‡This chapter was reprinted from the first edition of the Springer Index of Viruses. Taxonomy and classification of the virus species described in this chapter may have changed.
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Virion
Morphology: | icosahedral |
Envelope: | yes |
Diameter [nm]: | 50–60 |
Length [nm]: | - |
Structural components: | capsid, envelope |
Buoyant density [g/mL]: | 1.13–1.17 |
Additional information: | envelope lacks prominent surface projections; the above density is in sucrose |
Genome
Nucleic acid: | RNA |
Strandedness: | single-stranded |
Polarity: | positive-sense |
Configuration: | linear |
Segments: | 1 |
Size [kb]: | 12.7–15.7 |
G + C content [%]: | 48–53 |
Transcription units: | 7–9 |
Additional information: | mRNAs form a nested set with common 5' and 3' sequences |
Replication Strategy
Entry mechanism: | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
Site of transcription: | cytoplasm |
Transcriptase: | viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
Site of genome replication: | cytoplasm |
Replicase: | viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
Replication intermediate: | genome-length minus strand RNA |
Site of virion assembly: | smooth intracellular membranes |
Egress mechanism: | budding into smooth intracellular membranes, transport to cell membrane, exocytosis |
Additional information: | structural proteins are translated from a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs; replication-complex is associated with virus-induced double membrane structures |
History
Year | Event/Discovery | Reference |
---|---|---|
1953 | First documented outbreak of equine arteritis in Bucyrus, USA; isolation of equine arteritis virus (EAV) | Doll ER, et al. (1957) Cornell Vet 47:3–41 |
1960 | Isolation of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) from laboratory mice | Riley V, et al. (1960) Science 132:545–547 |
1964 | First outbreaks of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) in macaques in USA and Russian research centers | Tauraso NM, et al. (1968) Am J Trop Med Hyg 17:422–431 |
1975 | Characterization of the EAV genome as a single RNA molecule of positive polarity | van der Zeijst BAM, Horzinek MC (1975) Virology 68:418–425 |
1987 | Emergence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in North America | Keffaber, KK (1989) Am Ass Swine Pract Newsletter 2:1–10 |
1990 | All EAV mRNAs are shown to contain a common 5' leader sequence, which is derived from the 5' end of the genome | de Vries AAF, et al. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res 18:3241–3247 |
1991 | Emergence of PRRS in Europe and isolation of the Lelystad strain of PRRSV | Wensvoort G, et al. (1991) Vet Quarterly 13:121–130 |
1991 | Publication of the EAV genomic sequence; arteri- and coronaviruses are proposed to be evolutionarily related | den Boon JA, et al. (1991) J Virol 65:2910–2920 |
1992 | Identification of the products of EAV ORFs 2b, 5, 6, and 7 as structural proteins | de Vries AAF, et al. (1992) J Virol 66:6294–6306 |
1993 | Publication of the complete genomic sequence of a European PRRSV strain (Lelystad virus) | Meulenberg JJM, et al. (1993) Virology 192:62–72 |
1993 | Publication of the genomic sequence of LDV (LDV-C strain) | Godeny EK, et al. (1993) Virology 194:585–596 |
1996 | Classification of the families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae in the novel order Nidovirales | Cavanagh D (1997) Arch Virol 142:629–633 |
1996 | Identification of the products of PRRSV ORFs 3 and 4 as structural glycoproteins | van Nieuwstadt AP, et al. (1996) J Virol 70:4767–4772 |
1997 | Description of an infectious cDNA clone for EAV | van Dinten LC, et al. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:991–996 |
1997 | Publication of the sequence of the 3'-terminal region (6.3 kb) of the SHFV genome | Smith SL, et al. (1997) Gene 191:205–210 |
1998 | Description of an infectious cDNA clone for PRRSV (Lelystad strain) | Meulenberg JJM, et al. (1998) J Virol 72:380–387 |
1998 | The glycosylation state of LDV GP5 is reported to determine virus neutralization and neuropathogenicity | Li K, et al. (1998) Virology 242:239–245 |
1999 | Publication of the complete genomic sequence of the North American PRRSV prototype strain VR2332 | Nelsen CJ, et al. (1999) J Gen Virol 80:307–315 |
1999 | Completion of the EAV replicase processing analysis | van Dinten LC, et al. (1999) J Virol 73:2027–2037 |
1999 | Identification of the E protein as an additional envelope protein of EAV | Snijder EJ, et al. (1999) J Virol 73:6335–6345 |
Genus Members
Species | Abbr. | Synonym(s) | Wild-type isolates | Host range | Membership status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equine arteritis virus | EAV | EAV-Bucyrus | horses, donkeys | type species | |
Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus | LDV | C, P | mice | approved member | |
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus | PRRSV | Swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus | Lelystad virus, VR2332 | pigs | approved member |
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus | SHFV | LVR | monkeys (specific species) | approved member |
Nucleotide Sequences
Genomic region | Virus species | Strain | Nucleotides | Accession number | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
complete genome | EAV | Bucyrus | 12704 | Y07862 | den Boon JA, et al. (1991) J Virol 65:2910–2920 |
complete genome | LDV | C | 14171 | L13298 | Godeny, EK (1993) Virology 194:585–596 |
complete genome | LDV | P | 14104 | U15146 | Palmer GA, et al. (1995) Virology 209:637–642 |
complete genome | PRRSV | Lelystad virus | 15098 | M96262 | Meulenberg JJM, et al. (1993) Virology 192:62–72 |
complete genome | PRRSV | VR2332 | 15409 | PRU87392 | Nelsen CJ, et al. (1999) J Virol 73:270–280 |
complete genome | PRRSV | 16244B | 15428 | AF046869 | Allende R, et al. (1999) J Gen Virol 80:307–315 |
3'-terminal region of genome | PRRSV | isolate 10 | 4920 | L04493 | Conzelmann KK, et al. (1993) Virology 193:329–339 |
3'-terminal region of genome | SHFV | LVR | 6314 | U63121 | Smith SL, et al. (1997) Gene 191:205–210 |
Proteins
Protein | Abbr. | MW [kDa] | Time of expression | Accession numbers | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EAV non-structural protein 1 | EAV nsp1 | 29 | early | P89939 | papainlike cysteine protease (PCP) in C-terminus; essential for subgenomic RNA synthesis |
LDV/PRRSV non-structural protein 1 α | nsp1-α | 18–20 | early | Q83017, Q04561 | homologous to N-terminus of EAV nsp1; contains additional PCP |
LDV/PRRSV non-structural protein 1 β | nsp1-β | 26–27 | early | Q83017, Q04561 | homologous to C-terminal half of EAV nsp1 |
non-structural protein 2 | nsp2 | 61–131 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | membrane-associated, cysteine protease in N-terminus |
non-structural protein 3 | nsp3 | 23–25 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | hydrophobic, membrane-associated |
non-structural protein 4 | nsp4 | 21–22 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | chymotrypsin-like serine protease (main protease) |
non-structural protein 5 | nsp5 | 18–19 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | hydrophobic, membrane-associated |
non-structural protein 6 | nsp6 | 2 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | |
non-structural protein 7 | nsp7 | 23–30 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | |
non-structural protein 8 | nsp8 | 5–6 | early | P89939, Q83017, Q04561 | nsp8 is identical to the N-terminal domain of nsp9 |
non-structural protein 9 | nsp9 | 75–76 | early | P89939, Q06503, Q04561 | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
non-structural protein 10 | nsp10 | 47–51 | early | P89939, Q06503, Q04561 | contains putative Zn finger and ATPase/helicase |
non-structural protein 11 | nsp11 | 24–26 | early | P89939, Q06503, Q04561 | contains conserved nidovirus-specific domain |
non-structural protein 12 | nsp12 | 12–19 | early | P89939, Q06503, Q04561 | |
envelope protein | E | 8–9 | late | encoded by ORF2a (EAV, LDV), 2b (PRRSV), or 4a (SHFV) | |
glycoprotein 2b/2a/4b | GP2b, GP2a, GP4b | 24–27 | late | P28992, Q04566, Q83019, P89136 | encoded by ORF2b (EAV, LDV), 2a (PRRSV), or 4b (SHFV) |
glycoprotein 3/5 | GP3, GP5 | 18–29 | late | P28993, Q04567, Q83020, P89137 | encoded by ORF3 (EAV, LDV, PRRSV) or ORF5 (SHFV) |
glycoprotein 4/6 | GP4, GP6 | 17–20 | late | P28994, Q83021, 04568, P89138 | encoded by ORF4 (EAV, LDV, PRRSV) or ORF6 (SHFV) |
glycoprotein 5/7 | GP5, GP7 | 22–31 | late | P28995, Q83022, Q04569, P89139 | encoded by ORF5 (EAV, LDV, PRRSV) or ORF7 |
membrane protein | M | 18–19 | late | P28991, Q04565, Q83023, Q87062 | triple-spanning membrane protein |
nucleocapsid protein | N | 12–14 | late | P19810, Q04558, Q89680, Q87063 | basic, phosphorylated protein |
Biology
Virus species | Permissive cell lines | Tissue tropism | Cytopathic effects | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|---|
EAV | BHK-21, RK-13, Vero, MA-104 | macrophages | rounding of cells, detachment from surface | CPE develops in 16–20 hours |
LDV | none; primary macrophages only | macrophages | too few cells infected to detect CPE | LDV is usually grown in mice |
PRRSV | MA-104, MARC-145, CL2621, PAM | macrophages | rounding of cells, detachment from surface | PRRSV induces apoptosis |
SHFV | MA-104 | macrophages | rounding of cells, detachment from surface |
Diseases
Disease | Causative agent | Affected organism | Characteristics | Route of transmission | Geographic distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
equine arteritis | EAV | horses, donkeys | vascular lesions, anorexia, fever, edema, abortion | aerosols, sexual | world-wide |
age-dependent poliomyelitis | LDV | specific (MuLV-positive) mice | paralysis due to destruction of motor neurons | trans-placental, contact | unclear |
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome | PRRSV | pigs | respiratory distress, reproductive failure | aerosols; sexual | world-wide |
simian hemorrhagic fever | SHFV | macaques | fever, anorexia, dehydration, hemorrhagic lesions, death | aerosols; contact | occurs in primate centers |
Vaccine Strains
Strain | Attenuation procedure | Additional information | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
EAV Arvac | 266 serial passages on different cell lines | live attenuated vaccine | McCollum WH (1986) Am J Vet Res 47:1931–1934 |
EAV Artervac (based on EAV-Bucyrus) | formalin-inactivated vaccine | Fukunaga Y, et al. (1990) J Vet Med SerB 37:135–141 | |
PRRSV RespPRRS (based on PRRSV VR2332) | serial passages on CL2621 cells | live attenuated vaccine | Gorcyca D, et al. (1995) Proc Am Ass Swine Pract, Omaha, NE, USA, pp 1–22 |
PRRSV PrimePacPRRS | serial passages in cell culture | live attenuated vaccine | Schering-Plough Animal Health, Elkhorn, NE, USA |
PRRSV Suipravac | formalin-inactivated vaccine | Laboratorios Hipra, Amer (Girona), Spain |
Vector Constructs
Vector | Backbone strain | Application | Insertion capacity [kb] | Additional information | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pEAV030 | EAV-Bucyrus | expression | unknown | infectious cDNA clone of the EAV RNA genome | van Dinten LC, et al. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA USA 94:991–996 |
pABV414 | PRRSV-Lelystad virus | expression | unknown | infectious cDNA clone of the PRRSV RNA genome | Meulenberg JJM, et al. (1998) J Virol 72:380–387 |
References
Plagemann PGW, Moennig V (1992) Adv Vir Res 41:99–192
Plagemann PGW (1996) In: Fields Virology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 1105–1120
de Vries AAF, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJM, de Groot RJ (1997) Semin Virol 8:33–47
Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JJM (1998) J Gen Virol 79:961–979
Brinton MA (1999) In: Encyclopedia of Virology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 89–97
Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JJM (2001) In: Fields Virology, 4th edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia (in press)
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Snijder, E.J., Meulenberg, J.J.M. (2011). Arterivirus‡ . In: Tidona, C., Darai, G. (eds) The Springer Index of Viruses. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_7
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