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White and Red Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

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Book cover Contemporary Oral Medicine

Abstract

There are several conditions that can present as white or red macular, papular, and/or plaque-like lesions of the oral mucosa. Based on etiology, red and white lesions of the oral cavity can be divided into developmental, reactive, infectious, immune-mediated/autoimmune, and potentially malignant and malignant conditions. Whiteness of the oral mucosa can be caused by changes in the epithelium such as keratinization of normally nonkeratinized mucosa (such as the buccal mucosa), increased keratinization of normally keratinized mucosa, abnormal keratinization of the epithelium, thickening of the epithelium, and epithelial edema. Fibrosis and/or reduced vascularity of the underlying mucosa may also lead to whiteness which tends to appear deep without discernible surface alterations. Some of the more common causes of redness (erythema) of the oral mucosa include reduced keratinization of the oral epithelium, epithelial atrophy, erosion or inflammation, and vascular dilatation or proliferation. Generally, the prevalence of red and white oral lesions increases with age. Based on diagnostic and inclusion criteria, and characteristics of the population, prevalence of oral mucosal lesions has been reported in 2–84% of the population (Do et al. 2014). A large proportion of red and white lesions are benign. However, the most common premalignant condition in the oral cavity is a white plaque (leukoplakia), and this must be managed expeditiously and appropriately. Many conditions can be accurately diagnosed with careful history taking and clinical examination. However, a biopsy is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis. This chapter discusses the clinical features of these white and red lesions, how to distinguish between them, and how to manage them.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Maryam Jessri, Hani Mawardi & Sook-Bin Woo

  2. Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Maryam Jessri & Sook-Bin Woo

  3. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Camile S. Farah

  4. Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz university, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hani Mawardi

  5. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Maryam Jessri

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  1. Maryam Jessri
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  2. Hani Mawardi
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  3. Camile S. Farah
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  4. Sook-Bin Woo
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Correspondence to Camile S. Farah .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Camile S. Farah

  2. UWA Dental School and Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Ramesh Balasubramaniam

  3. Oral Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery Section Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia

    Michael J. McCullough

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Jessri, M., Mawardi, H., Farah, C.S., Woo, SB. (2019). White and Red Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. In: Farah, C., Balasubramaniam, R., McCullough, M. (eds) Contemporary Oral Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7_16

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