Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Optical Fibers pp 895–966Cite as

Multicore Fibers

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

Optical fibers, especially the silica single mode fibers (SMFs), play essential roles in building the infrastructure of information technology. However, with the great development of Internet services like cloud computing, HD video, and virtual reality, the current optical fiber communication system based on SMF is suffering from severe burden of sharp burst of capacity. The space division multiplexing (SDM), which multiplexes the information in the spatial degree, is able to increase the capacity greatly. Among the SDM techniques, the multicore fiber (MCF)-based SDM transmission system has broken the current system’s capacity records again and again. The design, manufacturing, testing, connection, and application of MCFs compatible with the state-of-the-art fiber/telecom industry are indispensable to investigate.

This chapter mainly considers the all-solid silica-based MCF in which all the cores are shared by a single cladding. After the introduction of general description regarding the SDM oriented MCF, detailed information is given about the design, fabrication, and parameter optimization of MCF for efficient data transmission. The advances of highly efficient fan-in/fan-out coupling and splicing techniques for MCF are also reviewed. Recent demonstrations of MCF-enabled fiber transmission experiments are discussed, including the record long-haul large capacity transmission, fiber-radio convergent access system, high speed passive optical network, and real-time data-center interconnections. Finally, the MCF-based SDM fiber sensing technology developed very recently is summarized as a promising solution toward real-world application of fiber sensing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   919.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Y. Abe, K. Shikama, S. Yanagi, T. Takahashi, Low-loss physical-contact-type fan-out device for 12-core multicore fiber, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC), vol. 49, no. 11 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Abedin, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, M.F. Yan, B. Zhu, J.M. Fini, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, P.W. Wisk, Amplification and noise properties of an erbium-doped multicore fiber amplifier. Opt. Express 19(17), 16715–16721 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Abedin, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, D.J. Digiovanni, V.R. Supradeepa, J.M. Fini, M.F. Yan, B. Zhu, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, Cladding-pumped erbium-doped multicore fiber amplifier. Opt. Express 20(18), 20191 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Abedin, J.M. Fini, T.F. Thierry, V.R. Supradeepa, B. Zhu, M.F. Yan, L. Bansal, E.M. Monberg, D.J. Digiovanni, Multicore erbium doped fiber amplifiers for space division multiplexing systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(16), 2800–2808 (2014a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Abedin, J.M. Fini, T.F. Thierry, B. Zhu, M.F. Yan, L. Bansal, F.V. Dimarcello, E.M. Monberg, D.J. Digiovanni, Seven-core erbium-doped double-clad fiber amplifier pumped simultaneously by side-coupled multimode fiber. Opt. Lett. 39(4), 993–996 (2014b)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Abedin, M.F. Yan, T.F. Taunay, B. Zhu, E.M. Monberg, D.J. Digiovanni, State-of-the-art multicore fiber amplifiers for space division multiplexing. Opt. Fiber Technol. 35, 64–71 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Agrell, M. Karlsson, A.R. Chraplyvy, D.J. Richardson, P.M. Krummrich, P. Winzer, Roadmap of optical communications. J. Opt. 18 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Amma, A. Takahashi, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Low-loss fusion splice technique for multicore fiber with a large cladding diameter, in Technical Report of IEICE OCS, vol. 113 (2013), pp. 27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Amma, Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, High-density multicore fiber with heterogeneous core arrangement, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Aikawa, Fusion splice techniques for multicore fibers. Opt. Fiber Technol. 35, 72–79 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Antonio-Lopez, Z.S. Eznaveh, P. Likamwa, A. Schülzgen, R. Amezcua-Correa, Multicore fiber sensor for high-temperature applications up to 1000°C. Opt. Lett. 39(15), 4309 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Barrera, I. Gasulla, S. Sales, Multipoint two-dimensional curvature optical fiber sensor based on a nontwisted homogeneous four-core fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(12), 2445–2450 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Butler, M.-J. Li, S. Li, Y. Geng, R.R. Khrapko, R.A. Modavis, V.N. Nazarov, A.V. Koklyushkin, Space division multiplexing in short reach optical interconnects. J. Lightwave Technol. 35(4), 677–682 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.M. Chan, A.R. Parker, Inventors, In-situ three-dimensional shape rendering from strain values obtained through optical fiber sensors. U.S. Parent 8,970,845, (3), (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Chandrasekhar, A.H. Gnauck, X. Liu, P.J. Winzer, Y. Pan, E.C. Burrows, T.F. Taunay, B. Zhu, M. Fishteyn, M.F. Yan, et al., WDM/SDM transmission of 10 × 128-Gb/s PDM-QPSK over 2688-km 7-core fiber with a per-fiber net aggregate spectral-efficiency distance product of 40,320 km.b/s/Hz. Opt. Express 20(2), 706–711 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Chen, C. Jin, B. Huang, N.K. Fontaine, R. Ryf, K. Shang, N. Grégoire, S. Morency, R.J. Essiambre, G. Li, Integrated cladding-pumped multicore few-mode erbium-doped fibre amplifier for space-division-multiplexed communications. Nat. Photonics 10(8), 529 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Dang, Z. Zhao, M. Tang, C. Zhao, L. Gan, S. Fu, T. Liu, W. Tong, P.P. Shum, D. Liu, Towards large dynamic range and ultrahigh measurement resolution in distributed fiber sensing based on multicore fiber. Opt. Express 25(17), 20183–20193 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Duan, P. Zhang, M. Tang, R. Wang, Z. Zhao, S. Fu, L. Gan, B. Zhu, W. Tong, D. Liu, Heterogeneous all-solid multicore fiber based multipath Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing. Opt. Express 24(18), 20210 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.G. Duncan, M.E. Froggatt, S.T. Kreger, D.K. Gifford, A.K. Sang, High-accuracy fiber-optic shape sensing. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 6530, 65301S-65301S-65311 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.E.A. Farghal, H.M.H. Shalaby, Reducing inter-core crosstalk impact via code-interleaving and bipolar 2-PPM for core-multiplexed SAC OCDMA PON. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 10(1), 35 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Fender, W.N. Macpherson, R.R.J. Maier, J.S. Barton, D.S. George, R.I. Howden, G.W. Smith, B.J.S. Jones, S. Mcculloch, X. Chen, Two-axis temperature-insensitive accelerometer based on multicore fiber Bragg gratings. IEEE Sensors J. 8(7), 1292–1298 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Feng, B. Li, M. Tang, L. Gan, R. Wang, R. Lin, Z. Xu, S. Fu, L. Deng, W. Tong, et al., Multicore-fiber-enabled WSDM optical access network with centralized carrier delivery and RSOA-based adaptive modulation. IEEE Photon. J. 7(4), 1–9 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Fini, B.Y. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, Statistics of crosstalk in bent multicore fibers. Opt. Express 18(14), 15122–15129 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Fini, B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, K.S. Abedin, Crosstalk in multicore fibers with randomness: gradual drift vs. short-length variations. Opt. Express 20(2), 949–959 (2012a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Fini, B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, K.S. Abedin, Statistical models of multicore fiber crosstalk including time delays. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(12), 2003–2010 (2012b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G.M.H. Flockhart, W.N. Macpherson, J.S. Barton, J.D.C. Jones, L. Zhang, I. Bennion, Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 28(6), 387–389 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Gan, R. Wang, D. Liu, L. Duan, S. Liu, S. Fu, B. Li, Z. Feng, H. Wei, W. Tong, Spatial-division multiplexed Mach–Zehnder interferometers in heterogeneous multicore fiber for multiparameter measurement. IEEE Photon. J. 8(1), 1–8 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Gander, W.N. Macpherson, R. Mcbride, J.D.C. Jones, Bend measurement using Bragg gratings in multicore fibre. Electron. Lett. 36(2), 120–121 (2000a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Gander, D. Macrae, E.A.C. Galliot, R. Mcbride, J.D.C. Jones, P.M. Blanchard, J.G. Burnett, A.H. Greenaway, M.N. Inci, Two-axis bend measurement using multicore optical fibre. Opt. Commun. 182(1), 115–121 (2000b)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Crosstalk variation of multi-core fibre due to fibre bend, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC) (2010), p. 34

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber. Opt. Express 19(17), 16576–16592 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Characterization of crosstalk in ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 583–589 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. He, B. Li, L. Deng, M. Tang, L. Gan, S. Fu, P.P. Shum, D. Liu, Experimental demonstration of bidirectional OFDM/OQAM-MIMO signal over a multicore fiber system. IEEE Photon. J. 8(5), 1–8 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. He, L. Deng, B. Li, M. Tang, S. Fu, D. Liu, P.P. Shum, Experimental demonstration of MCF enabled bidirectional colorless CAP-PON system with wavelength reuse technique, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2017), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Igarashi, T. Tsuritani, I. Morita, Y. Tsuchida, 1.03-Exabit/skm Super-Nyquist-WDM transmission over 7,326-km seven-core fiber, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2013), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Imamura, Design optimization of large Aeff multi-core fiber, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Imamura, K. Mukasa, M. Yu, T. Yagi, Multi-core holey fibers for the long-distance (>100 km) ultra large capacity transmission, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (2009), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Imamura, H. Inaba, K. Mukasa, R. Sugizaki, Multi core fiber with large Aeff of 140 mm2 and low crosstalk, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (2012), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Jin, B. Ung, Y. Messaddeq, S. Larochelle, Annular-cladding erbium doped multicore fiber for SDM amplification. Opt. Express 23(23), 29647–29659 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D.C. Jones, D. Zhao, N. Metje, Tunnel monitoring using multicore fiber displacement sensor. Meas. Sci. Technol. 17(5), 1180 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Kanno, B.J. Puttnam, H. Inaba, J. Sakaguchi, K. Imamura, K. Mukasa, M. Watanabe, N. Wada, R. Sugizaki, T. Kawanishi, 305 Tb/s space division multiplexed transmission using homogeneous 19-core fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(4), 554–562 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Klaus, J. Sakaguchi, B.J. Puttnam, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, Free-space coupling optics for multicore fibers. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1902–1905 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kobayashi, H. Takara, A. Sano, T. Mizuno, 2 × 344 Tb/s propagation-direction interleaved transmission over 1500-km MCF enhanced by multicarrier full electric-field digital back-propagation, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2013), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Koyamada, M. Imahama, K. Kubota, K. Hogari, Fiber-optic distributed strain and temperature sensing with very high measurand resolution over long range using coherent OTDR. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(9), 1142–1146 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Krummrich, Efficient optical amplification for spatial division multiplexing. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 8284(1), 13 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.G. Lee, 120-Gb/s 100-m transmission in a single multicore multimode fiber containing six cores interfaced with a matching VCSEL array, in IEEE Summer Topicals (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Li, Z. Feng, M. Tang, Z. Xu, S. Fu, Q. Wu, L. Deng, W. Tong, S. Liu, P.P. Shum, Experimental demonstration of large capacity WSDM optical access network with multicore fibers and advanced modulation formats. Opt. Express 23(9), 10997–11006 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Lin, J. Van Kerrebrouck, X. Pang, M. Verplaetse, O. Ozolins, A. Udalcovs, L. Zhang, L. Gan, M. Tang, S. Fu, et al., Real-time 100 Gbps/lambda/core NRZ and EDB IM/DD transmission over multicore fiber for intra-datacenter communication networks. Opt. Express 26(8), 10519–10526 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Liu, L. Ma, C. Yang, W. Tong, Z. He, Multimode and single-mode fiber compatible graded-index multicore fiber for high density optical interconnect application. Opt. Express 26(9), 11639–11648 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, Y. Sasaki, S. Taniagwa, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Large-effective-area ten-core fiber with cladding diameter of about 200 μm. Opt. Lett. 36(23), 4626–4628 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Matsuo, Y. Sasaki, T. Akamatsu, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, K. Okuyama, K. Saitoh, M. Kosihba, 12-core fiber with one ring structure for extremely large capacity transmission. Opt. Express 20(27), 28398–28408 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, S. Saito, K. Saitoh, T. Matsui, K. Nakajima, T. Mizuno, H. Takara, et al., High-spatial-multiplicity multicore fibers for future dense space-division-multiplexing systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(6), 1464–1475 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Mitsunaga, Y. Katsuyama, H. Kobayashi, Y. Ishida, Failure prediction for long length optical fiber based on proof testing. J. Appl. Phys. 53(7), 4847–4853 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Mizuno, Y. Miyamoto, High-capacity dense space division multiplexing transmission. Opt. Fiber Technol. 35, 108–117 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Mizuno, K. Shibahara, H. Ono, Y. Abe, Y. Miyamoto, F. Ye, T. Morioka, Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, 32-core Dense SDM unidirectional transmission of PDM-16QAM signals over 1600 km using crosstalk-managed single-mode heterogeneous multicore transmission line, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition. Th5C.3 (2016a)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Mizuno, H. Takara, K. Shibahara, A. Sano, Y. Miyamoto, Dense space division multiplexed transmission over multicore and multimode fiber for long-haul transport systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(6), 1484–1493 (2016b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Mizuno, K. Shibahara, F. Ye, Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, Y. Jung, K. Pulverer, H. Ono, Y. Abe, et al., Long-haul dense space-division multiplexed transmission over low-crosstalk heterogeneous 32-core transmission line using a partial recirculating loop system. J. Lightwave Technol. 35(3), 488–498 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Moore, Shape sensing using multi-core fiber, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Moore, M.D. Rogge, Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions. Opt. Express 20(3), 2967–2973 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Morant, R. Llorente, Experimental demonstration of LTE-A M×4×4 MIMO radio-over-multicore fiber fronthaul, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition. Th4E.4 (2017a)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Morant, R. Llorente, Reconfigurable radio-over-multicore optical fronthaul for seamless 2G, UMTS and LTE-A MIMO wireless provision, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition. W2A.43 (2017b)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Morant, A. Macho, R. Llorente, Optical fronthaul of LTE-advanced MIMO by spatial multiplexing in multicore fiber, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Nakazawa, Giant leaps in optical communication technologies towards 2030 and beyond, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC) (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.V. Newkirk, J.E. Antonio-Lopez, G. Salceda-Delgado, M.U. Piracha, R. Amezcua-Correa, A. Schülzgen, Multicore fiber sensors for simultaneous measurement of force and temperature. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27(14), 1523–1526 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Ono, K. Takenaga, K. Ichii, S. Matsuo, 12-core double-clad Er/Yb-doped fiber amplifier employing free-space coupling pump/signal combiner module, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2013), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Peng, J. Yang, X. Li, Y. Yuan, B. Wu, A. Zhou, L. Yuan, In-fiber integrated accelerometer. Opt. Lett. 36(11), 2056–2058 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Puttnam, J. Sakaguchi, J.M. Mendinueta, W. Klaus, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, A. Kanno, T. Kawanishi, Investigating self-homodyne coherent detection in a 19 channel space-division-multiplexed transmission link. Opt. Express 21(2), 1561–1566 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Puttnam, R.S. Luís, W. Klaus, J. Sakaguchi, J.M.D. Mendinueta, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, Y. Tamura, T. Hayashi, M. Hirano, 2.15 Pb/s transmission using a 22 core homogeneous single-mode multi-core fiber and wideband optical comb, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC) (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Rogge, J.P. Moore, Inventors; WO, Assignee, Shape sensing using a multi-core optical fiber having an arbitrary initial shape in the presence of extrinsic forces. U.S. Parent 8, 746, 076, (10), (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ryf, R. Essiambre, A.H. Gnauck, S. Randel, Space-division multiplexed transmission over 4200-km 3-core microstructured fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (2012a), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ryf, R.J. Essiambre, S. Randel, M.A. Mestre, C. Schmidt, P.J. Winzer, IEEE, Impulse response analysis of coupled-core 3-core fibers, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC) (2012b)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ryf, N.K. Fontaine, B. Guan, R.J. Essiambre, 1705-km transmission over coupled-core fibre supporting 6 spatial modes, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications (ECOC) (2014a), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ryf, N.K. Fontaine, M. Montoliu, S. Randel, S.H. Chang, H. Chen, S. Chandrasekhar, A.H. Gnauck, R.J. Essiambre, P.J. Winzer, et al., Space-division multiplexed transmission over 3×3 coupled-core multicore fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (2014b)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Saito, T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, K. Nakajima, T. Kurashima, Side-view based angle alignment technique for multi-core fiber, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition. M3F.3 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Saitoh, T. Matsui, T. Sakamoto, M. Koshiba, Multi-core hole-assisted fibers for high core density space division multiplexing, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2010), pp. 164–165

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Sakaguchi, W. Klaus, J.M. Delgado Mendinueta, B.J. Puttnam, R.S. Luis, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, T. Hayashi, T. Nakanishi, T. Watanabe, et al., Large spatial channel (36-core × 3 mode) heterogeneous few-mode multicore fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(1), 93–103 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, K. Saitoh, S. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, T. Mizuno, Y. Abe, K. Shibahara, Y. Tobita, S. Matsuo, Low-loss and low-DMD few-mode multi-core fiber with highest core multiplicity factor, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition. Th5A.2 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, K. Saitoh, S. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, T. Mizuno, Y. Abe, K. Shibahara, Y. Tobita, S. Matsuo, et al., Low-loss and low-DMD 6-mode 19-core fiber with cladding diameter of less than 250 μm. J. Lightwave Technol. 35(3), 443–449 (2017a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, K. Nakajima, Strongly-coupled multi-core fiber and its optical characteristics for MIMO transmission systems. Opt. Fiber Technol. 35, 8–18 (2017b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Salceda-Delgado, A. Van Newkirk, J.E. Antonio-Lopez, A. Martinez-Rios, A. Schülzgen, R. Amezcua Correa, Compact fiber-optic curvature sensor based on super-mode interference in a seven-core fiber. Opt. Lett. 40(7), 1468–1471 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Sano, H. Takara, T. Kobayashi, H. Kawakami, H. Kishikawa, T. Nakagawa, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Abe, H. Ono, K. Shikama, 409-Tb/s + 409-Tb/s crosstalk suppressed bidirectional MCF transmission over 450 km using propagation-direction interleaving. Opt. Express 21(14), 16777–16783 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Shen, L. Gan, Z. Dong, B. Li, D. Liu, S. Fu, W. Tong, M. Tang, End-view image processing based angle alignment techniques for specialty optical fibers. IEEE Photon. J. 9(2), 1–8 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Shimakawa, M. Shiozaki, T. Sano, A. Inoue, Pluggable fan-out realizing physical-contact and low coupling loss for multi-core fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (2013), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Shimakawa, H. Arao, M. Harumoto, T. Sano, Compact multi-core fiber fan-out with grin-lens and micro-lens array, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2014), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Silva-Lopez, C. Li, W.N. Macpherson, A.J. Moore, J.S. Barton, J.D. Jones, D. Zhao, L. Zhang, I. Bennion, Differential birefringence in Bragg gratings in multicore fiber under transverse stress. Opt. Lett. 29(19), 2225–2227 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Srinivasan, B. Snyder, N. Dan, G. Lepage, J. Park, J. Singer, J.V. Campenhout, M.S. Wlodawski, M. Pantouvaki, P.D. Heyn, Ultra-dense 16 × 56Gb/s NRZ GeSi EAM-PD arrays coupled to multicore fiber for short-reach 896Gb/s optical links, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition. Th1B.7 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Tagoudi, K. Milenko, S. Pissadakis, Intercore coupling effects in multicore optical fiber tapers using magnetic fluid out-claddings. J. Lightwave Technol. 34(23), 5561–5565 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Takahashi, T. Tsuritani, E.L. de Gabory, T. Ito, W.R. Peng, K. Igarashi, K. Takeshima, Y. Kawaguchi, I. Morita, Y. Tsuchida, First demonstration of MC-EDFA-repeatered SDM transmission of 40 × 128-Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signals per core over 6,160-km 7-core MCF. Opt. Express 21(1), 789–795 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Takahashi, K. Igarashi, T. Tsuritani, Long-haul transmission using multicore fibers, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2014), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Takara, T. Mizuno, H. Kawakami, Y. Miyamoto, H. Masuda, K. Kitamura, H. Ono, S. Asakawa, Y. Amma, K. Hirakawa, 120.7-Tb/s MCF-ROPA unrepeatered transmission of PDM-32QAM channels over 204 km. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(7), 1473–1478 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Takasaka, H. Matsuura, W. Kumagai, M. Tadakuma, Cladding-pumped seven-core EDFA using a multimode pump light coupler, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2013), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Takenaga, Multicore fiber with dual-ring structure, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2014), pp. 51–53

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, Y. Sasaki, S. Tanigawa, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, A large effective area multi-core fiber with an optimized cladding thickness. Opt. Express 19(26), B543 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Takeshima, T. Tsuritani, Y. Tsuchida, K. Maeda, T. Saito, K. Watanabe, T. Sasa, K. Imamura, R. Sugizaki, K. Igarashi, 51.1-Tbit/s MCF transmission over 2,520 km using cladding pumped 7-core EDFAs, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Tang, Z. Zhao, L. Gan, H. Wu, R. Wang, B. Li, S. Fu, S. Liu, D. Liu, H. Wei, W. Tong, Spatial-division multiplexed optical sensing using MCF and FMF, in Specialty Optical Fibers (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Theeg, H. Sayinc, J. Neumann, L. Overmeyer, D. Kracht, Pump and signal combiner for bi-directional pumping of all-fiber lasers and amplifiers. Opt. Express 20(27), 28125–28141 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Tottori, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, Low loss optical connection module for seven-core multicore fiber and seven single-mode fibers. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1926–1928 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Tottori, H. Tsuboya, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, Integrated optical connection module for 7-core multi-core fiber and 7 single mode fibers. Paper presented at IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Tsuchida, K. Maeda, K. Watanabe, K. Takeshima, T. Sasa, T. Saito, S. Takasaka, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Tsuritani, R. Sugizaki, Cladding pumped seven-core EDFA using an absorption-enhanced erbium doped fibre, in European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Uemura, K. Omichi, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Fused taper type fan-in/fan-out device for 12 core multi-core fiber, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2014), pp. 49–50

    Google Scholar 

  • R.G.H. van Uden, R.A. Correa, E.A. Lopez, F.M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schulzgen, H. de Waardt, A.M.J. Koonen, C.M. Okonkwo, Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre. Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Villatoro, A. Van Newkirk, E. Antonio-Lopez, J. Zubia, A. Schülzgen, R. Amezcua-Correa, Ultrasensitive vector bending sensor based on multicore optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 41(4), 832–835 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Villatoro, E. Antoniolopez, A. Schülzgen, R. Amezcuacorrea, Miniature multicore optical fiber vibration sensor. Opt. Lett. 42(10), 2022 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Wang, M. Tang, S. Fu, Z. Feng, W. Tong, D. Liu, Spatially arrayed long period gratings in multicore fiber by programmable electrical arc discharge. IEEE Photon. J. 9(99), 1 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Watanabe, T. Saito, K. Imamura, Y. Nakayama, M. Shiino, Study of fusion splice for single-mode multicore fiber, in Microopics Conference (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Watanabe, M. Hikita, Y. Kokubun, Laminated polymer waveguide fan-out device for uncoupled multi-core fibers. Opt. Express 20(24), 26317–26325 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Watanabe, T. Saito, M. Shiino, Development of fiber bundle type fan-out for 19-core multicore fiber, in Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2014), pp. 44–46

    Google Scholar 

  • P.S. Westbrook, T. Kremp, K.S. Feder, W. Ko, E.M. Monberg, H. Wu, D.A. Simoff, T.F. Taunay, R.M. Ortiz, Continuous multicore optical fiber grating arrays for distributed sensing applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 1248–1252, 1 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Xia, M.A. Eftekhar, R.A. Correa, J.E. Antonio-Lopez, A. Schulzgen, D. Christodoulides, G. Li, Supermodes in coupled multi-core waveguide structures. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 22(2), 196–207 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Yao, K. Ohsono, N. Shiina, K. Fukuzato, Reduction of crosstalk by hole-walled multi-core fibers, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (2012), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Ye, K. Saitoh, H. Takara, R. Asif, T. Morioka, High-count multi-core fibers for space-division multiplexing with propagation-direction interleaving, in Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (2015), pp. 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Yoshida, A. Takahashi, T. Konuma, K. Sasaki, Fusion splicer for specialty optical fiber with advanced functions. Fujikura Tech. R., 41, 10–13 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Yuan, J. Yang, Z. Liu, J. Sun, In-fiber integrated Michelson interferometer. Opt. Lett. 31(18), 2692 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Yuan, J. Yang, Z. Liu, A compact fiber-optic flow velocity sensor based on a twin-core fiber Michelson interferometer. IEEE Sensors J. 8(7), 1114–1117 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X. Zhan, Y. Liu, M. Tang, L. Ma, R. Wang, L. Duan, L. Gan, C. Yang, W. Tong, S. Fu, Few-mode multicore fiber enabled integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers for temperature and strain discrimination. Opt. Express 26(12), 15332–15342 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Zhang, Z. Wu, P.P. Shum, R. Wang, Q.D. Xuan, S. Fu, W. Tong, M. Tang, Fiber Bragg gratings in heterogeneous multicore fiber for directional bending sensing. J. Opt. 18(8), 085705 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Zhang, T. Ning, J. Li, L. Pei, C. Li, H. Lin, Refractive index sensor based on tapered multicore fiber. Opt. Fiber Technol. 33, 71–76 (2017a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Zhang, Z. Wu, P.P. Shum, X.Q. Dinh, C.W. Low, Z. Xu, R. Wang, X. Shao, S. Fu, W. Tong, Highly sensitive strain sensor based on helical structure combined with Mach-Zehnder interferometer in multicore fiber. Sci. Rep. 7, 46633 (2017b)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Zhang, Z. Wu, P.P. Shum, X. Shao, R. Wang, X.Q. Dinh, S. Fu, W. Tong, M. Tang, Directional torsion and temperature discrimination based on a multicore fiber with a helical structure. Opt. Express 26(1), 544 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, M. Tang, S. Fu, S. Liu, H. Wei, Y. Cheng, W. Tong, P.P. Shum, D. Liu, All-solid multi-core fiber-based multipath Mach–Zehnder interferometer for temperature sensing. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 112(4), 491–497 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, Y. Dang, M. Tang, L. Duan, M. Wang, H. Wu, S. Fu, W. Tong, P.P. Shum, D. Liu, Spatial-division multiplexed hybrid Raman and Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry based on multi-core fiber. Opt. Express 24(22), 25111–25118 (2016a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, M.A. Soto, M. Tang, L. Thévenaz, Curvature and shape distributed sensing using Brillouin scattering in multi-core fibers, in Optical Sensors (2016b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, M.A. Soto, M. Tang, L. Thévenaz, Distributed shape sensing using Brillouin scattering in multi-core fibers. Opt. Express 24(22), 25211 (2016c)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, Y. Dang, M. Tang, B. Li, L. Gan, S. Fu, H. Wei, W. Tong, P. Shum, D. Liu, Spatial-division multiplexed Brillouin distributed sensing based on a heterogeneous multicore fiber. Opt. Lett. 42(1), 171 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, M. Tang, L. Wang, S. Fu, W. Tong, C. Lu, Enabling simultaneous DAS and DTS measurement through multicore fiber based space-division multiplexing, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition. W2A.7 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, J.M. Fini, M. Fishteyn, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, Seven-core multicore fiber transmissions for passive optical network. Opt. Express 18(11), 11117–11122 (2010a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, M. Fishteyn, G. Oulundsen, D. Vaidya, 70-Gb/s multicore multimode fiber transmissions for optical data links. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(22), 1647–1649 (2010b)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, M.F. Yan, J.M. Fini, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, 112-Tb/s space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber. Opt. Express 19(17), 16665–16671 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access System (NGIA), School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China

    Ming Tang

Authors
  1. Ming Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming Tang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Gang-Ding Peng

Section Editor information

  1. No affiliation provided

    Perry Shum

  2. No affiliation provided

    Zhilin Xu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Tang, M. (2019). Multicore Fibers. In: Peng, GD. (eds) Handbook of Optical Fibers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_37

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation