Abstract
This chapter presents the fabrication and modal characterization of flat fibers, a specialty optical fiber which has the advantages of both planar waveguides and standard optical fibers. In the introduction section, the demand for flat fibers is discussed including its applications. The main text of this chapter discusses the drawing process of flat fibers including issues such as flat fiber drawing repeatability and drawing of flat fibers with different dimensions. Next, the modal characterization of flat fibers is discussed, with a focus on the light propagation in flat fibers. Both simulation and experimental results show that the light propagation in flat fibers is inherently multimode propagation. However, it has been shown experimentally that adding two defect eyes at the sides of the core could produce flat fibers with single-mode propagation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
F.R.M. Adikan, Direct UV-Written Waveguide Devices (University of Southampton, Southampton, 2007)
F.R.M. Adikan, S.R. Sandoghchi, Y. Chong Wu, R.E. Simpson, M.A. Mahdi, A.S. Webb, J.C. Gates, C. Holmes, Direct UV written optical waveguides in flexible glass flat fiber chips. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., IEEE J. 18, 1534–1539 (2012)
Y. Bian, Q. Gong, Multilayer metal–dielectric planar waveguides for subwavelength guiding of long-range hybrid plasmon polaritons at 1550 nm. J. Opt. 16, 015001 (2013)
J.A. Buck, Fundamentals of Optical Fibers, (Wiley, 1995)
X. Cheng, Y. Jaluria, Effect of draw furnace geometry on high-speed optical fiber manufacturing. Numer. Heat Transf. A: Appl. 41, 757–781 (2002)
S.R. Choudhury, Y. Jaluria, Practical aspects in the drawing of an optical fiber. J. Mater. Res. 13, 483–493 (1998)
H. Duncan, Fabrication of substrates for planar waveguide devices and planarwaveguide devices, Google Patents, (2002)
H.J. Dutton, Understanding Optical Communications (Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, 1998)
S. Ferretti, V. Savona, D. Gerace, Optimal antibunching in passive photonic devices based on coupled nonlinear resonators. New J. Phys. 15, 025012 (2013)
C. Holmes, F.R.M. Adikan, A.S. Webb, J.C. Gates, C.B. Gawith, J.K. Sahu, P.G. Smith, D.N. Payne, Evanescent Field Sensing in Novel Flat Fiber (Optical Society of America, 2008), pp. CMJJ3
R.G. Hunsperger, Integrated Optics Theory and Technology (Springer, Berlin, 2009)
K. Kalli, C. Riziotis, A. Posporis, C. Markos, C. Koutsides, S. Ambran, A.S. Webb, C. Holmes, J.C. Gates, J.K. Sahu, P.G.R. Smith, Flat fibre and femtosecond laser technology as a novel photonic integration platform for optofluidic based biosensing devices and lab-on-chip applications: Current results and future perspectives. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 209, 1030–1040 (2015)
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices (Pearson, Boston, 2001)
A.V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, V.M. Shalaev, Planar photonics with metasurfaces. Science 339, 1232009 (2013)
Y.P. Li, C.H. Henry, Silica-based optical integrated circuits. IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 143, 263–280 (1996)
A. Mawardi, R. Pitchumani, Optical fiber drawing process model using an analytical neck-down profile. IEEE Photonics J 2, 620–629 (2010)
U. Paek, R. Runk, Physical behavior of the neck-down region during furnace drawing of silica fibers. J. Appl. Phys. 49, 4417–4422 (1978)
D.N. Payne, W.A. Gambling, A resistance-heated high temperature furnace for drawing silica-based fibres for optical communications. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 55, 195–197 (1976)
S.Y. Poh, G.A. Mahdiraji, Y.M. Sua, F. Amirkhan, D.C. Tee, K.S. Yeo, F.R.M. Adikan, Single-mode operation in flat fibers slab waveguide via modal leakage. IEEE Photonics J 9, 1–9 (2017)
C. Riziotis, K. Kalli, C. Markos, A. Posporis, C. Koutsides, A.S. Webb, C. Holmes, J.C. Gates, J.K. Sahu, P.G.R. Smith, Flexible glass flat-fibre chips and femtosecond laser inscription as enabling technologies for photonic devices. At Photonics West (2014), United States, pp. 89820G–89820G-89828
B.E. Saleh, M.C. Teich, Semiconductor photon detectors. Fundam. Photonics, 644–695 (2007)
D.R. Scifres, C.A. San Jose, Multiple core fiber laser and optical amplifier, Google Patents, United States Patent 5566196, Application Number: 08/330262 (1996)
J. Singh, Optoelectronics: An Introduction to Materials and Devices (McGraw-Hill College, New York, 1996)
A. Webb, F.R.M. Adikan, J. Sahu, R. Standish, C. Gawith, J. Gates, P.G. Smith, D. Payne, MCVD planar substrates for UV-written waveguide devices. Electron. Lett. 43, 517–519 (2007)
X. Zhang, A. Hosseini, X. Lin, H. Subbaraman, R.T. Chen, Polymer-based hybrid-integrated photonic devices for silicon on-chip modulation and board-level optical interconnects. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., IEEE J. 19, 196–210 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Amouzad Mahdiraji, G., Dambul, K.D., Poh, S.Y., Mahamd Adikan, F.R. (2019). Flat Fibers: Fabrication and Modal Characterization. In: Peng, GD. (eds) Handbook of Optical Fibers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_73
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_73
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7085-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7087-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics