Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modern Environmental Materials, Pollution Prevention, Sustainability, and Green World

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Environmental Materials Management

  • 49 Accesses

Abstract

Cement is made from a carefully proportioned mixture of materials, such as limestone and clay, after cooking at very high temperatures (1500 °C), where the mixture is transformed into clinker. The production of one ton of cement requires about 1.5–1.7 tons of raw materials and about 60 to 130 kg of fuel oil, knowing that 59% of these materials turn into clinker, the rest turns into gaseous or solid waste. The cement plant is responsible for a release about of 7% of CO2 and energy consumption of around 3GJ.

Intelligent solutions have been explored in this work to minimize the greenhouse gases emissions into atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the cement plant, while limiting the energy and raw materials consumption during the fabrication of clinker, reducing production costs and subsequently producing a new ecological and sustainable binders with improving physical and mechanical properties. These are by the partial substitution of clinker by mineral additions at different percentages en weight of cement in the presence of superplasticizers on one hand, and another hand is by the partial replacement of the clinker by combining between the mineral additions with a superplasticizers.

The obtained results from the various formulations elaborated show that we have succeeded in contributing to the minimization of the greenhouse gas emissions, to the dimension production cost, to the fabrication of modern ecologically sustainable hydraulic binders while improving the physical and mechanical properties of these binders in the fresh and hardened state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adekunle S, Ahmad S, Maslehuddin M, Al-Gahtani HJ (2015) Properties of SCC prepared using natural pozzolana and industrial wastes as mineral fillers. Cem Concr Compos 62:125–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adjoudj M, Ezziane K, Kadri E-H (2013) Effet de l’élévation de la température sur l’efficacité d’un superplastifiant à base de naphtalène sulfonâte en présence d’un ciment composé. Nat Technol 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Alujas A, Fernández R, Quintana R, Scrivener KL, Martirena F (2015) Pozzolanic reactivity of low-grade kaolinitic clays: influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration. Appl Clay Sci 108:94–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen PJ, Roy DM, Gaidis JM, Grace WR et al (1987) The effects of adsorption of superplasticizers on the surface of the cement. Cem Concr Res 17:805–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badreddine-Bessa A (2004) Etude de la contribution des additions minérales aux propriétés physiques, mécaniques et de durabilité des mortiers. Université de Cergy-Pontoise

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron J, Ollivier JP (1997) Les bétons bases et données pour leur formulation Edition Eyrolles. Deux. Tirage. ISBN: 2-212-01316-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Benabed B, Soualhi H, Belaidi ASE, Azzouz L, Kenai S et al (2016) Effect of limestone powder as a partial replacement of crushed quarry sand on properties of self-compacting repair mortars. J Build Mater Struct 3:15–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Benezet JC, Benhassaine A (1999) The influence of particle size on the pozzolanic reactivity of quartz powder. Powder Technol 103:26–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berodier E, Scrivener K (2014) Understanding the filler effect on the nucleation and growth of C-S-H. J Am Ceram Soc 97:3764–3773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingöl AF, Tohumcu İ (2013) Effects of different curing regimes on the compressive strength properties of self compacting concrete incorporating fly ash and silica fume. Mater Des 51:12–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiocchio G, Paolini AE (1985) Optimum time for adding superplasticizer to Portland cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 15:901–908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chloup-Bondant M (1996) Etude des mécanismes réactionnels dans l’hydratation des silicates et aluminates tricalciques en présence d’un filler calcaire. Université de Nancy I. Faculté des sciences

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuah S, Pan Z, Sanjayan JG, Wang CM, Duan WH (2014) Nano reinforced cement and concrete composites and new perspective from graphene oxide. Constr Build Mater 73:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çolak A (2003) Characteristics of pastes from a Portland cement containing different amounts of natural pozzolan. Cem Concr Res 33:585–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colangelo F, Messina F, Cioffi R (2015) Recycling of MSWI fly ash by means of cementitious double step cold bonding pelletization: technological assessment for the production of lightweight artificial aggregates. J Hazard Mater 299:181–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins F, Sanjayan JG (1999) Effects of ultra-fine materials on workability and strength of concrete containing alkali-activated slag as the binder. Cem Concr Res 29:459–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyr M, Lawrence P, Ringot E (2005) Mineral admixtures in mortars: quantification of the physical effects of inert materials on short-term hydration. Cem Concr Res 35:719–730

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cyr M, Lawrence P, Ringot E (2006) Efficiency of mineral admixtures in mortars: quantification of the physical and chemical effects of fine admixtures in relation with compressive strength. Cem Concr Res 36:264–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Larrard F, Moreau A, Buil M, Paillere AM (1986) Improvement of mortars and concretes really attributable to condensed silica fume, in 2nd international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans 2:959–971

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirboǧa R (2003) Influence of mineral admixtures on thermal conductivity and compressive strength of mortar. Energ Buildings 35:189–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falikman VR, Sorokin YV, Vainer AY, Bashlykov NF (2005) New high performance polycarboxilate superplasticizers based on derivative copolymers of maleinic acid. In: Admixtures-enhancing concrete performance: proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, 6 July 2005, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández Á, Alonso MC, García-Calvo JL, Lothenbach B (2016) Influence of the synergy between mineral additions and Portland cement in the physical-mechanical properties of ternary binders. Mater Constr 66:097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flatt RJ, Houst YF (2001) A simplified view on chemical effects perturbing the action of superplasticizers. Cem Concr Res 31:1169–1176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallias JL, Kara-Ali R, Bigas JP (2000) The effect of fine mineral admixtures on water requirement of cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 30:1543–1549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golaszewski J, Szwabowski J (2004) Influence of superplasticizers on rheological behaviour of fresh cement mortars. Cem Concr Res 34:235–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grzeszczyk S, Janowska-Renkas E (2012) The influence of small particle on the fluidity of blast furnace slag cement paste containing superplasticizers. Constr Build Mater 26:411–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna B (1987) Contribution à l’étude de la structuration des mortiers de ciment portland contenant des particules ultra-fines. Toulouse, INSA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna E, Luke K, Perraton D, Aitcin P-C (1989) Rheological behavior of Portland cement in the presence of a super plasticizer. Am Concr Inst, Spec Publ 119:171–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemalatha T, Mapa M, George N, Sasmal S (2016) Physico-chemical and mechanical characterization of high volume fly ash incorporated and engineered cement system towards developing greener cement. J Clean Prod 125:268–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichs W, Odler I (1989) Investigation of the hydration of Portland blastfurnace slag cement: hydration kinetics. Adv Cem Res 2:9–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu C (1995) Rhéologie des bétons fluides. Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées

    Google Scholar 

  • Husson S (1991) Etude physicochimique et mécanique des interactions ciment-fillers. Application aux mortiers. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne

    Google Scholar 

  • Huynh HT (1996) La compatibilité ciment-superplastifiant dans les bétons a hautes performances. Bull Lab Ponts Chaussées 206:63–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang S, Van Damme H (1996) Influence de fillers de nature différente sur l’hydratation et la texture des pâtes de C3S. Univ. D’Orléan CNRS Rapp. CRMD-ATILH

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadri E (1998) Contribution a l’etude de l’influence de la fumee de silice sur les caracteristiques des betons a hautes performances (B. H. P.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kara-Ali R (2002) Influence des additions minérales sur le besoin en eau et les résistances mécaniques des mélanges cimentaires. Université de Cergy-Pontoise

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil SM, Ward MA (1980) Effect of sulphate content of cement upon heat evolution and slump loss of concretes containing high-range water-reducers (superplasticizers). Mag Concr Res 32:28–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khayat KH (1998) Viscosity-enhancing admixtures for cement-based materials – an overview. Cem Concr Compos 20:171–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, Elharfi A (2016) Formulation of the cement kiln dust (CKD) in concrete: studies of the physical-chemical and mechanical properties. Int J ChemTech Res 9:695–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair M, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi A (2017a) Development of a new hydraulic binder (composite cement) based on a mixture of natural Pozzolan active ‘PN’and pure Limestone ‘P, lime’: study of the physical-chemical and mechanical properties. J Mater Environ Sci 8(3):902–910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi A (2017b) Formulation and characterization of a new ecolog-ical cementitious material at base of different percentage of limestone fillers: study of physical-chemical and mechanical properties. J Mater Environ Sci 8:3973–3985

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi A (2017c) Effect of substitution partial of clinker by pure limestone: study of its influence on the physical-chemical properties and the mechanical performance. Moroc J Chem 5:153–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MHR, El Hilal B, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi A (2017d) Development of a new cementations material eco-friendly of the environment: study of physical and mechanical properties. J Mater Environ Sci 8:2302–2310

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, El Hilal B, El Youbi MS, El Harfi A (2017e) Development and study of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of a new formulation of cement of a varying percentage of natural pozzolan. J Chem Technol Metall 52:873–884

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MHR, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi A (2017f) Study of the influence of water reducing and setting retarder admixtures of polycarboxylate ‘superplasticizers’ on physical and mechanical properties of mortar and concrete. J Mater Environ Sci 9:56–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, Elyoubi MS, Elharfi Ahmed A (2017g) Study of the influence of a high water-reducing super plasticizer and accelerator of setting time on the physical properties and mechanical performance of mortars and concretes. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 8:1698–1712

    Google Scholar 

  • Khudhair MH, El Youbi MS, Elharfi A (2017h) Comparative study of the influence of inorganic additions on the physical-chemical properties and mechanical performance of mortar and/or concrete. Moroc J Chem 5:493–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim B-G, Jiang S, Jolicoeur C, Aıtcin P-C (2000) The adsorption behavior of PNS superplasticizer and its relation to fluidity of cement paste. Cem Concr Res 30:887–893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronlöf A (1994) Effect of very fine aggregate on concrete strength. Mater Struct 27:15–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan AK (2000) Use of condensed silica fume for making high-strength, self-consolidating concrete. Can J Civ Eng 27:620–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachemi M, Hossain KMA, Lambros V, Nkinamubanzi P-C, Bouzoubaa N (2004) Performance of new viscosity modifying admixtures in enhancing the rheological properties of cement paste. Cem Concr Res 34:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange F, Mörtel H, Rudert V (1997) Dense packing of cement pastes and resulting consequences on mortar properties. Cem Concr Res 27:1481–1488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence P (2000) Sur l’activité des cendres volantes et des additions minérales chimiquement inertes dans les matériaux cimentaires. PhD thesis, UPS Toulouse

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence P, Cyr M, Ringot E (2005) Mineral admixtures in mortars effect of type, amount and fineness of fine constituents on compressive strength. Cem Concr Res 35:1092–1105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowski R (1983) Versuchsreihe mit Flugasche-Einfluss von Flugasche-Stäuben unterschiedlicher Qualität auf die betoneigen schafften. Baugewerbe

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilkov V, Dimitrova E, Petrov OE (1997) Hydration process of cement containing fly ash and silica fume: the first 24 hours. Cem Concr Res 27:577–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Xie Y, Zhou S, Yuan Q (2000) Influence of ultrafine fly ash composite on the fluidity and compressive strength of concrete. Cem Concr Res 30:1489–1493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo FJ, He L, Pan Z, Duan WH, Zhao XL, Collins F (2013) Effect of very fine particles on workability and strength of concrete made with dune sand. Constr Build Mater 47:131–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra VM, Malanka D (2004) Performance of superplasticizers in concrete: laboratory investigation. Part I. Concr Int 26:96–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Mardani-Aghabaglou A, Boyacı OC, Hosseinnezhad H, Felekoğlu B, Ramyar K (2016) Effect of gypsum type on properties of cementitious materials containing high range water reducing admixture. Cem Concr Compos 68:15–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nalet C, Nonat A (2016) Retarding effectiveness of hexitols on the hydration of the silicate phases of cement: interaction with the aluminate and sulfate phases. Cem Concr Res 90:137–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nécira B, Guettala A, Guettala S (2017) Study of the combined effect of different types of sand on the characteristics of high performance self-compacting concrete. J Adhes Sci Technol:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Özbay E, Erdemir M, Durmuş Hİ (2016) Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties – a review. Constr Build Mater 105:423–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paillere A-M, Briquet P (1982) Influence des résines de synthèse fluidifiantes sur la rhéologie et la déformation des pâtes de ciment avant et en cours de prise. Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees 1982:71–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Park CK, Noh MH, Park TH (2005) Rheological properties of cementitious materials containing mineral admixtures. Cem Concr Res 35:842–849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran VS (1987) Uso dei superfluidificanti nel calcestruzzo, Il Cemento 84(3):98–273. ISSN : 0008-8900

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran VS, Malhotra VM, Jolicoeur C, Spiratos N (1998) Superplasticizers: properties and applications in concrete, CANMET Publication MTL, Ottawa, pp 97–14. ACI International

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramezanianpour AA (2014) Fly ash. In: Cement replacement materials. Springer, New York, pp 47–156

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ramlochan T, Zacarias P, Thomas MDA, Hooton RD (2003) The effect of pozzolans and slag on the expansion of mortars cured at elevated temperature: Part I: Expansive behaviour. Cem Concr Res 33:807–814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao GA (2001) Development of strength with age of mortars containing silica fume. Cem Concr Res 31:1141–1146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saada R, Barrioulet M, Legrand C (1990) Influence des fluidifiants sur les caracteristiques rheologiques des pates de ciments fillerises. In: Admixtures for concrete-improvement of properties: proceedings of the international RILEM symposium. CRC Press, p 90

    Google Scholar 

  • Şahmaran M, Özkan N, Keskin SB, Uzal B, Yaman İÖ, Erdem TK (2008) Evaluation of natural zeolite as a viscosity-modifying agent for cement-based grouts. Cem Concr Res 38:930–937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saric-Coric M, Aïtcin P-C (2003) Bétons à haute performance à base de ciments composés contenant du laitier et de la fumée de silice. Can J Civ Eng 30:414–428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senhadji Y, Escadeillas G, Mouli M, Khelafi H et al (2014) Influence of natural pozzolan, silica fume and limestone fine on strength, acid resistance and microstructure of mortar. Powder Technol 254:314–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheinn AMM, Ho DWS, Tam CT (2003) Effect of particle shape on paste rheology of SCC. In: International RILEM symposium on self-compacting concrete. RILEM Publications SARL, pp 232–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y, Tanigawa Y, Mori H, Kurokawa Y (1999) A study on effect of superfine powders on fluidity of cement paste. Trans Jpn Concr Inst 20:9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Shindoh T, Matsuoka Y (2003) Development of combination-type self-compacting concrete and evaluation test methods. J Adv Concr Technol 1:26–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soroka I, Stern N (1976) Calcareous fillers and the compressive strength of Portland cement. Cem Concr Res 6:367–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugamata T, Hibino M, Ouchi M, Okamura H (2000) A study of the particle dispersion effect of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers. Trans Jpn Concr Inst 21:7–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Svatovskaya LB, Sychova AM, Soloviova VY, Maslennikova LL, Sychov MM (2016) Absorptive properties of hydrate silicate building materials and products for quality and geoecoprotection improvement. Indian J Sci Technol 9(42). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i42/104231

  • Termkhajornkit P, Nawa T (2004) The fluidity of fly ash–cement paste containing naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer. Cem Concr Res 34:1017–1024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchikawa H (1994) Conference in tribute to Reogurd MM. Importance recent microstructure development in cement and concrete, Sherbrooke, pp 63–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchikawa H, Uchida S, Hanehara S (1987) Flocculation structure of fresh cement paste determined by sample freezing-back scattered electron image method. Il Cemento 84:3–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchikawa H, Hanehara S, Shirasaka T, Sawaki D (1992) Effect of admixture on hydration of cement, adsorptive behavior of admixture and fluidity and setting of fresh cement paste. Cem Concr Res 22:1115–1129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Wang J, Lu C, Liu B, Zhang K, Li C (2015) Influence of graphene oxide additions on the microstructure and mechanical strength of cement. New Carbon Mater 30:349–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh I-C (1998) Modeling of strength of high-performance concrete using artificial neural networks. Cem Concr Res 28:1797–1808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen T, Tang C-W, Chang C-S, Chen K-H (1999) Flow behaviour of high strength high-performance concrete. Cem Concr Compos 21:413–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yijin L, Shiqiong Z, Jian Y, Yingli G (2004) The effect of fly ash on the fluidity of cement paste, mortar, and concrete. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on sustainable development and concrete technology, Beijing, pp 339–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Han J (2000) The effect of ultra-fine admixture on the rheological property of cement paste. Cem Concr Res 30:827–830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Agro resources Polymers and Process engineering (LAPPE), Team of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

    Mohammed Hussein Rafeq Khudhair, Bouchra El Hilal & Ahmed Elharfi

  2. Laboratory of Cement and Quality Control of Amran Cement Plant of Yemen, Amran, Yemen

    Mohammed Hussein Rafeq Khudhair

  3. Laboratory of Chemistry of Solid State, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

    Mohammed Hussein Rafeq Khudhair & M. S. Elyoubi

  4. Operation Unit of the Radioactive Waste, Center of Nuclear Studies of Maamora (CENM) (CNESTEN), Kenitra, Morocco

    Bouchra El Hilal

Authors
  1. Mohammed Hussein Rafeq Khudhair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bouchra El Hilal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. S. Elyoubi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ahmed Elharfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Khudhair, M.H.R., El Hilal, B., Elyoubi, M.S., Elharfi, A. (2019). Modern Environmental Materials, Pollution Prevention, Sustainability, and Green World. In: Hussain, C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_117

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation