Synonyms
Definitions
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow cylindrical graphite structures with usually closed ends made of one (single-walled) or more (multiwalled) concentric cylindrical layers. CNTs have a high aspect ratio greater than 1000. The diameter lies in nanometer scale having the range from 0.5 nm to 2 nm for single-walled structures and is greater than several nm for multiwalled nanotubes, and the length even in microsize. Carbon nanotubes are the most studied carbon structures due to their outstanding mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties what offer a broad range of possible applications.
Introduction
In the 1970s during decomposition of hydrocarbons, small diameter carbon fibers were observed, but because of limitation on characterization and measurement they were not described (Ma and Kim 2011). Later, in 1991 new tubular carbon nanostructures were observed and characterized by Iijima (1991). During the analysis of the...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Ajayan PM (2000) Carbon nanotubes. In: Nalwa HS (ed) Handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology. Academic, San Diego, pp 329–360
Belytschko T, Xiao SP, Schatz GC, Ruoff R (2002) Atomistic simulations of nanotube fracture. Phys Rev B 65:235430. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.65.235430
Bhushan B (2004) Handbook of nanotechnology. Springer, Berlin
Chwał M (2011) Influence of vacancy defects on the mechanical behavior and properties of carbon nanotubes. Procedia Eng 10:1579–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.264
Chwał M (2014) Non-linear modeling of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl Mech Mater 477–478:1225–1228. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.477-478.1225
Chwał M (2017) Deformations and tensile fracture of carbon nanotubes based on the numerical homogenization. Acta Phys Pol A 131:440–443. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.131.440
Chwał M, Muc A (2016) Transversely isotropic properties of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Compos B 88:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.009
Cornwell CF, Wille LT (1997) Elastic properties of single-walled nanotubes in compression. Sol State Commun 101:555–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1098(96)00742-9
Endo M, Strano MS, Ajayan PM (2008) Potential applications of carbon nanotubes. In: Jorio A, Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G (eds) Carbon nanotubes. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 13–61
Govindjee G, Sackman JL (1999) On the use of continuum mechanics to estimate the properties of nanotubes. Sol State Commun 110:227–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00626-7
Griebel M, Hamaekers J (2004) Molecular dynamics simulations of the elastic moduli of polymer-carbon nanotube composites. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193:1773–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2003.12.025
Harik VM (2002) Mechanics of carbon nanotubes: applicability of the continuum-beam models. Comput Mater Sci 24:328–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0256(01)00255-5
Hernandez E, Goze C, Bernier P, Rubio A (1998) Elastic properties of C and BxCyNz composite nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 80:4502–4505. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4502
Hirahara K, Suenaga K, Bandow S, Kato SH, Okazaki T, Shinohara H, Iijima S (2000) One dimensional metallofullerene crystal generated inside single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 85:5384–5387. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5384
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354:56–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0
Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K (2002) Stability or irradiation-induced point defects on walls of carbon nanotubes. J Vac Sci Technol B 20:728–733. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1463728
Krishnan A, Dujardin E, Ebbesen TW, Yianilos PN, Treacy MMJ (1998) Young’s modulus of single-walled nanotubes. Phys Rev B 58:14013–14019. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.14013
Li C, Chou TW (2003) A structural mechanics approach for the analysis of carbon nanotubes. Int J Solids Struct 40:2487–2499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00056-8
Li C, Chou TW (2006) Multiscale modeling of compressive behavior of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 66:2409–2414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.013
Lisi X, Guohao W, Hao Z, Fan Z, Zhide G, Chuan L, Xianzhong Z, Lei Z (2016) Functional long circulating single walled carbon nanotubes for fluorescent/photoacoustic imaging-guided enhanced phototherapy. Biomaterials 103:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.058
Lu JP (1997) Elastic properties of single and multilayered nanotubes. J Phys Chem Solids 58:1649–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(97)00045-0
Ma PC, Kim JK (2011) Carbon nanotubes for polymer reinforcement. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Mielke SL, Troya D, Zhang S, Li JL, Xiao S, Car R, Ruoff RS, Schatz GC, Belytschko T (2004) The role of vacancy defects and holes in the fracture of carbon nano-tubes. Chem Phys Lett 390:413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.054
Muc A, Chwał M (2011) Vibration control of defects in carbon nanotubes. Sol Mech Appl 30:239–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1643-8_27
Odegard GM, Gates T, Nicholson LM, Wise KE (2002) Equivalent-continuum modeling of nano-structured materials. Compos Sci Technol 62:1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00113-6
Overney G, Zhong W, Tomanek D (1993) Structural rigidity and low frequency vibrational modes of long carbon tubules. Zeitschrift Fur Physik D 27:93–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01436769
Paris O (2016) Structure and multiscale mechanics of carbon nanomaterials. Springer, Heidelberg
Pipes RB, Hubert P (2002) Self-consistent geometry, density and stiffness of carbon nanotubes. In: Proceedings of the 17th ASC conference, West Lafayette
Qian D, Wagner GJ, Liu WK, Yu MF, Ruoff RS (2002) Mechanics of carbon nanotubes. Appl Mech Rev 55:495–533
Sattler KD (2011) Handbook of nanophysics. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Sharma S, Chandra R, Kumar P, Kumar N (2014) Effect of Stone–Wales and vacancy defects on elastic moduli of carbon nanotubes and their composites using molecular dynamics simulation. Comput Mater Sci 86:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.01.035
Srivastava D, Wei C, Cho K (2003) Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites. Appl Mech Rev 56:215–230. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1538625
Suenaga K, Colliex C, Demoncy N, Loiseau A, Pascard H, Willaime F (1997) Synthesis of nanoparticles and nanotubes with well separated layers of boron-nitride and carbon. Science 278:653–655. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5338.653
Treacy MMJ, Ebbesen TW, Gibson JM (1996) Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381:678–680
Tserpes KI, Papanikos P (2005) Finite element modeling of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Compos B 36:468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.10.003
Tserpes KI, Silvestre N (eds) (2014) Modeling of carbon nanotubes, graphene and their composites. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Tserpes KI, Papanikos P, Labeas G, Pantelakis SG (2008) Multi-scale modeling of tensile bahavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites. Theor Appl Fract Mech 49:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2007.10.004
Ugarte D, Chatelain A, de Heer WA (1996) Nanocapillarity and chemistry in carbon nanotubes. Science 274:1897–1899
Zhou X, Zhou JJ, Ou-Yang ZC (2000) Strain energy and Young’s modulus of single-wall carbon nanotubes calculated from electronic energy-band theory. Phys Rev B 62: 13692–13696. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.62.13692
Yakobson BI, Brabec CJ, Bernholc J (1996) Nanomechanics of carbon tubes: instability beyond linear range. Phys Rev Lett 76:2511–2514. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2511
Yakobson BI, Campbell MP, Brabec CJ, Bernholc J (1997) High strain rate fracture and C-chain unraveling in carbon nanotubes. Comput Mater Sci 8:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0256(97)00047-5
Zhang S, Mielke SL, Khare R, Troya D, Ruoff RS, Schatz GC, Belytschko T (2005) Mechanics of defects in carbon nanotubes: atomistic and multiscale simulations. Phys Rev B 71:115403. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.115403
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chwał, M. (2018). Carbon Nanotubes. In: Altenbach, H., Öchsner, A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Continuum Mechanics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53605-6_212-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53605-6_212-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53605-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53605-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering