Ancient Earthquake Relics

These are relics that remain from earthquakes over geological history. The main features include the following: (1) seismic ruptures, which are extensive ground cracks formed by earthquakes, usually distributed like a ribbon; (2) earthquake lakes, which are lakes formed by damming of rivers by earthquake-induced landslides, slope failures and mudslides; they usually exist in mountainous regions and have a potential risk of dam breaking; (3) earthquake bulges, which are small uplifted ridges on the ground surface due to the fault displacement during an earthquake; they always form between ground cracks and are arrayed in groups; (4) earthquake landslides, which are masses of rocks and soils on slopes that slide due to gravity after being triggered by earthquakes; they are a major secondary hazard caused by earthquakes; and (5) earthquake ruins, which are the remnants of structures damaged by earthquakes.