Skip to main content

Microbial Exopolysaccharides

  • Reference work entry
Book cover The Prokaryotes

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Becker A., S. Ruberg, H. Kuster, A. A. Roxlau, M. Keller, T. Ivashina, H. P. Cheng, G. C. Walker, and A. Puhler. 1997 The 32-kilobase exp gene cluster of Rhizobium meliloti directing the biosynthesis of galactoglucan: genetic organization and properties of the encoded gene products J. Bacteriol. 179(4)1375–1384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belghith, H., K. B. Song, C. H. Kim, S. K. Rhee. 1996 Optimal conditions for levan formation by an overexpressed recombinant levansucrase Biotechnol. Lett. 18(4)467–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, I., D. L. Gutnick, and E. Rosenberg. 1979 Emulsifier of Arthrobacter RAG-1: Determination of emulsifier-bound fatty acids FEBS Lett. 101 175–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bliss, J. M., R. P. Silver. 1997 Evidence that KpsT, the ATP-binding component of an ATP-binding cassette transporter, is exposed to the periplasm and associates with polymer during translocation of the polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1 J. Bacteriol. 179(4) 1400–1403

    Google Scholar 

  • Boels I. C., M. Kleerebezem, W. M. de Vos. 2003 Engineering of carbon distribution between glycolysis and sugar nucleotide biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(2) 1129–1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohn, A., H-P. Fink, J. Ganster, M. Pinnow. 2000 X-ray texture investigations of bacterial cellulose Macromolec. Chem. Phys. 201(15) 1913–1921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bossio, J. C., C. E. Semino, N. Inon de Iannino, M. A. Dankert. 1996 The in vitro biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide produced by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, strain NA 30 Cell. Molec. Biol. 42(5) 737–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Brant, D. A. 1999 Novel approaches to the analysis of polysaccharide structures Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9(5) 556–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brisson, J. R., and H. J. Jennings. 2001 NMR and molecular modeling of complex carbohydrates and carbohydrate-protein interactions: Applications to anti-bacteria vaccines Molec. Immunol. Complex Carbohydr. 2 491 543–550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burchard, W. 2001 Structure formation by polysaccharides in concentrated solution Biomacromolecules 2(2) 342–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, C. A., M. Martin-Pastor, A. Imberty. 1999 Structure and conformation of complex carbohydrates of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and bacterial polysaccharides Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomolec. Struct. 28 269–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cascone, M. G., N. Barbani, C. Cristallini, P. Giusti, G. Ciardelli, L. Lazzeri. 2001 Bioartificial polymeric materials based on polysaccharides J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Ed. 12(3) 267–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, M. F. 1982 A rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of carbohydrate components in glycoproteins using gas-liquid chromatography Analyt. Biochem. 123(2) 336–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, B. A., and I. van de Rijn. 1993 Molecular characterization of hasB from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci: Demonstration of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity J. Biol. Chem. 268(10) 7118–7124

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummelsmith, J. W. C. 2000 Translocation of group 1 capsular polysaccharide to the surface of Escherichia coli requires a multimeric complex in the outer membrane EMBO J. 19(1) 57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duus, J. O., C. H. Gotfredsen, K. Bock. 2000 Carbohydrate structural determination by NMR spectroscopy: Modern methods and limitations Chem. Rev. 100(12) 4589–4614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faber, E. J., J. A. van Kuik, J. P. Kamerling, J.F. Vliegenthart. 2002 Modeling of the structure in aqueous solution of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus helveticus 766 Biopolymers 63(1) 66–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Prada, C. M., E. Zelazowska, M. Nikolich, T. L. Hadfield, R. M. Roop 2nd, G. L. Robertson, D. L. Hoover. 2003 Interactions between Brucella melitensis and human phagocytes: Bacterial surface O-polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and subsequent host cell apoptosis Infect. Immun. 71(4) 2110–2119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraysse, N., F. Couderc, V. Poinsot. 2003 Surface polysaccharide involvement in establishing the rhizobium-legume symbiosis Eur. J. Biochem. 270(7) 1365–1380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Ochoa, F., V. E. Santos, J. A. Casas, and E. Gómez. 2000 Xanthan gum: Production, recovery, and properties Biotechnol. Adv. 18(7) 549–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giavasis, I., L. M. Harvey, B. McNeil. 2000 Gellan gum Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 20(3) 177–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gimmestad, M., H. Sletta, H. Ertesvag, K. Bakkevig, S. Jain, S. J. Suh, G. Skjak-Braek, T. E. Ellingsen, D. E. Ohman, S. Valla. 2003 The Pseudomonas fluorescens AlgG protein, but not its mannuronan c-5-epimerase activity, is needed for alginate polymer formation J. Bacteriol. 185(12) 3515–3523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glucksmann, M. A., T. L. Reuber, and G. C. Walker. 1993 Genes needed for the modification, polymerization, export, and processing of succinoglycan by Rhizobium meliloti: A model for succinoglycan biosynthesis J. Bacteriol. 175(21) 7045–7055

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorkovenko, A., J. Zhang, R. A. Gross, A. L. Allen, and D. L. Kaplan. 1997 Bioengineering of emulsifier structure: Emulsan analogs Can. J. Microbiol. 43 384–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gumargalieva, K. Z., O. V. Shipunova, G. E. Zaikov, B. A. Jubanov, and S. A. Moshkevitch. 1998 About biodegradation of polymer compounds based on crosslinked dextrans Polymer. Med. Nova Science Publishing, Commack, NY 111–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutnick, D. L., and E. Rosenberg. 1977 Oil tankers and pollution: A microbiological approach Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 31 379–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutnick, D. L., and Y. Shabtai. 1987a Exopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers in biosurfactants and biotechnology In: N. Kosaric, W. L. Cairns, and N. C. C. Gray (Eds.) Exopolysaccharide Bioemulsifiers Marcel Dekker, New York, NY 25 211–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutnick, D. L., and Y. Shabtai. 1987b Exopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers in biosurfactants and biotechnology In: N. Kosaric, W. L. Cairns, and N. C. C. Gray (Eds.) Exopolysaccharide Bioemulsifiers Marcel Dekker, New York, NY 25 232

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. J. 1999 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates Mass Spect. Rev. 18(6) 349–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, K., I. Nakajima, T. Yoshida, T. Uryu, O. Yoshida, N. Yamamoto, T. Mimura, and Y. Kaneko. 1991 Effect of degree of sulfation on anti-HIV activity of synthetic (1–>5)-alpha-D-ribofuranan sulfate J. Carbohydr. Chem. 10(4) 681–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hettwer, U., F. Jaeckel, J. Boch, M. Meyer, K. Rudolph, M. S. Ullrich. 1998 Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of levansucrase genes from the plant pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(9) 3180–3187

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri, A. K., W. Blank, D. Kaplan. 2002 Bioengineered emulsans from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 transposon mutants Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59(2–3) 217–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, R., and L. F. Farah. 1998 Production and application of microbial cellulose Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 59(1–3) 101–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J. B., M. F. Meyenhofer, D. H. Fine. 2003 Biofilm growth and detachment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans J. Bacteriol. 185(4) 1399–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzen, F., A. Becker, A. Zorreguieta, A. Puhler, and L. Ielpi. 1996 Promoter analysis of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum operon directing biosynthesis of the xanthan polysaccharide J. Bacteriol. 178(14) 4313–4318

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenne, L., and B. Lindberg. 1983 Bacterial Polysaccharides In: G. Aspinall (Ed.) The Polysaccharides Academic Press, Orlando, FL 2 287–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamothe, G. T., L. Jolly, B. Mollet, F. Stingele. 2002 Genetic and biochemical characterization of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Arch. Microbiol. 178(3) 218–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leitao, J. H., I. Sa-Correia. 1993 Manipulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate pathway by varying the level of biosynthetic enzymes and growth temperature J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74(4) 454–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Levander, F., M. Svensson, P. Radstrom. 2002 Enhanced exopolysaccharide production by metabolic engineering of Streptococcus thermophilus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(2) 784–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magnani, D. 1998 Study RC-186R In: Polysaccharides Business Communications Company, Norwalk, CT

    Google Scholar 

  • Marketon, M. M., S. Glenn, A. Eberhard, J. E. Gonzalez. 2003 Quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in Sinorhizobium meliloti J. Bacteriol. 185(1) 325–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, L., B. Holbein. 1985 Role of lipid intermediate(s) in the synthesis of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide J. Bacteriol. 161(3) 861–867

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehvar, R. 2000 Dextrans for targeted and sustained delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents J. Control. Rel. 69(1) 1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mischnick, P. 1998 Determination of the substituent distribution of O-(2-hydroxypropyl)inulin by methylation analysis Starch/Staerke 50(1) 33–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monsan, P., S. Bozonnet, C. Albenne, G. Joucla, R. Willemot, and M. Remaud-Siméon. 2001 Homopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria Int. Dairy J. 11(9) 675–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mozzi, F., G. Rollan, G. S. de Giori, G. Font de Valdez. 2001 Effect of galactose and glucose on the exopolysaccharide production and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes in Lactobacillus casei CRL 87 J. Appl. Microbiol. 91(1) 160–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakar, D., and D. L. Gutnick. 2001 Analysis of the wee gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the polymeric bioemulsifier from the oil-degrading strain Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1 Microbiology 147(Pt. 7) 1937–1946

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima, H., O. Yoshida, T. S. Tochikura, T. Yoshida, T. Mimura, Y. Kido, Y. Motoki, Y. Kaneko, T. Uryu, N. Yamamoto. 1987 Sulfation of polysaccharides generates potent and selective inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Infection and replication in vitro Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 78(11) 1164–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Neu, T. R., T. Dengler, B. Jann, K. Poralla. 1992 Structural studies of an emulsion-stabilizing exopolysaccharide produced by an adhesive, hydrophobic Rhodococcus strain J. Gen. Microbiol. 138 (Pt. 12) 2531–2537

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubauer, H., A. Bauche, B. Mollet. 2003 Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the dextransucrase DsrD of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Lcc4 in homologous and heterologous Lactococcus lactis cultures Microbiology 149 (Pt. 4) 973–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishinari, K., H. Zhang, S. Ikeda. 2000 Hydrocolloid gels of polysaccharides and proteins Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci. 5(3–4) 195–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. E., H. Ceri, D. W. Morck, A. G. Buret, R. R. Read. 2002 Biofilm bacteria: Formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics Can. J. Vet. Res. 66(2) 86–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi, T., K. Inosaka et al. 1994 Use of alpha-1,4-polygalactosamine as a carrier of macromolecular prodrug of 5-fluorouracil Polymer. Drugs Drug Admin. 545 204–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panilaitis, B., A. Johri, W. Blank, D. Kaplan, J. Fuhrman. 2002 Adjuvant activity of emulsan, a secreted lipopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9(6) 1240–1247

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, A. E. 1968 Silylation of Organic Compounds: A Technique for Gas-phase Analysis Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, B. H., H. Ertesvag, S. Valla. 1996 A new Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5-epimerase gene (algG) is part of an alg gene cluster physically organized in a manner similar to that in Pseudomonas aeruginosa J. Bacteriol. 178(20) 5884–5889

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubens, C. E., L. Heggen, R. F. Haft, M. R. Wessels. 1993 Identification of cpsD, a gene essential for type III capsule expression in group B streptococci Molec. Microbiol. 8(5) 843–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T., N. Shirakawa et al. 1996 Formation of a DNA/polygalactosamine complex and its interaction with cells Chem. Lett. 9 725–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, I. M., K. Kudlicka, K. Okuda, and R. M. Brown Jr. 1994 Characterization of genes in the cellulose-synthesizing operon (acs operon) of Acetobacter xylinum: Implications for cellulose crystallization J. Bacteriol. 176(18) 5735–5752

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnider-Keel, U., K. B. Lejbolle, E. Baehler, D. Haas, C. Keel. 2001 The sigma factor AlgU (AlgT) controls exopolysaccharide production and tolerance towards desiccation and osmotic stress in the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(12) 5683–5693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirkey, B., D. Kovarcik, D. J. Wright, G. Wilmoth, T. F. Prickett, R. F. Helm, E. M. Gregory, M. Potts. 2000 Active Fe-containing superoxide dismutase and abundant sodF mRNA in Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria) after years of desiccation J. Bacteriol. 182(1) 189–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shoham, Y., and E. Rosenberg. 1983 Enzymatic depolymerization of emulsan J. Bacteriol. 156 161–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. S., A. Hinz, D. Bodenmiller, D. E. Larson, Y. V. Brun. 2003 Identification of genes required for synthesis of the adhesive holdfast in Caulobacter crescentus J. Bacteriol. 185(4) 1432–1442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, K. B., H. Belghith, S. K. Rhee. 1996 Production of levan, a fructose polymer, using an overexpressed recombinant levansucrase Enz. Engin. XIII 799 601–607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stasinopoulos, S. J., P. R. Fisher, B. A. Stone, and V. A. Stanisich. 1999 Detection of two loci involved in (1–>3)-[beta]-glucan (curdlan) biosynthesis by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, and comparative sequence analysis of the putative curdlan synthase gene Glycobiology 9(1) 31–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenbergen, S. M., E. R. Vimr. 2003 functional relationships of the sialyltransferases involved in expression of the polysialic acid capsules of Escherichia coli K1 and K92 and Neisseria meningitidis Groups B or C J. Biol. Chem. 278(17) 15349–15359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. 1990 Biotechnology of Microbial Exopolysaccharides Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. 1994 Structure-function-relationships in microbial exopolysaccharides Biotechnol. Adv. 12(2) 393–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. 1998 Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides Trends Biotechnol. 16(1) 41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. 2001 Exopolysaccharides in biofilms, flocs and related structures Water Sci. Technol. 43(6) 77–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, E. J., S. De Baets, A. Vanbaelen, K. Joris, P. De Wulf. 1998 Improved production of bacterial cellulose and its application potential Polym Degrad. Stabil. 59(1–3) 93–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, A., S. Moreno, J. Guzman, A. Alvarado, and G. Espin. 1999 Transcriptional organization of the Azotobacter vinelandii algGXLVIFA genes: Characterization of algF mutants Gene 232(2) 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Vojnov, A. A., A. Zorreguieta, J. M. Dow, M. J. Daniels, M. A. Dankert. 1998 Evidence for a role for the gumB and gumC gene products in the formation of xanthan from its pentasaccharide repeating unit by Xanthomonas campestris Microbiology 144(Pt. 6) 1487–1493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Bismarck, P., R. Schneppenheim, U. Schumacher. 2001 Successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infection with a sugar solution: A case report on a lectin based therapeutic principle Klin. Pädiatr. 213(5) 285–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., S. Li, and Y. Li. 2003 Identification and characterization of a new exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 220(1) 21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinhouse, H., S. Sapir, D. Amikam, Y. Shilo, G. Volman, P. Ohana, M. Benziman. 1997 c-di-GMP-binding protein, a new factor regulating cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum FEBS Lett. 416(20) 207–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, C. 1988 Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides Can. J. Microbiol. 34(4) 415–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, H. C., A. L. Fear, R. D. Calhoon, G. H. Eichinger, R. Mayer, D. Amikan, M. Benziman, D. H. Gelfand, J. H. Meade, A. W. Emerick, R. Bruner, A. Ben-Bassat, and R. Tal. 1990 Genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon in Acetobacter xylinum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87(20) 8130–8134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka, S., K. Watanabe, N. Kitamura, M. Iguchi, S. Mitsuhashi, Y. Nishi, M. Uryu. 1989 The Structure and Mechanical-Properties of Sheets Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose J. Mat. Sci. 24(9) 3141–3145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., R. Wang, P. Jiang, Z. Liu. 2002 Production of an exopolysaccharide bioflocculant by Sorangium cellulosum Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34(3) 178–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. (2006). Microbial Exopolysaccharides. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30741-9_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics