Skip to main content

Optimized Fabrication of Thulium Doped Silica Optical Fiber Using MCVD

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Optical Fibers

Abstract

This chapter describes the fabrication of thulium (Tm) doped silica fibers using the modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technique coupled with solution doping. Section “Introduction” provides an introduction to rare earth (RE)-doped fiber amplifiers. Section “Thulium Doped Fibers” reviews recent developments for thulium doped fibers. Sections “Fabrication Methods of Silica Fibers” and “MCVD-Solution Doping Technique” outline the common fabrication techniques of silica fibers and the MCVD-solution doping method, respectively. Section “Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Fiber Preforms” describes in details the experimental procedures used in this work for the fabrication and characterization of thulium-doped optical fiber preforms. The preforms characterization results are also provided in section “Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Fiber Preforms.” The spectroscopic characteristics of thulium ions in the fabricated silica fibers are given in section “Spectroscopic Characteristics of Thulium Doped Fibers (TDF).” The conclusions drawn from this work are provided in section “Conclusions.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 919.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • A.N. Abramov, M.V. Yashkov, A.N. Guryanov, M.A. Melkumov, D.A. Dvoretskii, I.A. Bufetov, L.D. Iskhakova, V.V. Koltashev, M.N. Kachenyuk, M.F. Torsunov, Inorg. Mater. 50, 1283 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B.G. Aitken, M.L. Powley, R.M. Morena, B.Z. Hanson, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 488 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Arai, H. Namikawa, Y. Ishii, H. Imai, H. Hosono, Y. Abe, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 95, 609 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. E. Aronson, Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • R. M. Atkins, R. S. Windeler, U. S. Patent No. US20030167800A1 (11 Sept 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Binnewies, K. Jug, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 1127 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Blanc, T.L. Sebastian, B. Dussardier, C. Michel, B. Faure, M. Ude, G. Monnom, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 435 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 309 (1938)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Cognolato, J. Phys. IV 5, 975 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. J. Cole, M. L. Dennis, U. S. Patent No. US6667257B2 23 Dec 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Davarzani, M. Marcoux, M. Quintard, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 50, 2328 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Dennis, B. Cole, S-band amplification in a thulium doped silicate fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information, 2001. OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 2001), Anaheim, California, paper TuQ3. https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.2001.TuQ3

  • A. Dhar, M.C. Paul, M. Pal, A.K. Mondal, S. Sen, H.S. Maiti, R. Sen, Opt. Express 14, 9006 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Dhar, A. Pal, M.C. Paul, P. Ray, H.S. Maiti, R. Sen, Opt. Express 16, 12835 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Dianov, J. Lightw. Technol. 31, 681 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Fan, M.A. Snyder, S. Kumar, P.-S. Lee, W.C. Yoo, A.V. McCormick, R.L. Penn, A. Stein, M. Tsapatsis, Nat. Mater. 7, 984 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Faure, W. Blanc, B. Dussardier, G. Monnom, P. Peterka, Thulium-doped silica-fiber based S-band amplifier with increased efficiency by aluminum co-doping, in Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications/Integrated Photonics Research, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), Francisco, California, paper OWC2. https://doi.org/10.1364/OAA.2004.OWC2

  • B. Faure, W. Blanc, B. Dussardier, G. Monnom, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 2767 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G.N. Greaves, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 71, 203 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Gregg, K.S.W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity (Academic Press, London, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Halder, M.C. Paul, S.W. Harun, S.K. Bhadra, S. Bysakh, S. Das, M. Pal, J. Lumin. 143, 393 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Halder, M.C. Paul, S.K. Bhadra, S. Bysakh, S. Das, M. Pal, Sci. Adv. Mater. 7, 631 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Hanna, I.R. Perry, J.R. Lincoln, J.E. Townsend, Opt. Commun. 80, 52 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.W. Hewak, R.S. Deol, J. Wang, G. Wylangowski, J.A.M. Neto, B.N. Samson, R.I. Laming, W.S. Brocklesby, D.N. Payne, A. Jha, M. Poulain, S. Otero, S. Surinach, M.D. Baro, Electron. Lett. 29, 237 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Jander, W.S. Brocklesby, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 40, 509 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V.F. Khopin, A.A. Umnikov, A.N. Gur’yanov, M.M. Bubnov, A.K. Senatorov, E.M. Dianov, Inorg. Mater. 41, 303 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kirchhof, A. Funke, Cryst. Res. Technol. 21, 763 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kirchhof, S. Unger, A. Schwuchow, Fiber lasers: materials, structures and technologies, in Proc. SPIE4957, Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Applications III (2003), pp. 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Koester, E. Snitzer, Appl. Opt. 3, 1182 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Naumov, Hysteresis Phenomena in Mesoporous Materials (Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Ohara, N. Sugimoto, Y. Kondo, K. Ochiai, Y. Kuroiwa, Y. Fukasawa, T. Hirose, H. Hayashi, S. Tanabe, Bi2O3-based glass for S-band amplification, in Proceedings of SPIE4645, Rare-Earth-Doped Materials and Devices VI (2002), pp. 8–15

    Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Park, B.W. Lee, M. Choi, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 31, 258 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Paul, B.N. Upadhyaya, S. Das, A. Dhar, M. Pal, S. Kher, K. Dasgupta, S.K. Bhadra, R. Sen, Opt. Commun. 283, 1039 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.N. Payne, Electron. Lett. 23, 1026 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Petit, A. Le Rouge, F. Béclin, H. El Hamzaoui, L. Bigot, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44, 388 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. B. Poole, Fabrication of Al2O3 co-doped optical fibres by a solution-doping technique, in Fourteenth European Conference on Optical Communication (1988) (ECOC 88), pp. 433–436

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Río, A. Aguilera-Alvarado, I. Cano-Aguilera, M. Martínez-Rosales, S. Holmes, Mater. Sci. Appl. 3, 485 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.M. Schneider, R.R.A. Syms, Electron. Lett. 34, 1849 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Schuster, S. Unger, C. Aichele, F. Lindner, S. Grimm, D. Litzkendorf, J. Kobelke, J. Bierlich, K. Wondraczek, H. Bartelt, Adv. Opt. Technol. 3, 447 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Sen, A. Dhar, M. C. Paul, H. S. Maiti, Patent No. WO2010109494A2, (30 Sept 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • T.P. Seward, D.R. Uhlmann, D. Turnbull, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 51, 278 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Shelby, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.G. Simpkins, S. Greenberg-Kosinski, J.B. MacChesney, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 5676 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. A. Simpson, Ph.D. Thesis, Victoria University, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • K.S.W. Sing, D.H. Everett, R.A.W. Haul, L. Moscou, R.A. Pierotti, J. Rouquérol, T. Siemieniewska, Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 603 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Snitzer, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 36 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Stone, C.A. Burrus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 388 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Sudo (ed.), Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Materials, Devices, and Applications (Artech House, Boston, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.Z. Tang, P. McNamara, G.W. Barton, S.P. Ringer, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 3799 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.Z. Tang, P. McNamara, G.W. Barton, S.P. Ringer, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 23 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F.Z. Tang, P. McNamara, G.W. Barton, S.P. Ringer, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 1582 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Townsend, S.B. Poole, D.N. Payne, Electron. Lett. 23, 329 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Vermillac, H. Fneich, J.-F. Lupi, J.-B. Tissot, C. Kucera, P. Vennéguès, A. Mehdi, D.R. Neuville, J. Ballato, W. Blanc, Opt. Mater. 68, 24 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G.G. Vienne, W.S. Brocklesby, R.S. Brown, Z.J. Chen, J.D. Minelly, J.E. Roman, D.N. Payne, Opt. Fiber Technol. 2, 387 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.L. Walker, F.T. Geyling, S.R. Nagel, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 63, 552 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Walsh, N. Barnes, Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 78, 325 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Wood, J.B. Macchesney, J.P. Luongo, J. Mater. Sci. 13, 1761 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. M. Zielinski, L. Kettle, Physical characterization: surface area and porosity (Intertek Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals (2013). www.intertek.com/chemicals. Accessed 11 Jan 2018

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nasr Y. M. Omar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Muhamad Yassin, S.Z., Omar, N.Y.M., Abdul Rashid, H.A.B. (2019). Optimized Fabrication of Thulium Doped Silica Optical Fiber Using MCVD. In: Peng, GD. (eds) Handbook of Optical Fibers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_76

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics