Skip to main content

Anxiety and Its Measurement

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References and Further Reading

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Antony, M. (2001). Assessment of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: An overview. In M. M. Antony & S. M. Orsillo (Eds.), Practioner’s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety (AABT Clinical Assessment Series, pp. 9–17). New York: Kluwer/Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., Eidelson, J. I., & Riskind, J. H. (1987). Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content-specicity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 179–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., Jolly, J., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Manual for the Beck youth inventories of emotional and social impairment (2nd ed.). San Antonio: Harcourt Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., et al. (1997). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545–553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676–688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-5: Adult and lifetime version: Clinician manual. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. P., Craske, M. G., Tata, P., Rassovsky, Y., & Tsao, J. C. I. (2000). The anxiety attitude and belief scale: Initial psychometric properties in an undergraduate sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7, 230–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bystritsky, A., Waikar, S., & Vapnik, T. (1995). The four-dimensional anxiety and depression scale. Anxiety, 2, 47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The metacognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corah, N. L. (1969). Development of a dental anxiety scale. Journal of Dental Research, 48(4), 596–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., & Lynn, L. L. I. I. (2000). Screening and monitoring psychiatric disorder in primary care populations. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (pp. 115–152). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eifert, G. H., Thompson, R. N., Zvolensky, M. J., Edwards, K., Haddad, J. H., Frazer, N. L., et al. (2000). The cardiac anxiety questionnaire: Development and preliminary validity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1039–1053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N. S., Edwards, J. M., & Vitelli, R. (1991). Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS): Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., et al. (2002). The obsessive-compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 10, 206–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2001). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganellen, R. J., Matuzas, W., Uhlenhuth, E. H., Glass, R., & Easton, C. R. (1986). Panic disorder, agoraphobia, and anxiety-relevant cognitive style. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 219–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, W. K., Rasmussen, S. A., Price, L. H., & Rapaport, J. L. (1986). Children’s yale brown obsessive-compulsive scale (CY-BOCS). Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, W., Price, L., Rasmussen, S., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R., Hill, C., et al. (1989). The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2009). Assessment and treatment of anxiety in primary care. In L. C. James & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.), The primary care toolkit: Practical resources for the integrated behavioral care provider (pp. 169–182). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Turnbull-Donovan, W., & Mikail, S. (1991). The multidimensional perfectionism scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric sample. Psychological Assessment, 3, 464–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, C. L., Goodie, J. L., Oordt, M. S., & Dobmyer, A. C. (2009). Integrated behavioral health in primary care: Step-by step guidance for assessment and intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola, S., Rautava, P., Alanen, P., Aromaa, M., Pienihäkkinen, K., Räihä, H., & Sillanpää, M. (2009). Dental fear: One single clinical question for measurement. The Open Dentistry Journal, 3(1), 161–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Hollon, S. D. (1989). Anxious self-talk: Development of the anxious self-statements questionnaire (ASSQ). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 93–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinknecht, R. A., Klepac, R. K., & Alexander, L. D. (1973). Origins and characteristics of fear of dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 86(4), 842–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köksal, F., & Power, K. (1990). Four systems anxiety questionnaire (FSAQ). A self-report measure of somatic, cognitive, behavioral and feeling components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 534–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, P. M., & Woolfolk, R. L. (1982). Self-report assessment of anxiety: Somatic, cognitive, and behavioral modalities. Behavioral Assessment, 4, 167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. S. (1991). The factor structure of the pregnancy anxiety scale. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 368–381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychological Foundation of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucock, M., & Morley, S. (1996). The health anxiety questionnaire. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 137–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S. (1997). Manual for the multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., & Mathews, A. M. (1979). Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263–267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, L. M., Zayfert, C., & Gross, R. T. (1992). The pain anxiety symptoms scale: Development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain. Pain, 50, 67–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, D. W., & Rainwater, A. J. (1998). Development of the fear of pain questionnaire – III. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 389–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Means-Christensen, A. J., Sherbourne, C. D., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Using five questions to screen for five common mental disorders in primary care: Diagnostic accuracy of the anxiety and depression detector. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28(2), 108–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541–555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, P. L., Berenbaum, E. M., & Bryant, B. R. (1994). Depression and anxiety in youth scale: Examiner’s manual. Austin: PRO-ED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Measurement of perceived controlover anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy, 27, 279–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1999). Multidimensional anxiety questionnaire. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, O. B. (1979). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 281–283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riskind, J. H. (1997). Looming vulnerability to threat: A cognitive paradigm for anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 386–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L. (2001). Measures for anxiety and related constructs. In M. M. Antony & S. M. Orsillo (Eds.), Practioner’s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety (AABT Clinical Assessment Series, pp. 49–83). New York: Kluwer/Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roesch, S. C., Schetter, C. D., Woo, G., & Hobel, C. J. (2004). Modeling the types and timing of stress in pregnancy. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17(1), 87–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(05), 843–853.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929–938.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., & Fitzpatrick, K. K. (2006). Discomfort intolerance: Development of a construct and measure relevant to panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 263–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Goleman, D. J. (1978). Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Walker, E. F., & Rosenhan, D. L. (2001). Abnormal psychology (4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, S. H., Barrett, P. M., & Turner, C. M. (2003). Psychometric properties of the spence children’s anxiety scale with young adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(6), 605–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Test anxiety inventory. Preliminary professional manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. A. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48(2), 285–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Walker, L. M. (1996). The long-term stability and predictive validity of trait measures of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 567–577.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. (1994). A multi-dimensional measure of worry: Development and preliminary validation of the anxious thoughts inventory. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 6, 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A., & Davies, M. I. (1994). The thought control questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 871–878.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. E. (1992). An analogue study of panic onset. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen, H. U., & Boyer, P. (1998). Screening for anxiety: Sensitivity and specificity of the anxiety screening questionnaire (ASQ-15). The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(Suppl 34), 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. K. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12, 371–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kate L. Jansen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Jansen, K.L., Fortenberry, K.T., Clark, M.S. (2017). Anxiety and Its Measurement. In: Gellman, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_938-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_938-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6439-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6439-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics