Definition
Human-exacerbated emissions of greenhouse gases and nutrients are creating a multitude of chemical, physical, and biological stressors, disrupting the natural equilibrium within individual homeostasis, multi-species communities, and entire ecosystems.
Introduction
Climate change is ongoing and will be further aggravated if greenhouse gas emissions, and other anthropogenic pressures, remain unabated (IPCC 2013). Such scenario will imply a marked change on several abiotic parameters caused by said gases, with a special highlight for carbon dioxide (CO2), which constitutes the majority of anthropogenic emissions. These abiotic alterations occur in all physical realms on the planet, with the oceans and the life they sustain being threatened by multiple fronts. Coined as “the deadly trio,” climate change is expressed via three main stressors in the...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Altieri AH, Harrison SB, Seemann J, Collin R, Diaz RJ, Knowlton N (2017) Tropical dead zones and mass mortalities on coral reefs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:3660–3665. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621517114
Angilletta M (2009) Thermal adaptation: a theoretical and empirical synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Anthony KRN, Maynard JA, Diaz-Pulido G, Mumby PJ, Marshall PA, Cao L, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2011) Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience. Glob Chang Biol 17:1798–1808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x
Arias-Ortiz A, Serrano O, Masqué P, Lavery PS, Mueller U, Kendrick GA, Rozaimi M, Esteban A, Fourqurean JW, Marbà N, Mateo MA, Murray K, Rule MJ, Duarte CM (2018) A marine heatwave drives massive losses from the world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nat Clim Chang 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y
Beaugrand G, Mcquatters-Gollop A, Edwards M, Goberville E (2013) Long-term responses of North Atlantic calcifying plankton to climate change. Nat Clim Chang 3:263–267. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1753
Bell JJ, Davy SK, Jones T, Taylor MW, Webster NS (2013) Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes? Glob Chang Biol 19:2613–2624. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12212
Breitburg D, Levin LA, Oschlies A, Grégoire M, Chavez FP, Conley DJ, Garçon V, Gilbert D, Gutiérrez D, Isensee K, Jacinto GS, Limburg KE, Montes I, Naqvi SWA, Pitcher GC, Rabalais NN, Roman MR, Rose KA, Seibel BA, Telszewski M, Yasuhara M, Zhang J (2018) Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359:eaam7240. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
Chan F, Barth JA, Lubchenco J, Kirincich A, Weeks H, Peterson WT, Menge BA (2008) Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem. Science 319:920. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149016
Connell SD, Russell BD (2010) The direct effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on non-calcifying organisms: increasing the potential for phase shifts in kelp forests. Proc Biol Sci 277:1409–1415. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2069
Diaz RJ, Rosenberg R (2008) Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321:926–929. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156401
Fabricius KE, Langdon C, Uthicke S, Humphrey C, Noonan S, De’ath G, Okazaki R, Muehllehner N, Glas MS, Lough JM (2011) Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat Clim Chang 1:165–169. https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1122
Frazão-Santos C, Agardy T, Andrade F, Barange M, Crowder LB, Ehler CN, Orbach MK, Rosa R (2016) Ocean planning in a changing climate. Nat Geosci 9:730. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2821
Frommel AY, Maneja R, Lowe D, Malzahn AM, Geffen AJ, Folkvord A, Piatkowski U, Reusch TBH, Clemmesen C (2011) Severe tissue damage in Atlantic cod larvae under increasing ocean acidification. Nat Clim Chang 2:42–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1324
Gobler CJ, Baumann H (2016) Hypoxia and acidification in ocean ecosystems: coupled dynamics and effects on marine life. Biol Lett 12:20150976. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0976
Goldenberg SU, Nagelkerken I, Marangon E, Bonnet A, Camilo M (2018) Ecological complexity buffers the impacts of future climate on marine animals. Nat Clim Chang 8:1–19
Grantham BA, Chan F, Nielsen KJ, Fox DS, Barth JA, Huyer A, Lubchenco J, Menge BA (2004) Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the Northeast Pacific. Nature 429:749–754. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02605
Hepburn CD, Pritchard DW, Cornwall CE, Mcleod RJ, Beardall J, Raven JA, Hurd CL (2011) Diversity of carbon use strategies in a kelp forest community: implications for a high CO2 ocean. Glob Chang Biol 17:2488–2497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02411.x
Heuer RM, Grosell M (2014) Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. AJP Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307:R1061–R1084. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00064.2014
Hughes TP, Kerry JT, Baird AH, Connolly SR, Dietzel A, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Liu G, McWilliam MJ, Pears RJ, Pratchett MS, Skirving WJ, Stella JS, Torda G (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556:492–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2
IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK/New YorkA
Keeling RF, Körtzinger A, Gruber N (2010) Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annu Rev Mar Sci 2:199–229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855
Kingsolver JG (2009) The well-temperatured biologist. Am Nat 174:755–768. https://doi.org/10.1086/648310
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim RN, Singh GG (2010) Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol Lett 13:1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x
Kroeker KJ, Micheli F, Gambi MC (2012) Ocean acidification causes ecosystem shifts via altered competitive interactions. Nat Clim Chang 3:156–159. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1680
Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R, Hendriks IE, Ramajo L, Singh GS, Duarte CM, Gattuso JP (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Chang Biol 19:1884–1896. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179
Kwiatkowski L, Cox P, Halloran PR, Mumby PJ, Wiltshire AJ (2015) Coral bleaching under unconventional scenarios of climate warming and ocean acidification. Nat Clim Chang 5:777–781. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2655
Levin LA, Breitburg DL (2015) Linking coasts and seas to address ocean deoxygenation. Nat Clim Chang 5:401–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2595
Levin LA, Bris NL (2015) The deep ocean under climate change. Science 350:766–768. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0126
Levin LA, Ekau W, Gooday AJ, Jorissen F, Middelburg JJ, Naqvi SWA, Neira C, Rabalais NN, Zhang J (2009) Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos. Biogeosciences 6:2063–2098. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2063-2009
Lima FP, Wethey DS (2012) Three decades of high-resolution coastal sea surface temperatures reveal more than warming. Nat Commun 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1713
Lopes AR, Sampaio E, Santos C, Couto A, Pegado MR, Diniz M, Munday PL, Rummer JL, Rosa R (2018) Absence of cellular damage in tropical newly hatched sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) under ocean acidification conditions. Cell Stress Chaperones 23(5):837–846
Meehl GA et al (2007) Global climate projections. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 747–845
Melzner F, Thomsen J, Koeve W, Oschlies A, Gutowska MA, Bange HW, Hansen HP, Kortzinger A (2013) Future ocean acidification will be amplified by hypoxia in coastal habitats. Mar Biol 160:1875–1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-1954-1
Mertens N, Russell B, Connell S (2015) Escaping herbivory: ocean warming as a refuge for primary producers where consumer metabolism and consumption cannot pursue. Oecologia 173:1223–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3438-8
Munday PL, Cheal AJ, Dixson DL, Rummer JL, Fabricius KE (2014) Behavioural impairment in reef fishes caused by ocean acidification at CO2 seeps. Nat Clim Chang 4:487–492. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2195
Nilsson GE, Dixson DL, Domenici P, Mccormick MI, Sørensen C, Watson S, Munday PL (2012) Near-future carbon dioxide levels alter fish behaviour by interfering with neurotransmitter function. Nat Clim Chang 2:201–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1352
O’Connor MI (2009) Warming strengthens an herbivore-plant interaction. Ecology 90:388–398. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0034.1
Oliver ECJ, Donat MG, Burrows MT, Moore PJ, Smale DA, Alexander LV, Benthuysen JA, Feng M, Sen Gupta A, Hobday AJ, Holbrook NJ, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Scannell HA, Straub SC, Wernberg T (2018) Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nat Commun 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9
Pimentel MS, Faleiro F, Diniz M, Machado J, Pousão-Ferreira P, Peck MA, Pörtner HO, Rosa R (2015) Oxidative stress and digestive enzyme activity of flatfish larvae in a changing ocean. PLoS One 10:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134082
Pörtner H-O, Farrell AP (2008) Physiology and climate change. Science 322:690–692
Pörtner HO, Knust R (2007) Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance. Science 315:95–98. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135471
Prince ED, Goodyear CP (2006) Hypoxia-based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes. Fish Oceanogr 15:451–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00393.x
Prince ED, Luo J, Phillip Goodyear C, Hoolihan JP, Snodgrass D, Orbesen ES, Serafy JE, Ortiz M, Schirripa MJ (2010) Ocean scale hypoxia-based habitat compression of Atlantic istiophorid billfishes. Fish Oceanogr 19:448–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2010.00556.x
Queirós AM, Fernandes JA, Faulwetter S, Nunes J, Rastrick SPS, Mieszkowska N, Artioli Y, Yool A, Calosi P, Arvanitidis C, Findlay HS, Barange M, Cheung WWL, Widdicombe S (2015) Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research: from individuals to the ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol 21:130–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12675
Queiroz N, Humphries NE, Mucientes G, Hammerschlag N, Lima FP, Scales KL, Miller PI, Sousa LL, Seabra R, Sims DW (2016) Ocean-wide tracking of pelagic sharks reveals extent of overlap with longline fishing hotspots. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:1582–1587. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510090113
Repolho T, Duarte B, Dionísio G, Paula JR, Lopes AR, Rosa IC, Grilo TF, Caçador I, Calado R, Rosa R (2017) Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification. Sci Rep 7:41443. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41443
Riebesell U, Gattuso J-P (2015) Lessons learned from ocean acidification research. Nat Clim Chang 5:12–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2456
Rosa R, Seibel BA (2008) Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:20776–20780. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806886105
Rosa R, Pimentel MS, Boavida-Portugal J, Teixeira T, Trübenbach K, Diniz M (2012) Ocean warming enhances malformations, premature hatching, metabolic suppression and oxidative stress in the early life stages of a keystone squid. PLoS One 7:e38282–e38282
Rosa R, Trübenbach K, Repolho T, Pimentel M, Faleiro F, Boavida-Portugal J, Baptista M, Lopes VM, Dionísio G, Leal MC, Calado R, Pörtner HO (2013) Lower hypoxia thresholds of cuttlefish early life stages living in a warm acidified ocean. Proc Biol Sci 280:20131695. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1695
Rosa R, Paula JR, Sampaio E, Pimentel M, Lopes AR, Baptista M, Guerreiro M, Santos C, Campos D, Almeida-Val VMF, Calado R, Diniz M, Repolho T (2016) Neuro-oxidative damage and aerobic potential loss of sharks under elevated CO2 and warming. Mar Biol 163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2898-7
Rosa R, Rummer JL, Munday PL (2017) Biological responses of sharks to ocean acidification. Biol Lett 13:20160796. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0796
Sampaio E, Maulvault AL, Lopes VM, Paula JR, Barbosa V, Alves R, Pousão-Ferreira P, Repolho T, Marques A, Rosa R (2016) Habitat selection disruption and lateralization impairment of cryptic flatfish in a warm, acid, and contaminated ocean. Mar Biol 163:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2994-8
Sampaio E, Rodil IF, Vaz-Pinto F, Fernández A, Arenas F (2017) Interaction strength between different grazers and macroalgae mediated by ocean acidification over warming gradients. Mar Environ Res 125:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.01.001
Sampaio E, Lopes AR, Francisco S, Paula JR, Pimentel M, Maulvault AL, Repolho T, Grilo TF, Pousão-Ferreira P, Marques A, Rosa R (2018) Ocean acidification dampens physiological stress response to warming and contamination in a commercially-important fish (Argyrosomus regius). Sci Total Environ 618:388–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.059
Seibel BA, Hafker NS, Trubenbach K, Zhang J, Tessier SN, Portner H-O, Rosa R, Storey KB (2014) Metabolic suppression during protracted exposure to hypoxia in the jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, living in an oxygen minimum zone. J Exp Biol 217:2555–2568. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.100487
Stillman JH (2003) Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change. Science 301:65. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083073
Stramma L, Prince ED, Schmidtko S, Luo J, Hoolihan JP, Visbeck M, Wallace DWR, Brandt P, Körtzinger A (2012) Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes. Nat Clim Chang 2:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1304
Tewksbury JJ, Huey RB, Deutsch CA (2008) Putting the heat on tropical animals. Science 320:1296–1297
Van Hooidonk R, Maynard JA, Planes S (2013) Temporary refugia for coral reefs in a warming world. Nat Clim Chang 3:508–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1829
Vaquer-Sunyer R, Duarte CM (2008) Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:15452–15457. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803833105
Vaquer-Sunyer R, Duarte CM (2011) Temperature effects on oxygen thresholds for hypoxia in marine benthic organisms. Glob Chang Biol 17:1788–1797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02343.x
Wernberg T, Russell B, Moore P (2011) Impacts of climate change in a global hotspot for temperate marine biodiversity and ocean warming. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 400:7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.021
Wittmann AC, Pörtner HO (2013) Sensitivities of extant animal taxa to ocean acidification. Nat Clim Chang 3:995–1001. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1982
Acknowledgments
The authors, and the work for producing this entry, were funded by PTDC/BIA-BMA/28317/2017, PTDC/AAG-GLO/1926/2014, and MAR-01.04.02-FEAMP-0007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sampaio, E., Rosa, R. (2019). Climate Change, Multiple Stressors, and Responses of Marine Biota. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (eds) Climate Action. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71063-1_90-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71063-1_90-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71063-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71063-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences