Advertisement

Conjugated Organic Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices

  • Shahid Pervez Ansari
  • Farman Ali
Living reference work entry
First Online:
Part of the Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series book series (POPOC)

Abstract

Organic Light-Emitting Devices (OLEDs) have received much attention in the past two decades. The possibility of cost effective production of large area devices is the main attraction for doing research in this area. There has been a considerable progress in the development of materials and the device engineering for improving the efficiency of OLEDs. These significant developments have resulted in their commercialization. In this chapter we describe OLEDs. We discuss their working principles and the measurements that are normally made in these devices. We also discuss the different types of conjugated polymers which are used for specific purposes in these devices.

Keywords

Electroluminescence Conjugated polymers OLEDs PLEDs 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    A. Bernanose, The mechaism of organic electroluminescence. J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 52, 396–400 (1955)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    A. Bernanose, M. Comte, P. Vouaux, Sur un nouveau mode demission lumineuse chez certains composes organiques. J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 50(1), 64–68 (1953)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    M. Pope, P. Magnante, H.P. Kallmann, Electroluminescence in organic crystals. J. Chem. Phys. 38(8), 2042 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    J. Dresner, Double injection electroluminescence in anthracene. RCA Rev 30(2), 322 (1969)Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    W. Helfrich, W.G. Schneide, Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14(7), 229 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    D.F. Williams, M. Schadt, DC and pulsed electroluminescence in anthracene and doped anthracene crystals. J. Chem. Phys. 53(9), 3480 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    P.S. Vincett, W.A. Barlow, R.A. Hann, G.G. Roberts, Electrical-conduction and low-voltage blue electro-luminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films. Thin Solid Films 94(2), 171–183 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    C.W. Tang, S.A. Vanslyke, Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    J. Shinar, Organic light-emitting devices (Springer, New York, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    H. Yersin, Highly efficient OLEDs with phosphorescent materails (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008)Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, R.H. Friend, Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers. Science 280(5370), 1741–1744 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    S.S. Sun, N.S. Sariciftci, Organic photovoltaics: Mechanisms, materials, and devices (Taylor & Francis, Singapore, 2005)Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    A.J. Heeger, N.S. Sariciftci, E.B. Namdas, Semiconducting and metallic polymers (Oxford University Press, New York, 2010)Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    M.S. AlSalhi, J. Alam, L.A. Dass, M. Raja, Recent advances in conjugated polymers for light emitting devices. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12(3), 2036–2054 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    M. Gordon, W.R. Ware, The excipex (Academic, New York, 1975)Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    A.J. Bard, Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    S.C. Chang, Y. Yang, Polymer gel light-emitting devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(18), 2713–2715 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    J.R. Lakowicz, Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 3rd edn. (Springer, New York, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    S. Barth, H. Bassler, Intrinsic photoconduction in PPV-type conjugated polymers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(22), 4445–4448 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    V. Bulovic, A. Shoustikov, M.A. Baldo, E. Bose, V.G. Kozlov, M.E. Thompson, S.R. Forrest, Bright, saturated, red-to-yellow organic light-emitting devices based on polarization-induced spectral shifts. Chem. Phys. Lett. 287(3–4), 455–460 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    F. Ali, N. Periasamy, M.P. Patankar, K.L. Narasimhan, Integrated organic blue LED and visible-blind UV photodetector. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(5), 2462–2469 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    J.W. Huh, Y.M. Kim, Y.W. Park, J.H. Choi, J.W. Lee, J.W. Lee, J.W. Yang, S.H. Ju, K.K. Paek, B.K. Ju, Characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes with conducting polymer anodes on plastic substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 103(4), 044502 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Z. Li, H. Meng, Organic light-emitting materials and devices (Taylor & Francis, New York, 2007)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    W.R. Salaneck, S. Seki, A. Kahn, J. Pireaux, Conjugated polymer and molecular interfaces, 1st edn. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Z.F. Zhang, Z.B. Deng, C.J. Liang, M.X. Zhang, D.H. Xu, Organic light-emitting diodes with a nanostructured TiO2 layer at the interface between ITO and NPB layers. Displays 24(4–5), 231–234 (2003)Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    J. Hwang, F. Amy, A. Kahn, Spectroscopic study on sputtered PEDOT center dot PSS: Role of surface PSS layer. Org. Electron. 7(5), 387–396 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    M.H. Song, D. Kabra, B. Wenger, R.H. Friend, H.J. Snaith, Optically-pumped lasing in hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(13), 2130–2136 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    M.D. Ho, D. Kim, N. Kim, S.M. Cho, H. Chae, Polymer and small molecule mixture for organic hole transport layers in quantum dot light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(23), 12369–12374 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    H.Z. Gao, C.S. Qin, H.Y. Zhang, S.X. Wu, Z.M. Su, Y. Wang, Theoretical characterization of a typical hole/exciton-blocking material bathocuproine and its analogues. J. Phys. Chem. A 112(38), 9097–9103 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    A. Mishra, P.K. Nayak, D. Ray, M.P. Patankar, K.L. Narasimhan, N. Periasamy, Synthesis and characterization of spin-coatable tert-amine molecules for hole-transport in organic light-emitting diodes. Tetrahedron Lett. 47(27), 4715–4719 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    L.S. Hung, R.Q. Zhang, P. He, G. Mason, Contact formation of LiF/Al cathodes in Alq-based organic light-emitting diodes. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 35(2), 103–107 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    S. Zhong, R. Wang, H. Ying Mao, Z. He, H. Wu, W. Chen, Y. Cao, Interface investigation of the alcohol−/water-soluble conjugated polymer PFN as cathode interfacial layer in organic solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 114(11), 113709 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    C. Adachi, M.A. Baldo, M.E. Thompson, S.R. Forrest, Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device. J. Appl. Phys. 90(10), 5048–5051 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    R.H. Partridge, Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films: 2. Polyvinylcarbazole films containing antimony pentachloride. Polymer (Guildf) 24(6), 739–747 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    R.A. Wessling, R.G. Zimmerman, Polyelectrolytes from bis sulfonium salts. U.S. Patent no. 3401152 (1968)Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    R.O. Garay, U. Baier, C. Bubeck, K. Müllen, Low-temperature synthesis of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) by the sulfonium salt route. Adv. Mater. 5(7–8), 561–564 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    D.F. Hoeg, D.I. Lusk, E.P. Goldberg, Poly-p-xylylidene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Lett. 2(7), 697–701 (1964)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    F. Wudl, S. Barbara, G. Srdanov, U.S. Patent no. 5189136 (1993)Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    C.J. Neef, J.P. Ferraris, MEH-PPV: Improved synthetic procedure and molecular weight control. Macromolecules 33(7), 2311–2314 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    N. Miyaura, K. Yamada, A. Suzuki, A new stereospecific cross-coupling by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with 1-alkenyl or 1-alkynyl halides. Tetrahedron Lett. 20(36), 3437–3440 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    N. Miyaura, A. Suzuki, Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of organoboron compounds. Chem. Rev. 95(7), 2457–2483 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    B.S. Nehls, S. Füldner, E. Preis, T. Farrell, U. Scherf, Microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,5- and 2,6-linked naphthylene-based ladder polymers. Macromolecules 38(3), 687–694 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    H.N. Tsao, D. Cho, J.W. Andreasen, A. Rouhanipour, D.W. Breiby, W. Pisula, K. Müllen, The influence of morphology on high-performance polymer field-effect transistors. Adv. Mater. 21(2), 209–212 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    C. Shi, Y. Yao, Yang, Q. Pei, Regioregular copolymers of 3-Alkoxythiophene and their photovoltaic application. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(27), 8980–8986 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    D. Milstein, J.K. Stille, Mechanism of reductive elimination. Reaction of alkylpalladium(II) complexes with tetraorganotin, organolithium, and Grignard reagents. Evidence for palladium(IV) intermediacy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101(17), 4981–4991 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    D. Milstein, J.K. Stille, Palladium-catalyzed coupling of tetraorganotin compounds with aryl and benzyl halides. Synthetic utility and mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101(17), 4992–4998 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    B. Carsten, F. He, H.J. Son, T. Xu, L. Yu, Stille Polycondensation for synthesis of functional materials. Chem. Rev. 111(3), 1493–1528 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    R.F. Heck, Palladium-catalyzed vinylation of organic halides, in Organic reactions (Wiley, New York, 2004)Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    R.F. Heck, J.P. Nolley, Palladium-catalyzed vinylic hydrogen substitution reactions with aryl, benzyl, and styryl halides. J. Org. Chem. 37(14), 2320–2322 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    M. Grell, W. Knoll, D. Lupo, A. Meisel, T. Miteva, D. Neher, H.-G. Nothofer, U. Scherf, A. Yasuda, Blue polarized electroluminescence from a liquid crystalline polyfluorene. Adv. Mater. 11(8), 671–675 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    T. Yamamoto, Electrically conducting and thermally stable π-conjugated poly(arylene)s prepared by organometallic processes. Prog. Polym. Sci. 17(6), 1153–1205 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    J.-F. Lee, S.L.-C. Hsu, Green polymer-light-emitting-diodes based on polyfluorenes containing N-aryl-1,8-naphthalimide and 1,8-naphthoilene-arylimidazole derivatives as color tuner. Polymer (Guildf) 50(24), 5668–5674 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    A. Drury, S. Maier, M. Ruther, W.J. Blau, Investigation of different synthetic routes to and structure-property relationships of poly(m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene). J. Mater. Chem. 13(3), 485–490 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    S. Pfeiffer, H.-H. Hörhold, Synthesis of soluble MEH-PPV and MEH-PPB by horner condensation polymerization. Synth. Met. 101(1), 109–110 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    S. Pfeiffer, H. Hörhold, Investigation of poly(arylene vinylene)s, 41 – Synthesis of soluble dialkoxy-substituted poly(phenylene alkenylidene)s by applying the Horner-reaction for condensation polymerization. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200(8), 1870 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    D.Y. Kim, H.N. Cho, C.Y. Kim, Blue light emitting polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25(8), 1089–1139 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    S. Komaba, A. Amano, T. Osaka, Electroluminescence properties of electropolymerized poly (Para-phenylene) films by means of electrochemical oxidation and reduction. J. Electroanal. Chem. 430(1), 97–102 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    G. Grem, G. Leising, Electroluminescence of ‘wide-bandgap’ chemically tunable cyclic conjugated polymers. Synth. Met. 57(1), 4105–4110 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    G. Grem, G. Leditzky, B. Ullrich, G. Leising, Blue electroluminescent device based on a conjugated polymer. Synth. Met. 51(1), 383–389 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Y. Yang, Q. Pei, A.J. Heeger, Efficient blue polymer light-emitting diodes from a series of soluble poly(paraphenylene)s. J. Appl. Phys. 79(2), 934–939 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Y. Yang, Q. Pei, A.J. Heeger, Efficient blue light-emitting diodes from a soluble poly (Para-phenylene) internal field emission measurement of the energy gap in semiconducting polymers. Synth. Met. 78(3), 263–267 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    A. Edwards, S. Blumstengel, I. Sokolik, R. Dorsinville, H. Yun, T.K. Kwei, Y. Okamoto, Blue photo- and electroluminescence from poly(benzoyl-1,4-phenylene). Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(3), 298–300 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    M. Hamaguchi, K. Yoshino, Blue electroluminescence from poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-1,4-phenylene). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34, L587–L589 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    M.R. Andersson, M. Berggren, G. Gustafsson, T. Hjertberg, O. Inganäs, O. Wennerström, Synthesis of poly(alkylthiophenes) for light-emitting diodes. Synth. Met. 71(1), 2183–2184 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Y. Miyazaki, T. Yamamoto, Poly(thiophene-2,5-diyl) having crown ethereal subunit. Preparation, stable n-doped state, and light emitting diode. Chem. Lett. 23(1), 41–44 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    R.E. Gill, G.G. Malliaras, J. Wildeman, G. Hadziioannou, Tuning of photo- and electroluminescence in alkylated polythiophenes with well-defined regioregularity. Adv. Mater. 6(2), 132–135 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Y. Ohmori, M. Uchida, K. Muro, K. Yoshino, Blue electroluminescent diodes utilizing poly(alkylfluorene). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30(12B), L1941–L1943 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    S. Setayesh, D. Marsitzky, K. Müllen, Bridging the gap between polyfluorene and ladder-poly-p-phenylene: Synthesis and characterization of Poly-2,8-indenofluorene. Macromolecules 33(6), 2016–2020 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    D. Neher, Polyfluorene homopolymers: Conjugated liquid-crystalline polymers for bright blue emission and polarized electroluminescence. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 22(17), 1365–1385 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    A.C. Grimsdale, P. Leclère, R. Lazzaroni, J.D. MacKenzie, C. Murphy, S. Setayesh, C. Silva, R.H. Friend, K. Müllen, Correlation between molecular structure, microscopic morphology, and optical properties of poly(tetraalkylindenofluorene)s. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12(10), 729–733 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    U. Scherf, Ladder-type materials. J. Mater. Chem. 9(9), 1853–1864 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    J. Jacob, J. Zhang, A.C. Grimsdale, K. Müllen, M. Gaal, E.J.W. List, Poly(tetraarylindenofluorene)s: New stable blue-emitting polymers. Macromolecules 36(22), 8240–8245 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    B.X. Gong, P.K. Iyer, D. Moses, G.C. Bazan, A.J. Heeger, S.S. Xiao, Stabilized blue emission from polyfluorene-based light-emitting diodes: elimination of fluorenone defects. Adv. Funct. Mater 13(4), 325–330 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    E.J.W. List, R. Guentner, P. Scanducci de Freitas, U. Scherf, The effect of keto defect sites on the emission properties of polyfluorene-type materials. Adv. Mater. 14(5), 374–378 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    E. Zojer, A. Pogantsch, E. Hennebicq, D. Beljonne, J.L. Brédas, P. Scandiucci De Freitas, U. Scherf, E.J.W. List, Green emission from poly(fluorene)s: The role of oxidation. J. Chem. Phys. 117(14), 6794–6802 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    M. Gaal, E.J.W. List, U. Scherf, Excimers or emissive on-chain defects? Macromolecules 36(11), 4236–4237 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    P.S. De Freitas, U. Scherf, M. Collon, E.J.W. List, (9,9-Dialkylfluorene-co-fluorenone) copolymers containing low fluorenone fractions as model systems for degradation-induced changes in polyfluorene-type semiconducting materials. E-Polymers 2(1), 1–7 (2002)Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    M.R. Craig, M.M. de Kok, J.W. Hofstraat, A.P.H.J. Schenning, E.W. Meijer, Improving color purity and stability in a blue emitting polyfluorene by monomer purification. J. Mater. Chem. 13(12), 2861–2862 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    A. Pogantsch, F.P. Wenzl, E.J.W. List, G. Leising, A.C. Grimsdale, K. Müllen, Polyfluorenes with dendron side chains as the active materials for polymer light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 14(15), 1061–1064 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    S. Setayesh, A.C. Grimsdale, T. Weil, V. Enkelmann, K. Müllen, F. Meghdadi, E.J.W. List, G. Leising, Polyfluorenes with polyphenylene dendron side chains: Toward non-aggregating, light-emitting polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(5), 946–953 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    K.L. Chan, M.J. McKiernan, C.R. Towns, A.B.. Holmes, Poly(2,7-dibenzosilole): A blue light emitting polymer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(21), 7662–7663 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    E. Wang, C. Li, J. Peng, Y. Cao, High-efficiency blue light-emitting polymers based on 3,6-silafluorene and 2,7-silafluorene. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 45(21), 4941–4949 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Y.-H. Tseng, P.-I. Shih, C.-H. Chien, A.K. Dixit, C.-F. Shu, Y.-H. Liu, G.-H. Lee, Stable organic blue-light-emitting devices prepared from poly[spiro(fluorene-9,9′-xanthene)]. Macromolecules 38(24), 10055–10060 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    P.H.N. Nguyen, N.D. Nguyen, Green light-emitting diodes based on a hybrid TiO 2 nanoparticle-conducting polymer blend. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2(3), 35012 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    R.E. Martin, F. Geneste, B.S. Chuah, C. Fischmeister, Y. Ma, A.B.. Holmes, R. Riehn, F. Cacialli, R.H. Friend, Versatile synthesis of various conjugated aromatic homo- and copolymers. Synth. Met. 122(1), 1–5 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    R.E. Martin, F. Geneste, R. Riehn, B.S. Chuah, F. Cacialli, R.H. Friend, A.B.. Holmes, Efficient blue-green light emitting poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) copolymers. Chem. Commun. (4), 291–292 (2000)Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    R.E. Martin, F. Geneste, A.B.. Holmes, Synthesis of conjugated polymers for application in light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IV Phys. 1(4), 447–470 (2000)Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    N.C. Greenham, I.D.W. Samuel, G.R. Hayes, R.T. Phillips, Y.A.R.R. Kessener, S.C. Moratti, A.B.. Holmes, R.H. Friend, Measurement of absolute photoluminescence quantum efficiencies in conjugated polymers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 241(1), 89–96 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    D. Braun, A.J. Heeger, Erratum: Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes [Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 1982 (1991)]. Appl. Phys. Lett. 59(7), 878 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    E.P. Woo, W.R. Shiang, M. Inbasekaran, G.R. Roof, M.T. Bernius, W. Wu, Fluorene-containing polymers and compounds useful in the preparation thereof. US Patent 6,169,163 (1997)Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    R. Xia, G. Heliotis, D.D.C. Bradley, Fluorene-based polymer gain media for solid-state laser emission across the full visible spectrum. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(21), 3599–3601 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    D. Kabra, L.P. Lu, M.H. Song, H.J. Snaith, R.H. Friend, Efficient single-layer polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 22(29), 3194–3198 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    E. Wang, C. Li, W. Zhuang, J. Peng, Y. Cao, High-efficiency red and green light-emitting polymers based on a novel wide bandgap poly(2,7-silafluorene). J. Mater. Chem. 18(7), 797–801 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    L. Yu, J. Liu, S. Hu, R. He, W. Yang, H. Wu, J. Peng, R. Xia, D.D.C. Bradley, Red, green, and blue light-emitting polyfluorenes containing a dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide unit and efficient high-color-rendering-index white-light-emitting diodes made therefrom. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(35), 4366–4376 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Y. Jin, Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, S. Song, H.Y. Woo, K. Lee, H. Suh, Novel green-light-emitting polymers based on Cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene. Macromolecules 41(15), 5548–5554 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    H. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Jiang, M. Xie, J. Peng, Y. Cao, Novel green-emitting polymer containing fluorene and 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)- 3,5-diphenylpyrazoline. J. Mater. Sci. 42(12), 4476–4479 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    R.M. Gurge, A. Sarker, P.M. Lahti, B. Hu, F.E. Karasz, Red light emitting ‘push-pull’ Disubstituted poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes). Macromolecules 29, 4287–4292 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    S.-C. Lo, P.L. Burn, Synthesis of a porphyrin/conjugated polymer hybrid. Synth. Met. 102, 1089–1090 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    J.-F. Morin, M. Leclerc, 2,7-Carbazole-based conjugated polymers for blue, green, and red light emission. Macromolecules 35(22), 8413–8417 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    M.G. Manjunatha, A.V. Adhikari, P.K. Hegde, A novel narrow band gap red light-emitting cyanovinylene polymer derived from 3,4-dialkoxy thiophene for optoelectronic applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 21(8), 751–757 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    R. Demadrille, P. Rannou, J. Oddou, A. Pron, Regiochemically well-defined Fluorenone – Alkylthiophene copolymers: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and their Postfunctionalization with Oligoaniline. Macromolecules 36, 7045–7054 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    S.K. Kim, J.H. Lee, D.H. Hwang, EL properties of an alternating copolymer composed of phenothiazine and thiophene heterocycles. Synth. Met. 152(1–3), 201–204 (2005)Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    N.S. Cho, D.H. Hwang, B.J. Jung, E. Lim, J. Lee, H.K. Shim, Synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescence of new conjugated polyfluorene derivatives containing various dyes as comonomers. Macromolecules 37(14), 5265–5273 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Q. Peng, Z.Y. Lu, Y. Huang, M.G. Xie, S.H. Han, J.B. Peng, Y. Cao, Synthesis and characterization of new red-emitting polyfluorene derivatives containing electron-deficient 2-pyran-4-ylidene- malononitrile moieties. Macromolecules 37(2), 260–266 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    L. Ying, J. Zou, A. Zhang, B. Chen, W. Yang, Y. Cao, Novel orange-red light-emitting polymers with cyclometaled iridium complex grafted in alkyl chain. J. Organomet. Chem. 694(17), 2727–2734 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    R. Yang, R. Tian, J. Yan, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, Q. Hou, W. Yang, C. Zhang, Y. Cao, Deep-red electroluminescent polymers: Synthesis and characterization of new low-band-gap conjugated copolymers for light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. Macromolecules 38(2), 244–253 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    G. Tu, Q. Zhou, Y. Cheng, L. Wang, D. Ma, X. Jing, F. Wang, White electroluminescence from polyfluorene chemically doped with 1,8-napthalimide moieties. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(12), 2172–2174 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    M. Sun, Q. Niu, B. Du, J. Peng, W. Yang, Y. Cao, Fluorene-based single-chain copolymers for color-stable white light-emitting diodes. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 208(9), 988–993 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    S.K. Lee, B.-J. Jung, T. Ahn, Y.K. Jung, J.-I. Lee, I.-N. Kang, J. Lee, J.-H. Park, H.K. Shim, White electroluminescence from a single Polyfluorene containing Bis-DCM units. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 45, 3380–3390 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    B.-Y. Hsieh, Y.L. Chen, Polyfluorenes minimally doped with 1,4-Bis(2-thienyl-2-cyanovinyl)benzene chromophore: Their synthesis, characterization, and application to white-light-emitting materials. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 46, 3703–3713 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    S.K. Lee, D.H. Hwang, B.J. Jung, N.S. Cho, J. Lee, J.D. Lee, H.K. Shim, The fabrication and characterization of single-component polymeric white-light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(10), 1647–1655 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    S. Tokito, M. Suzuki, F. Sato, M. Kamachi, K. Shirane, High-efficiency phosphorescent polymer light-emitting devices. Org. Electron. Phys. Mater. Appl. 4(2–3), 105–111 (2003)Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Y. Xiong, Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhou, J.B. Peng, W.B. Huang, Y. Cao, Polymer white-light-emitting diodes with high work function cathode based on a novel phosphorescent chelating copolymer. Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(12), 3547–3550 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Y. Xu, J. Peng, J. Jiang, W. Xu, W. Yang, Y. Cao, Efficient white-light-emitting diodes based on polymer codoped with two phosphorescent dyes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(19), 1–3 (2005)Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    C. Chao, S. Chen, C. Chao, S. Chen, White light emission from exciplex in a bilayer device with two blue light-emitting polymers White light emission from exciplex in a bilayer device with two blue light- emitting polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 426(1998), 72–75 (2011)Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Y.Z. Lee, X. Chen, M.C. Chen, S.A. Chen, J.H. Hsu, W. Fann, White-light electroluminescence from soluble oxadiazole-containing phenylene vinylene ether-linkage copolymer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(3), 308–310 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and TechnologyAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia

Personalised recommendations

Cite entry