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Biosynthesis and Assemblage of Extracellular Cellulose by Bacteria

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Handbook of Environmental Materials Management

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Abstract

This chapter reviews recent developments in research related to cellulose biosynthesis by bacteria. The chapter begins with a brief description on the structure of cellulose followed by a glimpse into ecological significance of cellulose production by symbiotic, pathogenic, and free-living bacteria. The biochemical pathway and enzymes leading to extracellular synthesis of cellulose have been discerned. Freeze fracture coupled to immuno-labeling techniques has established the existence of distinct cellulose synthesizing sites in bacteria, plants, and algae known as terminal complexes. Various types of arrangements of terminal complexes on cell surfaces which eventually determine the shape, dimensions, and crystallinity of cellulose have been discussed briefly. Structural, biochemical, and genetic characterization of bacterial cellulose synthase complex have revealed the presence of two core proteins, BscA and BscB, which are responsible for the polymerization of glucose units into glucan chains. BcsC and BscD are vital for the extracellular transport and crystallization of bacterial cellulose. Accessory proteins which regulate the catalytic activity of cellulose synthase, crystallization, and yield of bacterial cellulose have also been discovered. Four categories of bacterial cellulose synthase operons have been recognized in bacteria which encode proteins that participate in the synthesis, extracellular secretion, and crystallization of cellulose. Bioprocess parameters that impact quantity and quality of bacterial cellulose have been analyzed. An overview on applications of bacterial cellulose in food, biomedical devices, electronic products, and remediation of pollutants is also presented. This chapter concludes with thoughts on improving bacterial cellulose production through use of renewable resources and genetically engineered photosynthetic microorganisms.

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  1. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Sumathi Suresh

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    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

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    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

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Suresh, S. (2019). Biosynthesis and Assemblage of Extracellular Cellulose by Bacteria. In: Hussain, C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_71

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