This is a landform of karst caves with perennial ice. The average temperature inside some portions of these caves is lower than 0 °C; thus, they are permanently or seasonally frozen. The Shennongjia Ice Cave in Hubei Province and Ningwu Ice Cave in Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, are typical examples. Ningwu Ice Cave developed in limestone of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation. The cave mouth is 2,220 m above sea level, and it is a vertical cave with a depth of 85 m. The walls inside the cave are wavy undulating layers of ice with naturally formed ice pillars, ice curtains, ice cascades, frost flowers, icicles, ice stalactites and ice stalagmites (Fig. 13).
Ice cave, Ningwu, Shanxi
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(2020). Karst Ice Cave Landscape. In: Chen, A., Ng, Y., Zhang, E., Tian, M. (eds) Dictionary of Geotourism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_1261
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