Synonyms
Effort testing; Malingering; TOMM
Description
The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM; Tombaugh 1996) is a well-validated effort test that is commonly used by neuropsychologists (Sharland and Gfeller 2007). The TOMM employs a forced-choice recognition paradigm using 50 black target stimulus items (line drawings). During the study phase, the subject is shown each drawing for 3 s. After presenting the 50 items, each drawing is presented along with a distracter drawing. The subject is asked to choose the drawing that was shown during the study phase. The 50 line drawings are then shown a second time (i.e., “Trial 2”), followed by another test phase in which they are paired with 50 distracter drawings. After approximately 15 min, a retention test is given in which the original 50 items are paired with distracters. Thus, the test comprises three components: Trial 1, Trial 2, and Retention. The Retention trial is considered optional if the examinee passes Trial 2 (raw score > 44).
Histo...
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References and Readings
Ashendorf, L., Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2004). The effect of depression and anxiety on the TOMM in community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(1), 125–130.
Bauer, L., O’Bryant, S. E., Lynch, J. K., McCaffrey, R. J., & Fisher, J. M. (2007). Examining the test of memory malingering trial 1 and word memory test immediate recognition as screening tools for insufficient effort. Assessment, 14(3), 215–222.
Constantinou, M., Bauer, L., Ashendorf, L., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(2), 191–198.
Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Using the TOMM for evaluating children’s effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology, 9(2), 81–90.
Delain, S. L., Stafford, K. P., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2003). Use of the TOMM in a criminal court forensic assessment setting. Assessment, 10(4), 370–381.
DenBoer, J. W., & Hall, S. (2007). Neuropsychological test performance of successful brain injury simulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(6), 943–955.
Donders, J. (2005). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in a mixed pediatric sample. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology, 11(2), 221–227.
Duncan, A. (2005). The impact of cognitive and psychiatric impairment of psychotic disorders on the test of memory malingering (TOMM). Assessment, 12(2), 123–129.
Etherton, J. L., Bianchini, K. J., Ciota, M. A., & Greve, K. W. (2005). Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: Implications for clinical use. Assessment, 12(1), 101–106.
Gavett, B. E., O’Bryant, S. E., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Hit rates of adequate performance based on the test of memory malingering (TOMM) trial 1. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(1), 1–4.
Gervais, R. O., Rohling, M. L., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(4), 475–487.
Gierok, S. D., Dickson, A. L., & Cole, J. A. (2005). Performance of forensic and non-forensic adult psychiatric inpatients on the test of memory malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(6), 755–760.
Haber, A. H., & Fichtenberg, N. L. (2006). Replication of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in a traumatic brain injury and head trauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 524–532.
Hill, S. K., Ryan, L. M., Kennedy, C. H., & Malamut, B. L. (2003). The relationship between measures of declarative memory and the test of memory malingering in patients with and without temporal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3(3), 1–18.
Horner, M. D., Bedwell, J. S., & Duong, A. (2006). Abbreviated form of the test of memory malingering. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116(10), 1181–1186.
Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., & Zakrzewski, M. J. (2005). Neuropsychiatric inpatients with dementia perform well on the TOMM. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 882.
Iverson, G. L., LePage, J., Koehler, B. E., Shojania, K., & Badii, M. (2007). TOMM scores are not affected by chronic pain or depression in patients with fibromyalgia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(3), 532–546.
Mooney, G., Speed, J., & Sheppard, S. (2005). Factors related to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19(12), 975–987.
O’Bryant, S. E., Engel, L. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., & Black, F. W. (2007). Test of memory malingering (TOMM) trial 1 as a screening measure for insufficient effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(3), 511–521.
Pankratz, L. (1983). A new technique for the assessment and modification of feigned memory deficit. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(2), 367–372.
Pankratz, L., Fausti, A., & Peed, S. (1975). A forced-choice technique to evaluate deafness in the hysterical or malingering patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 421–422.
Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., & Boulay, L. (2001). Depression and the test of memory malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16(5), 501–506.
Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., Gansler, D. A., & Moczynski, N. P. (1998). Five validation experiments of the test of memory malingering (TOMM). Psychological Assessment, 10, 10–20.
Sharland, M. J., & Gfeller, J. D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(2), 213–223.
Simon, M. J. (2007). Performance of mentally retarded forensic patients on the test of memory malingering. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 339–344.
Tan, J. E., Slick, D. J., Strauss, E., & Hultsch, D. F. (2002). How’d they do it? Malingering strategies on symptom validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(4), 495–505.
Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. T. (2004). The test of memory malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(3), 455–464.
Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of memory malingering. North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems.
Tombaugh, T. N. (1997). The test of memory malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 260–268.
van Hout, M. S., Schmand, B., Wekking, E. M., Hageman, G., & Deelman, B. G. (2003). Suboptimal performance on neuropsychological tests in patients with suspected chronic toxic encephalopathy. Neurotoxicology, 24(4–5), 547–551.
Weinborn, M., Orr, T., Woods, S. P., Conover, E., & Feix, J. (2003). A validation of the test of memory malingering in a forensic psychiatric setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(7), 979–990.
Yanez, Y. T., Fremouw, W., Tennant, J., Strunk, J., & Coker, K. (2006). Effects of severe depression on TOMM performance among disability-seeking outpatients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(2), 161–165.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Iverson, G.L. (2018). Test of Memory Malingering. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_216
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_216
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57110-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57111-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences