Introduction
States cooperate on a large number of issues ranging from trade and poverty alleviation to economic security. While the dominant theories in international relations highlight interstate militarized disputes and nuclear proliferation as the primary threats against international security, global terrorism and climate change have increasingly posed new types of threats in the twenty-first century. Critical infrastructures, such as ports, subways, and nuclear plants, which are essential for the well-being and livelihoods of societies, are affected by both of these issues. Accordingly, there is a growing international effort (e.g., the European Union’s conceptualization of European critical infrastructures) to address the role of critical infrastructures in sustaining physical and economic security, the human-caused and natural threats against them, and the mechanisms through which states can adapt to, if not mitigate, these new threats.
In general, infrastructure refers to...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
European Commission. (2004). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Critical infrastructure protection in the fight against terrorism. Brussels, 20.10.2004, COM(2004) 702 final. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0702&from=EN
European Commission. (2005). Green paper on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection. Brussels, 17.11.2005, COM(2005) 576 final. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52005DC0576&from=EN
European Commission. (2013). Commission staff working document on a new approach to the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection making European Critical Infrastructures more secure. Brussels, 28.8.2013, SWD (2013) 318 final. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/20130828_epcip_commission_staff_working_document.pdf
Fekete, A. (2011). Common criteria for the assessment of critical infrastructures. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2(1), 15–24.
Flynn, S. E. (2014). Understanding the challenges & opportunities of the resilience imperative. Key note speech at Transforming the resilience for cognitive, cyber-physical systems conference. Denver.
Germany Federal Ministry of Interior. (2009). Protection of critical infrastructures – Baseline protection concept: Recommendation for companies. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://www.bbk.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/BBK/DE/Publikationen/PublikationenKritis/Basisschutzkonzept_engl.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
Kaplan, S., & John Garrick, B. (1981). On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 11–27.
Lewis, T., Mackin, T. J., & Darken, R. (2011). Critical infrastructure as complex emergent systems. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 1, 1–12.
McEntire, D. A. (2005). Why vulnerability matters: Exploring the merit of an inclusive disaster reduction concept. Disaster Prevention and Management, 14(2), 206–222.
McGill, W. L., & Ayyub, B. M. (2007). The meaning of vulnerability in the context of critical infrastructure protection. In Critical infrastructure protection: Elements of risk (pp. 25–48). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, School of Law. https://cip.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ElementsofRiskMonograph.pdf
Noy, I. (2009). The macroeconomic consequences of disasters. Journal of Development Economics, 88, 221–231.
Switzerland Federal Office for Civil Protection. (2015). The Swiss Programme on critical infrastructure protection. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from https://www.shareweb.ch/site/Disaster-Resilience/resilience-and-related-topics/Documents/FOCP_Critical-Infrastructure-Protection.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2011). Strategic National Risk Assessment. Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/rma-strategic-national-riskassessment-ppd8.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide – Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 201 (2nd ed.). Retrieved February 11, 2018 from http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/8ca0a9e54dc8b037a55b402b2a269e94/CPG201_htirag_2nd_edition.pdf
Further Reading
French, G. S. (2007). Intelligence analysis for strategic risk assessments. In Critical infrastructure protection: Elements of risk (pp. 12–24). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, School of Law. https://cip.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ElementsofRiskMonograph.pdf
O’Rourke, T. D. (2007). Critical infrastructure, interdependencies, and resilience. The Bridge, 37(1), 22–29.
Weichselgartner, J. (2001). Disaster mitigation: The concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention and Management, 10(2), 85–94.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bayar, M. (2019). Critical Infrastructure. In: Romaniuk, S., Thapa, M., Marton, P. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_321-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_321-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74336-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74336-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science and International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences