This research was supported by a Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) Doctoral Research Award awarded to KLP, and operating grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) awarded to LAS.
References
Asendorpf, J. B. (1990). Beyond social withdrawal: Shyness, unsociability, and peer avoidance. Human Development, 33, 250–259.
Bruch, M. A., Giordano, S., & Pearl, L. (1986). Differences between fearful and self-conscious shy subtypes in background and current adjustment. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 172–186.
Buss, A. H. (1986a). A theory of shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 39–46). New York: Plenum.
Buss, A. H. (1986b). Two kinds of shyness. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 65–75). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339.
Cheek, J. M., & Krasnoperova, E. N. (1999). Varieties of shyness in adolescence and adulthood. In L. A. Schmidt & J. Schulkin (Eds.), Extreme fear, shyness and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes (pp. 224–250). New York: Oxford University Press.
Colonnesi, C., Bögels, S. M., de Vente, W., & Majdandžić, M. (2013). What coy smiles say about positive shyness in early infancy. Infancy, 18, 202–220.
Colonnesi, C., Napoleone, E., & Bögels, S. M. (2014). Positive and negative expressions of shyness in toddlers: Are they related to anxiety in the same way. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 624–637.
Colonnesi, C., Nikolić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2017). Social anxiety symptoms in young children: Investigating the interplay of theory of mind and expressions of shyness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 997–1011.
Eggum-Wilkens, N. D., Lemery-Chalfant, K., Aksan, N., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2015). Self-conscious shyness: Growth during toddlerhood, strong role of genetics, and no prediction from fearful shyness. 20, 160–188.
Kopala-Sibley, D. C., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Distinguishing types of social withdrawal in children: Internalizing and externalizing outcomes of conflicted shyness versus social disinterest across childhood. Journal of Research in Personality, 67, 27–35.
Melchior, L. A., & Cheek, J. M. (1990). Shyness and anxious self-preoccupation during a social interaction. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 117–130.
Nelson, L. J. (2013). Going it alone: Comparing subtypes of withdrawal on indices of adjustment and maladjustment in emerging adulthood. Social Development, 22, 522–538.
Nikolić, M., Colonnesi, C., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2016). Blushing in early childhood: Feeling coy or socially anxious? Emotion, 16, 475–487.
Page, R. M. (1990). Shyness and sociability: A dangerous combination for illicit substance use in adolescent males. Adolescence, 25, 803–806.
Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018a). Smiling through the shyness: The adaptive function of positive affect in shy children. Emotion. Advance online publication.
Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018b). Positive shyness in the brain: Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry and delta-beta correlation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Poole, K. L., Van Lieshout, R. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017a). Exploring relations between shyness and social anxiety disorder: The role of sociability. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 55–59.
Poole, K. L., Van Lieshout, R. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017b). Shyness and sociability beyond emerging adulthood: Implications for understanding the developmental sequelae of shyness subtypes. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36, 315–333.
Reddy, V. (2001). Positively shy! Developmental continuities in the expression of shyness, coyness, and embarrassment. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research, and interventions relating to the self and shyness (pp. 77–99). New York: Wiley.
Santesso, D. L., Schmidt, L. A., & Fox, N. A. (2004). Are shyness and sociability still a dangerous combination for substance use? Evidence from a US and Canadian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 5–17.
Schmidt, L. A. (1999). Frontal brain electrical activity in shyness and sociability. Psychological Science, 10, 316–320.
Schmidt, L. A., & Fox, N. A. (1994). Patterns of cortical electrophysiology and autonomic activity in adults’ shyness and sociability. Biological Psychology, 38, 183–198.
Schmidt, L. A., & Poole, K. L. (2018). On the bifurcation of temperamental shyness: Development, adaptation, and neoteny. New Ideas in Psychology. Advance online publication.
Schmidt, L. A., & Robinson, T. N., Jr. (1992). Low self-esteem in differentiating fearful and self-conscious forms of shyness. Psychological Reports, 70, 255–257.
Spere, K. A., Schmidt, L. A., Riniolo, T. C., & Fox, N. A. (2005). Is a lack of cerebral hemisphere dominance a risk factor for social “conflictedness”? Mixed-handedness in shyness and sociability. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 271–281.
Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1976). The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173–189.
Tang, A., Santesso, D. L., Segalowitz, S. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2016). Distinguishing shyness and sociability in children: An event-related potential study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 142, 291–311.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Poole, K.L., Schmidt, L.A. (2019). Heterogeneity in Personality: Perspectives from Shyness. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2337-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2337-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28099-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28099-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences