Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous disorder recognized by deficits in social communication and interaction, in addition to restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (American Psychiatric Association 2013). ASD is also heterogeneous in terms of which symptom emerges when and when the complete symptom pattern required for a diagnoses become evident. This leads to substantially difficulties in clinical detection and treatment planning. Research show that there is great variability in terms of etiology, behaviors, core symptoms, cognitive skills, adaptive skills, language and communication, the onset of diagnosis and core symptom patterns (Zwaigenbaum et al. 2015). For some, ASD symptoms required for a diagnosis may first become evident when social demands exceeds the capabilities of the individual (Ozonoff et al. 2015). Additionally, symptoms of ASD may manifest differently depending on other factors, such as the child’s cognitive abilities and verbal...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. APA DSM. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ayres, M., Parr, J. R., Rodgers, J., Mason, D., Avery, L., & Flynn, D. (2017). A systematic review of quality of life of adults on the autism spectrum. Molecular Autism, 22(7), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714988.
Bauminger, N., & Kasari, C. (2000). Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 71(2), 447–456.
Benson, P. R., & Karlof, K. L. (2009). Anger, stress proliferation, and depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: A longitudinal replication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(2), 350–362.
Burgess, A. F., & Gutstein, S. E. (2007). Quality of life for people with autism: Raising the standard for evaluating successful outcomes. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12(2), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00432.x.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140.
Chawarska, K., Shic, F., Macari, S., Campbell, D. J., Brian, J., Landa, R., et al. (2014). 18-month predictors of later outcomes in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: A baby siblings research consortium study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1317–1327.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.015.
Factor, R. S., Swain, D. M., & Scarpa, A. (2018). Child autism spectrum disorder traits and parenting stress: The utility of using a physiological measure of parental stress. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1081–1091.
Halstead, E., Ekas, N., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M. (2018). Associations between resilience and the well-being of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1108–1121.
Kaplan, B. J., Dewey, D. M., Crawford, S. G., & Wilson, B. N. (2016). The term comorbidity is of questionable value in reference to developmental disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(6), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221940103400608.
Lai, W. W., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Coping in parents and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(3), 207–224.
Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C., McConachie, H., Le Couteur, A., Kapadia, D., Charman, T., et al. (2018). The autism family experience questionnaire (AFEQ): An ecologically-valid, parent-nominated measure of family experience, quality of life and prioritised outcomes for early intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1052–1062.
Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229.
Lecavalier, L., Pan, X., Smith, T., Handen, B. L., Arnold, L. E., Silverman, L., et al. (2018). Parent stress in a randomized clinical trial of atomoxetine and parent training for children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 980–987.
Mattila, M.-L., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Kielinen, M., et al. (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism: A community-and clinic-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(9), 1080–1093.
McConachie, H., Mason, D., Parr, J. R., Garland, D., Wilson, C., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Enhancing the validity of a quality of life measure for autistic people. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1596–1611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3402-z.
McConachie, H., Livingstone, N., Morris, C., Beresford, B., Le Couteur, A., Gringras, P., et al. (2018). Parents suggest which indicators of progress and outcomes should be measured in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1041–1051.
Nordahl-Hansen, A., Hart, L., & Øien, R. A. (2018). The scientific study of parents and caregivers of children with ASD: A flourishing field but still work to be done. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 976–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3526-9.
Øien, R., & Eisemann, M. (2016). Parental response to diagnosis. In Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (Vol. 41, pp. 1–4). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102113-1.
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Landa, R. J., Brian, J., Bryson, S., Charman, T., et al. (2015). Diagnostic stability in young children at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A baby siblings research consortium study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(9), 988–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12421.
Salomone, E., Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C., Barrett, B., Byford, S., Charman, T., et al. (2018). The association between child and family characteristics and the mental health and wellbeing of caregivers of children with autism in mid-childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1189–1198.
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Magnus, B., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S., et al. (2018). Examining the links between challenging behaviors in youth with ASD and parental stress, mental health, and involvement: Applying an adaptation of the family stress model to families of youth with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1169–1180.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
van Schalkwyk, G. I., Peluso, F., Qayyum, Z., McPartland, J. C., & Volkmar, F. R. (2015). Varieties of misdiagnosis in ASD: An illustrative case series. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 911–918.
White, S. W., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(7), 1006–1013.
WHO. (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response. Retrieved November 27, 2018, from. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Stone, W. L., Yirmiya, N., Estes, A., Hansen, R. L., et al. (2015). Early identification of autism spectrum disorder: Recommendations for practice and research. Pediatrics, 136(Supplement), S10–S40. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3667C.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Øien, R.A., Nordahl-Hansen, A., Schjølberg, S. (2019). Mental Health and ASD. In: Volkmar, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102050-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102050-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6435-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences