guidelines for control of Q fever in sheep research Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 283–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heggers, J. P., L. H. Billups, D. J. Hinrichs, and L. P. Mallavia. 1975 Pathophysiologic features of Q fever-infected guinea pigs Am. J. Vet. Res. 36 1047–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R., G. L. Stiegler, L. L. Whiting, S. A. Schmitt, L. P. Mallavia, and M. E. Frazier. 1990 Use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to differentiate Coxiella burnetii strains Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 504–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., M. E. Frazier, and L. P. Mallavia. 1991 Sequence and linkage analysis of the Coxiella burnetii citrate synthase-encoding gene Gene 109 63–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., M. E. Frazier, and L. P. Mallavia. 1992 Coxiella burnetii superoxide dismutase gene: cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli Infect. Immun. 60 3814–3823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., and T. Hackstadt. 1996a A developmental stage-specific histone H1 homolog of Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 178 5049–5052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., D. Howe, L. P. Mallavia, D. D. Rockey, and T. Hackstadt. 1996bDevelopmentally regulated synthesis of an unusually small, basic peptide by Coxiella burnetii Molec. Microbiol. 22 9–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., M. A. Scidmore, D. D. Rockey, and T. Hackstadt. 1996c Differential interaction with endocytic and exocytic pathways distinguish parasitophorous vacuoles of Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia trachomatis Infect. Immun. 64 796–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A. 1997a Intracellular development of Coxiella burnetii In: B. Anderson, M. Bendinelli, and H. Friedman (Eds.) Rickettsial Infection and Immunity Plenum Publishing New York, NY 99–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., and T. Hackstadt. 1997bThe Chlamydia trachomatis parasitophorous vacuolar membrane is not passively permeable to low-molecular-weight compounds Infect. Immun. 65 1088–1094

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzen, R. A., T. Hackstadt, and J. E. Samuel. 1999 Developmental biology of Coxiella burnetii Trends Microbiol. 7 149–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrix, L., and L. P. Mallavia. 1984 Active transport of proline by Coxiella burnetii J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 2857–2863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrix, L. R., J. E. Samuel, and L. P. Mallavia. 1991 Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separated by SDS-PAGE J. Gen. Microbiol. 137 269–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrix, L. R., L. P. Mallavia, and J. E. Samuel. 1993 Cloning and sequencing of Coxiella burnetii outer membrane protein gene com1 Infect. Immun. 61 470–477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbink, F., M. Penrose, E. Kovacova, and J. Kazar. 1993 Q fever is absent from New Zealand Int. J. Epidemiol. 22 945–949

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, T., K. K. Htwe, N. Yamasaki, G. Q. Zhang, M. Ogawa, T. Yamaguchi, H. Fukushi, and K. Hirai. 1995 Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from dairy cattle and ticks, and some characteristics of the isolates in Japan Microbiol. Immunol. 39 663–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, T. A., M. H. Vodkin, and J. C. Williams. 1992 A Coxiella burnetti repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence J. Bacteriol. 174 5540–5548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, D., and L. P. Mallavia. 1999 Coxiella burnetii infection increases transferrin receptors on J774A 1 cells Infect. Immun. 67 3236–3241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, D., and L. P. Mallavia. 2000 Coxiella burnetii exhibits morphological change and delays phagolysosomal fusion after internalization by J774A.1 cells Infect. Immun. 68 3815–3821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janbon, F., D. Raoult, J. Reynes, and A. Bertrand. 1989 Concomitant human infection due to Rickettsia conorii and Coxiella burnetii J. Infect. Dis. 160 354–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto, R. A., B. J. Veltri, F. G. Shirey, P. G. Canonico, and J. S. Walker. 1977 Fate of Coxiella burnetti in macrophages from immune guinea pigs Infect. Immun. 15 601–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto, R. A., H. Rozmiarek, and E. W. Larson. 1978 Experimental Q fever infection in congenitally athymic nude mice Infect. Immun. 22 69–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koster, F. T., T. L. Kirkpatrick, J. D. Rowatt, and O. G. Baca. 1984 Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Coxiella burnetii-infected J774 macrophage target cells Infect. Immun. 43 253–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koster, F. T., J. C. Williams, and J. S. Goodwin. 1985a Cellular immunity in Q fever: Modulation of responsiveness by a suppressor T cell-monocyte circuit J. Immunol. 135 1067–1072

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koster, F. T., J. C. Williams, and J. S. Goodwin. 1985bCellular immunity in Q fever: Specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness in Q fever endocarditis J. Infect. Dis. 152 1283–1289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruszewska, D., and S. K. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1993 Coxiella burnetii penetration into the reproductive system of male mice, promoting sexual transmission of infection Infect. Immun. 61 4188–4195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruszewska, D., K. Lembowicz, and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1996 Possible sexual transmission of Q fever among humans Clin. Infect. Dis. 22 1087–1088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruszewska, D., and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1997 Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from bull semen Res. Vet. Sci. 62 299–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Scola, B., H. Lepidi, M. Maurin, and D. Raoult. 1998 A guinea pig model for Q fever endocarditis J. Infect. Dis. 178 278–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, P. Y., M. Drancourt, J. Etienne, J. C. Auvergnat, J. Beytout, J. M. Sainty, F. Goldstein, and D. Raoult. 1991 Comparison of different antibiotic regimens for therapy of 32 cases of Q fever endocarditis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35 533–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. P., G. Curley, M. Lopez, M. Chavez, R. Glew, A. Aragon, H. Kumar, and O. G. Baca. 1996 Protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity of Coxiella burnetii that inhibits human neutrophils Acta Virol. 40 263–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovey, P. Y., A. Morabia, D. Bleed, O. Peter, G. Dupuis, and J. Petite. 1999 Long term vascular complications of Coxiella burnetii infection in Switzerland: Cohort study BMJ 319 284–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacova, M., D. Valkova, M. Quevedo Diaz, D. Perecko, and I. Barak. 1999 Green fluorescent protein as a detection marker for Coxiella burnetii transformation FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175 255–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallavia, L. P., L. L. Whiting, M. F. Minnick, R. Heinzen, D. Reschke, M. Foreman, O. G. Baca, and M. E. Frazier. 1990 Strategy for detection and differentiation of Coxiella burnetii strains using the polymerase chain reaction Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 572–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallavia, L. P. 1991 Genetics of rickettsiae Eur. J. Epidemiol. 7 213–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmion, R. A., and M. G. P. Stoker. 1950 Q fever in Britain: Epidemiology of an outbreak Lancet ii 611–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmion, B. P., R. A. Ormsbee, M. Kyrkou, J. Wright, D. Worswick, S. Cameron, A. Esterman, B. Feery, and W. Collins. 1984 Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever Lancet 2 1411–1414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmion, B. P., R. A. Ormsbee, M. Kyrkou, J. Wright, D. A. Worswick, A. A. Izzo, A. Esterman, B. Feery, and R. A. Shapiro. 1990 Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever: Eight years’ experience in Australian abattoirs Epidemiol Infect 104 275–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrie, T. J., H. Durant, J. C. Williams, E. Mintz, and D. M. Waag. 1988 Exposure to parturient cats: A risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada J. Infect. Dis. 158 101–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrie, T. J. 1990 Epidemiology of Q fever In: T. J. Marrie (Ed.) Q Fever: The Disease CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1 49–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurin, M., A. M. Benoliel, P. Bongrand, and D. Raoult. 1992a Phagolysosomal alkalinization and the bactericidal effect of antibiotics: The Coxiella burnetii paradigm J. Infect. Dis. 166 1097–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurin, M., A. M. Benoliel, P. Bongrand, and D. Raoult. 1992bPhagolysosomes of Coxiella burnetii-infected cell lines maintain an acidic pH during persistent infection Infect. Immun. 60 5013–5016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurin, M., and D. Raoult. 1999 Q fever Clin Microbiol. Rev. 12 518–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, T. F., and J. C. Williams. 1981a Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: Structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations J. Bacteriol. 147 1063–1076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, T. F., T. Hackstadt, and J. C. Williams. 1981bUltrastructural and biological aspects of Coxiella burnetii under physical disruptions In: W. Burgdorfer and R. L. Anacker (Eds.) Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases Academic Press New York, NY 267–280

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, T. F., and J. C. Williams. 1990 Localization of DNA in Coxiella burnetii by post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 136–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, T. F. 1991a The developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii In: J. C. Williams and H. A. Thompson (Eds.) Q Fever: The Biology of Coxiella burnetii CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 223–258

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaul, T. F., N. Banerjee-Bhatnagar, and J. C. Williams. 1991bAntigenic differences between Coxiella burnetii cells revealed by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting Infect. Immun. 59 3243–3253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, T. L., and L. Mallavia. 1970 Biochemistry of Coxiella burnetii: 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase J. Bacteriol. 102 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, T. L., and L. Mallavia. 1971 Biochemistry of Coxiella burnetii: Embden-Meyerhof pathway J. Bacteriol. 107 864–869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meconi, S., V. Jacomo, P. Boquet, D. Raoult, J. L. Mege, and C. Capo. 1998 Coxiella burnetii induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in human monocytes Infect. Immun. 66 5527–5533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn, G., L. G. Reimer, P. S. Graves, and C. Helmick. 1981 Cryptic epidemic of Q fever in a medical school J. Infect. Dis. 144 107–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minnick, M. F., R. A. Heinzen, D. K. Reschke, M. E. Frazier, and L. P. Mallavia. 1991 A plasmid-encoded surface protein found in chronic-disease isolates of Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 59 4735–4739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mo, Y. Y., and L. P. Mallavia. 1994 A Coxiella burnetii gene encodes a sensor-like protein Gene 151 185–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mo, Y. Y., N. P. Cianciotto, and L. P. Mallavia. 1995 Molecular cloning of a Coxiella burnetii gene encoding a macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) analogue Microbiology 141 2861–2871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mo, Y. Y., J. Seshu, D. Wang, and L. P. Mallavia. 1998 Synthesis in Escherichia coli of two smaller enzymically active analogues of Coxiella burnetii macrophage infectivity potentiator (CbMip) protein utilizing a single open reading frame from the cbmip gene Biochem. J. 335 67–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mobley, J. A. 1995 Biological warfare in the twentieth century: Lessons from the past, challenges for the future Mil. Med. 160 547–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, A., and T. Hackstadt. 1987 Comparative virulence of intra-and interstrain lipopolysaccharide variants of Coxiella burnetii in the guinea pig model Infect. Immun. 55 1144–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhlemann, K., L. Matter, B. Meyer, and K. Schopfer. 1995 Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from heart valves of patients treated for Q fever endocarditis J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 428–431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musso, D., and D. Raoult. 1995 Coxiella burnetii blood cultures from acute and chronic Q-fever patients J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 3129–3132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, C. 1997 Inducible nitric oxide synthase: What difference does it make? J. Clin. Invest. 100 2417–2423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, A. T., M. Peacock, J. E. Samuel, M. E. Frazier, D. O. Natvig, L. P. Mallavia, and O. Baca. 1985 Genomic analysis of phase I and II Coxiella burnetii with restriction endonucleases J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 1543–1546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, S. R., and D. W. Key. 1983 Placentitis and abortion in goats and sheep in Ontario caused by Coxiella burnetii Can. Vet. J. 24 60–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, O., G. Dupuis, M. G. Peacock, and W. Burgdorfer. 1987 Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement fixation and indirect fluorescent-antibody tests for detection of Coxiella burnetii antibody J. Clin. Microbiol. 25 1063–1067

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philip, C. B. 1948 Comments on the name of the Q fever organism Public Health Rep. 63 58–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, R. M. 1979 Laboratory-associated infections: Incidence, fatalities, causes, and prevention Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 33 41–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., A. Raza, and T. J. Marrie. 1990a Q fever endocarditis and other forms of chronic Q fever In: T. J. Marrie (Ed.) Q Fever: The Disease CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1 179–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., G. Vestris, and M. Enea. 1990bIsolation of 16 strains of Coxiella burnetii from patients by using a sensitive centrifugation cell culture system and establishment of the strains in HEL cells J. Clin. Microbiol. 28 2482–2484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., P. Brouqui, B. Marchou, and J. A. Gastaut. 1992 Acute and chronic Q fever in patients with cancer Clin. Infect. Dis. 14 127–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., and A. Stein. 1993 Q fever during pregnancy—a risk for women, fetuses, and obstetricians N. Engl. J. Med. 330 371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., J. C. Laurent, and M. Mutillod. 1994 Monoclonal antibodies to Coxiella burnetii for antigenic detection in cell cultures and in paraffin-embedded tissues Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 101 318–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raoult, D., P. Houpikian, H. Tissot Dupont, J. M. Riss, J. Arditi-Djiane, and P. Brouqui. 1999 Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: Comparison of 2 regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine Arch. Intern. Med. 159 167–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redd, T., and H. A. Thompson. 1995 Secretion of proteins by Coxiella burnetii Microbiology 141 363–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, N. E. 1994 Altered cell signaling and mononuclear phagocyte deactivation during intracellular infection Immunol. Today 15 374–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roux, V., M. Bergoin, N. Lamaze, and D. Raoult. 1997 Reassessment of the taxonomic position of Rickettsiella grylli Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 1255–1257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, A. K., J. N. Dowling, K. L. LaMarco, S. Das, A. T. Remaley, N. Olomu, M. T. Pope, and R. H. Glew. 1985 Properties of an acid phosphatase from Legionella micdadei which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 243 150–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, J. E., M. E. Frazier, M. L. Kahn, L. S. Thomashow, and L. P. Mallavia. 1983 Isolation and characterization of a plasmid from phase I Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 41 488–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, J. E., M. E. Frazier, and L. P. Mallavia. 1985 Correlation of plasmid type and disease caused by Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 49 775–779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savinelli, E. A., and L. P. Mallavia. 1990 Comparison of Coxiella burnetii plasmids to homologous chromosomal sequences present in a plasmidless endocarditis-causing isolate Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 523–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaal, F., H. Krauss, N. Jekov, and L. Rantamaki. 1987 Electron microscopic observations on the morphogenesis of “spore-like particles” of Coxiella burnetii in cell cultures Acta Medit. Patol. Inf. Trop. 6 329–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Schramek, S., and H. Mayer. 1982 Different sugar compositions of lipopolysaccharides isolated from phase I and pure phase II cells of Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 38 53–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schramek, S., J. Radziejewska-Lebrecht, and H. Mayer. 1985 3-C-branched aldoses in lipopolysaccharide of phase I Coxiella burnetii and their role as immunodominant factors Eur. J. Biochem. 148 455–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G. H., J. C. Williams, and E. H. Stephenson. 1987 Animal models in Q fever: Pathological responses of inbred mice to phase I Coxiella burnetii J. Gen. Microbiol. 133 691–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G. H., and J. C. Williams. 1990 Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to chemical disinfectants Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 291–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, G., and H. A. Shuman. 1999 Possible origin of the Legionella pneumophila virulence genes and their relation to Coxiella burnetii Molec. Microbiol. 33 669–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seshadri, R., L. R. Hendrix, and J. E. Samuel. 1999 Differential expression of translational elements by life cycle variants of Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 67 6026–6033

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seshu, J., K. L. McIvor, and L. P. Mallavia. 1997 Antibodies are generated during infection to Coxiella burnetii macrophage infectivity potentiator protein (Cb-Mip) Microbiol. Immunol. 41 371–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small, P. L., L. Ramakrishnan, and S. Falkow. 1994 Remodeling schemes of intracellular pathogens Science 263 637–639

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, A., and D. Raoult. 1992 Detection of Coxiella burnetti by DNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 2462–2466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, A., N. A. Saunders, A. G. Taylor, and D. Raoult. 1993 Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determinated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113 339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St. John, G., and H. M. Steinman. 1996 Periplasmic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase of Legionella pneumophila: Role in stationary-phase survival J. Bacteriol. 178 1578–1584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suhan, M., S. Y. Chen, H. A. Thompson, T. A. Hoover, A. Hill, and J. C. Williams. 1994 Cloning and characterization of an autonomous replication sequence from Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 176 5233–5243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suhan, M. L., S. Y. Chen, and H. A. Thompson. 1996 Transformation of Coxiella burnetii to ampicillin resistance J. Bacteriol. 178 2701–2708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taetle, R., and J. M. Honeysett. 1988 Gamma-interferon modulates human monocyte/macrophage transferrin receptor expression Blood 71 1590–1595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, D., M. Karo, and H. Krauss. 1992 Monoclonal antibody based capture ELISA/ELIFA for detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical specimens Eur. J. Epidemiol. 8 568–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, D., and H. Willems. 1994a Is plasmid based differentiation of Coxiella burnetii in “acute” and “chronic” isolates still valid? Eur. J. Epidemiol. 10 427–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, D., H. Willems, M. Haas, and H. Krauss. 1994bAnalysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of the cryptic plasmid QpH1 from Coxiella burnetti Eur. J. Epidemiol. 10 413–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tigertt, W. D., A. S. Benenson, and W. S. Gochenour. 1961 Airborne Q fever Bacteriol. Rev. 25 285–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tujulin, E., B. Lilliehook, A. Macellaro, A. Sjostedt, and L. Norlander. 1999 Early cytokine induction in mouse P388D1 macrophages infected by Coxiella burnetii Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 68 159–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turco, J., H. A. Thompson, and H. H. Winkler. 1984 Interferon-γ inhibits growth of Coxiella burnetii in mouse fibroblasts Infect. Immun. 45 781–783

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyeryar Jr., F. J., E. Weiss, D. B. Millar, F. M. Bozeman, and R. A. Ormsbee. 1973 DNA base composition of rickettsiae Science 180 415–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vishwanath, S., and T. Hackstadt. 1988 Lipopolysaccharide phase variation determines the complement-mediated serum susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 56 40–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vodkin, M. H., and J. C. Williams. 1986a Overlapping deletion in two spontaneous phase variants of Coxiella burnetii J. Gen. Microbiol. 132 2587–2594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vodkin, M. H., J. C. Williams, and E. H. Stephenson. 1986bGenetic heterogeneity among isolates of Coxiella burnetii J. Gen. Microbiol. 132 455–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waag, D. M. 1990 Acute Q fever In: T. J. Marrie (Ed.) Q Fever: The Disease CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1 107–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D., E. E. Varfolomeev, N. L. Malinin, Y. V. Goltsev, A. V. Kovalenko, and M. P. Boldin. 1999 Tumor necrosis factor receptor and Fas signaling mechanisms Ann. Rev. Immunol. 17 331–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watarai, M., T. Tobe, M. Yoshikawa, and C. Sasakawa. 1995 Disulfide oxidoreductase activity of Shigella flexneri is required for release of Ipa proteins and invasion of epithelial cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 4927–4931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. P., G. Lloyd, and D. W. Macdonald. 1995 Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK Parasitology 110 31–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wedum, A. G., W. E. Barkley, and A. Hellman. 1972 Handling of infectious agents J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 161 1557–1567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, E., J. C. Coolbaugh, and J. C. Williams. 1975 Separation of viable Rickettsia typhi from yolk sac and L cell host components by renografin density gradient centrifugation Appl. Microbiol. 30 456–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe, M. E., P. R. Burton, and D. M. Shankel. 1972 Isolation and characterization of two cell types of Coxiella burnetii phase I J. Bacteriol. 110 368–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, H., D. Thiele, and H. Krauss. 1993 Plasmid based differentiation and detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical samples Eur. J. Epidemiol. 9 411–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, H., D. Thiele, R. Frolich-Ritter, and H. Krauss. 1994 Detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow’s milk using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. 41 580–587

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, H., D. Thiele, C. Burger, M. Ritter, W. Oswald, and H. Krauss. 1996 Molecular biology of Coxiella burnetii In: J. Kazar and R. Toman (Eds.) Rickettsia and Rickettsial Diseases Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislova Slovakia 363–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, H., M. Ritter, C. Jager, and D. Thiele. 1997 Plasmid-homologous sequences in the chromosome of plasmidless Coxiella burnetii Scurry Q217 J. Bacteriol. 179 3293–3297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, H., C. Jager, and G. Baljer. 1998 Physical and genetic map of the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii J. Bacteriol. 180 3816–3822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. C., and S. Stewart. 1984a Identification of immunogenic proteins of Coxiella burnetii phase variants In: D. Schlessinger (Ed.) Microbiology—1984 American Society for Microbiology Washington DC 257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. C., M. R. Johnston, M. G. Peacock, L. A. Thomas, S. Stewart, and J. L. Portis. 1984bMonoclonal antibodies distinguish phase variants of Coxiella burnetii Infect. Immun. 43 421–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. C., T. A. Hoover, D. M. Waag, N. Banerjee-Bhatnagar, C. R. Bolt, and G. H. Scott. 1990 Antigenic structure of Coxiella burnetii: A comparison of lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens as vaccines against Q fever Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590 370–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollenweber, H. W., S. Schramek, H. Moll, and E. T. Rietschel. 1985 Nature and linkage type of fatty acids present in lipopolysaccharides of phase I and II Coxiella burnetii Arch. Microbiol. 142 6–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuerner, R. L., and H. A. Thompson. 1983 Protein synthesis by intact Coxiella burnetii cells J. Bacteriol. 156 186–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Heinzen, R.A., Samuel, J.E. (2006). The Genus Coxiella . In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30745-1_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics