Thyroid Diseases pp 673-708 | Cite as
Thyroid Physiology and Thyroid Diseases in Pregnancy
Abstract
Thyroid disorders are common in pregnancy and can result in serious complications for the pregnant woman and her child. It is well recognized that optimum treatment of both overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism reduces the complications, and pregnant women with these conditions should be treated. However, because of limited evidence for the benefit from intervention studies, it remains controversial whether subclinical thyroid diseases, such as subclinical hypothyroidism, maternal hypothyroxinemia, and euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease should be treated and whether all pregnant women should be screened for these conditions. Management of many thyroid disorders (for example, Graves’ disease) in pregnant women is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcome. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of thyroid physiology and management of thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
Keywords
Graves’ disease Hypothyroidism Human chorionic gonadotrophin Iodine Pregnancy TPO antibodies TSH receptor antibodies Thyroxine HypothyroxinemiaAbbreviations
- Ab
Antibodies
- ART
Assisted reproductive technology
- FNAC
Fine needle aspiration cytology
- hCG
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
- HLA
Human leukocyte antigen
- HPT
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
- IQ
Intelligence quotient
- ICCIDD
International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
- T3
Triiodothyronine
- T4
Thyroxine
- TBG
Thyroxine binding globulin
- Tg
Thyroglobulin
- Th1
Type 1 helper T cell
- Th2
Type 2 helper T cell
- TPO
Thyroid peroxidase
- TR
Thyroid hormone receptor
- TREG
Regulatory CD4 + CD25 + T cells
- TSH
Thyrotrophin
- UIC
Urinary iodine concentration
- WHO
World Health Organisation
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